ISSUE 54 DECEMBER 1996 ISSN 0959-2881 GUILD SUPPLIES I.G.K.T. STOCK LIST 1995 :f/YrfSM·}·:··...... - ......

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SUPPLIES SECRETARY 3 Walnut Tree Meadow Stonham Aspal STOWMARKET Suffolk IP14 6DF 1.1iiiiiii....KN..O..T..T..IN..G..M..A..T..TE..R..SiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiiilI THEQUARTERLY NEWSLETTER OF THE INTERNATIONAL GUILD OF KNOT TYERS ISSUE NO S4 • DECEMBER 1996

PRESIDENT Des Pawson HON VICE PRESIDENT Dr Vaughan Jones FRS PAST PRESIDENTS Percy Blandford · Geoffrey Budworth · Eric Franklin • Jan Vos · Stuart Grainger - Glad Findley

Guild Annual Subscription rates: SECRETARY: Payable by cash/cheque Eurocard Nigel Harding Mastercard or VISA 3 Walnut Tree Meadow Juniors £4 Stonham Aspal Seniors £14 STOWMARKET Families £19 Suffolk IP14 6DF Corporate By arrangement Tel: 01449 711121 Taxpayers in the UK - we would prefer a covenanted subscription. EDITORS: Lonnie & Margaret Boggs Advertising rates: 78 Marlborough Avenue Members Non Members KIDLINGTON Full page £32 £49 Oxford OX5 2AP Half page £19 £22 Tel: 01865 378104 Quarter page £10 £15 For inclusion in one issue only Except as otherwise indicated, copyright in Knotting Matters is reserved to the Submission dates for inclusion of articles International Guild of Knot Tyers IGKT KM55 10 DECEMBER 1996 1995. Copyright in members' articles KM56 07 MARCH 1997 published in Knotting Matters is KM57 07 JUNE 1997 reserved to the authors and permission to KM58 06 SEPTEMBER 1997 reprint should be sought from the author and editor. All sources of quotations printed in Knotting Matters are acknowledged.

THE IGKT IS A UK REGISTERED CHARITY NO 802153 CONTENTS 3 Editors Bytes Lonnie Boggs 3 A Request Richard Thomas 3 on a Joe Schmidbauer 4 Mutiny on the Bounty Brian Glennon 5 Members Profile Yngoe Edell 5 Wooden Boat Show Brian Glennon 6 Secretary's Blotter Nigel Harding 9 New Card for Sale Garth Allen 10 Symmetric Bends - Book Review Lester Copestake 13 Knots with Bows & Sterns Sten Johansson 14 LambshanklRamshank Owen K Nuttall 15 A Tribute to Gus Erickson Richard Hopkins 16 Spherical Turkshead Patrick Ducey 18 Earliest Knots Roger Carter 19 Old Art of Work & Modern Nils Kristian Rossing Signal Processing 27 The Internet Pat Flannagan 29 Ashers Equaliser Knotmaster 31 Why New Bends Owen K Nuttall 34 West Yorks News Graham Smith 34 Guild HQ Colin Grundy 36 Bewdley Museum Colin Grundy 36 Rope Chess Set Geoffrey Budworth 36 Rope Chess Set Frank Harris 37 Knot Teaching USA Brian Glennon 38 Maths Helps Turksheads John Constable 49 Knots & Splices Tim Field 50 Turkshead Letter Brian Jarrett 51 Knot Cross Letter Geoff Youngman 52 4 Strand Turkshead Mile Wilson 52 West Country Knotters David Pusill 56 Net Making Gordon Court

KNOTTING MATTERS - DECEMBER 1996 EDITORS BYTES Combined Book of Knots and ). AND PIECES In the version used, the tail is Merry Christmas -and Happy brought down after the tuck and New Year. May God bless you threaded through the initial and all your family at this as additional holiday season, from Margaret security. and myself. This will be a short Richard Hopkins and I have EBP, as we were unable to searched through Ashley and attend the AGM at Rotterdam other books in his extensive and have had no report from library but cannot find this anyone who did attend. I'm sure particular variation. that it was interesting and Does anyone know if there is friendly as our meetings always an 'official name'? Has anyone are, even the ones with heated any comments? debate during the business meeting. 11 11 There have been many helpful from Joe Scl1midbauer suggestions given to us about California USA how we can improve the look I learned this knot while in the and content of KM, all are service some years ago. It is considered, thank you. We hope such a handy knot to know; I that you find much to enjoy and thought to pass it along to the interest you in this issue of your other members of the Guild. magazine. This is the only time I have seen **** a Bowline on a Bight tied in this A request from Richard manner. I have searched the Thomas - Hertfordshire, knotting literature and have not found mention of it anywhere England else. Does anyone else have Whilst spending some time on previous knowledge of this the Thames Tug General VIII, I knot? have seen frequent use of a The following illustration and modified form of the Bargee's description are from (p29 Shell 'Boatswain's Mate 3&2' KNOTIING MATIERS - DECEMBER 1996 3 NAVPERS 10121-D. Third Completed knot IS shown In edition 1964; US Navy Training view 3. Publications Centre, Washington DC. This is a knot that comes in handy whenever you need an eye in the centre of a line. It can be tied quickly, doesn't jam tight, and you don't need an end of the line in order to tie it. To get your securing lines taut, a single Bowline on a Bight is a good knot to use for securing

80.27 equipment or cargo. Tie the Figure 3-14. -Single bowline on a bigllt. . knot well up on the standing part, run the bitter end around a Ed: So come on members have stanchion or through a padeye you seen this method illustrated and back through the eye of the before, and ifso where? knot. Heave back on the bitter end in a line between the knot An interesting snippet from and stanchion or padeye. This Brian Glennon - Massachusetts. gives the same effect as having Brian is a rigger, and tends to a block on the line at the knot move around quite a lot. He has and, discounting friction, now just been hired as a rigger doubles your pull. Heave it taut on the HMS Bounty, the ship and go ahead and secure the used for the 1962 film Mutiny end. on the Bounty which starred To tie this knot, form bights A Marlon Brando. Is this real and B as in view 1. Next, lay hands on knot tying of old part C, between bights A and B Brian? By the way lucky chap as in the second view. Then gets to spend winter in Florida. reach through bight A, over part C, and pull bight B back through A. Tighten by pulling on part D and bight B.

4 KNOTTING MATTERS - DECEMBER 1996 A MEMBERS PROFILE especially in an organisation YNGOEEDELL where it is very difficult to meet presented by Ken Yalden at many members. If any other Rotterdam i 996 members feel so moved, please How I became interested in feel free to complete a similar knot tying: A woman in profile. Also ifanyone has any SH'eden who was embellishing ideas ofprofiles they would like bottles very beautifully by to see done, please let us know nzacrame techniques, and she and we can persuade the person also made handsome Starknots. to submit some information. How I found out about the WOODEN BOAT SHOW Guild: Atfirst I came across it - CONNECTICUT - USA in a book. It was Des Pawson From Brian Glennon \vho finally made me a member Brian thought members would l,vhen I was working as a guest like to know that the IGKT was performer at the National well represented at tl1e above Maritime Museum in Greenwich show in June. The Guild had a last June. table, always busy with What aspect of knotting is interested onlookers. MY main interest: Hitching Mr Albert Trout was bottles, jars, jugs, needle cases, responsible for setting up the knives etc. exhibit. Several members What interests other than floated in and out of the area as knot tying do I have: I like different topics of discussion target shooting by pistol, I am a changed, and other exhibits fairly good horseman, and have caught people's eyes. All the shod my own horses for a members had their copies of pen·od of 10 years. I am also KM, and all declared an interested in cutting and eagerness for each new edition. tailoring, partly educated by the Ed: Well done Brian for flying Tailor and Cutter Academy in the flag for the Guild. Also on London. your new job in sunny Florida. Ed: Thank you Yngoe, and also How about an article on what Ken, these little member you do aboard ship. prOfiles are very interesting,

KNOTIING MATIERS - DECEMBER 1996 5 and it was the one room which I had knot tackled. I wonder why? It is only ten foot square, (i.e. 3m x 3m) which is not large, but it did take half a day I am sitting here looking out at to empty it. Now that it is all the sun shining on the garden, back together again, I hope that and thinking, why am I sitting I shall be able to find indoors writing this ----. That everything. was how I opened the last set of Notes, but it was summer then. This waffle is all very well, Today brings us on into but what about the Guild I hear November, and although the you ask yourself. Well since I sun is shining we do have the last wrote we have exhausted first real frost of the winter. It our supplies of Knotcraft, by feels as though the summer was Stuart Grainger, and Nylon so short after last years long Novelties by the late Eric winter, which didn't seem to Franklin, the entire print run of leave us until well into June. I the latter having sold out in less suppose that the only advantage than eighteen months. Both of a long winter is that it gives have been reprinted, the latter us time to sit down and tie a few having been corrected following more knots. the discovery of one or two minor draughting errors. In both Now that I have learnt to tie cases, as the publisher, the the odd Turks head, ( and mine Guild collects all the profits can be quite odd), it amazes me from the sale of these books, how everyone looks to see which in the case of Knotcraft, where the ends are. They are of is now well into four figures. As course just tucked out of sight, for the rest of the stock, just so that you can't see the join. have a look at the inside cover Hopefully nobody could 'see of this KM for the full list. the join' when I closed the Telephone orders can be taken, office for a fortnight in order to by just quoting your plastic card decorate it. I have now lived in number and we are in business. my present house for five years, 6 KNOTIING MATIERS - DECEMBER 1996 Whilst on the subject of books, unless it isn't - in which case it recent additions to our book list willfollow shortly. include Concerning Crosses by Brian Field, (pric~ £1.50), and We have been thinking about The Fender Book, by Colin the Constitution, which was last lones (price £9.95). subjected to some minor changes in May 93. It has been Apart from all the mundane suggested that Council yet essential administration, the Members should have a longer Council have been investigating period in office, say three years, the possibility registering the but with a limit on the number Guilds logo. This could be of consecutive periods of office, expensive, but perhaps for example two. The idea being necessary if we wish to protect to provide some continuity, our public image.. On a similar reduce the number of vein, we are looking into the 'volunteers' for election each creation of a Guild Flag, for AGM, reduce the long term display, or even to be flown at commitment on any individual, our meetings. Although the flag in this example six years is not beyond our means, the maximum, and encourage fresh formal registration is not cheap. blood. Should you have any No decisions have been made thoughts on this, or any other on either of these items yet. aspect of the Constitution, do let me know, fairly quickly, as Arrangements have been made the mechanism for dealing with to book venues and dates for the this is time consuming, and AGM and Autumn meeting next time is short, if changes are to year. Just to make it easier, all be put to the membership at the known information on these next AGM. meetings can be found in the latest edition of the membership Very soon, if not already, the handbook - which I must write Millennium will be less than as soon as I have finished this three years away, that is little literary masterpiece, and assuming that you are looking which I am hoping will be in at the years when everyone will the same envelope as this - be celebrating, - rather than the KNOTTING MATTERS - DECEMBER 1996 7 first day of the next millennium, communicate with either myself which is really a year later, or the Council, Gordon Perry according to the experts. All has offered his own facility as a that aside, if you· have any contact point. I also know that thought on how, occasion there are others out there who should be marked, do write to are connected, and who are not me, or Lonnie, so that we can only spreading the 'Word' but all get in on the Act. I will take are attracting new members. It this opportunity to mentioll all seems so amazing to me, 'The InterKnot' - now that I especially when my son, who is have mentioned it, watch out for in Sheffield, tells me that he is it in future editions of KM. in regular communication with 1'hat brings me round to the one of his n1any girlfriends who Internet, e-mail, faxes and all lives in Chicago. At least it is that. In the latest edition of the reducing his telephone bill, Merrlbership Handbook, a new (which dad has to pay).1 have section has been included, not yet mentioned the Autumn listing e-mail addresses. At meeting in Rotterdam, which I present this section is very thoroughly enjoyed, as did all short, however, I am assured the others who attended. Our that this is the way forward. If thanks go to all those Dutch you are not there let me know members who helped in any and I will add you to the list way to organise, and in their ready for the next edition, various ways, make our visit so which is due out in about 12-18 memorable. A full report of the months. If there is sufficient meeting I am sure will appear interest, I can even arrange for a elsewhere. However, for now I supplement to be issued in must close. Best wishes for Knotting Matters. its all down Christmas and the New Year - to you.

For those who are interested, as yet None of the Guilds computers are connected to it, however for those wishing to

8 KNOTTING MATTERS - DECEMBER 1996 The latest from the Supplies Secretary:- "A Seaman's Chest" Greeting Card by Garth Allan with no message Price with envelope 75p or mounted ready to frame £2

KNOTTING MATTERS - DECEMBER 1996 9 BOOK REVIEW "best" 60. Some need two SYMMETRIC BENDS aspects to show off the by Roger Miles symmetry, over 90 views. The Lester CopestaI

Tiny changes make new bends. That's why there are so many waiting to be discovered and why Roger Miles' methods seem such a great aid to knot tiers. You can devise your own diagrams. Discover a new bend. Start using pencil on the lattice. He gives lots of hints. Finally you can look for a slick way to tie it. The author asks you to FIG 3 write and tell him of any good There is a paragraph on each ones that you up. Why not bend, usually omitting tying also write in triumph to methods. Fig 4 illustrates the Knotting Matters. Indeed why authors wisdom in avoiding a not? This is part of what the Guild is for. Moreover his prose is so conversational and disarming that I forgive him for leaving my favourite bend (the Butterfly knot shown) out of the 60, even if it is "symmetric". But is it? All dictionaries that give the word say it means symmetrical; implying due or just proportion, balance, harmony and more. I would prefer the harn10nious term did not the harsh s110rt form suit the difficulty of a concept with many modes. Read on!

KNOTTING MATTERS -DECEMBBER 1996 11 Roger Miles quotes Harry Asher's old guild maxim as sat out on page 55 of his most inspiring 'Alternative Knot Book'. "If a knot is symmetrical it is likely to be a good one." Whereunto a mathematician added; "If it's not symmetrical throw it away." A hard notion for the practical man to accept. Besides the Butterfly, the structure is the same as the loop in ABOK #1053, I would add two knots; Tarbuck & constrictor; sundry hitches ­ timber, buntline, clove & awning, maybe the figure of Lester Copestake at Gilwell eight and who needs any other Park - May 1996 for real rope work? Of course we need all sorts and qualities in knots. On page **** 75 11e gives a list of the qualities Sorry there is no diary this time, of a good knot, like Charles our diarist leff Wyatt has had to Warners list in KM41/22 but bow to the call of house adds the vital ingredient decoration, and has not had the "Charisma". time to compile one. The I was long out of University by previous one goes quite far into the time new maths came in. the future anyway, these dates But any symbols not explained have probably not changed too in the text I have linked up much. Look forward to hearing under net theory in an A-level from you next time leff. crib. But I am leaving chapter 3 and 4 to last. No need for maths to enjoy this book. All you need is to be a dedicated knotsman. 12 KNOTS WITH BOWS AND Knot, Double Loop, Dragon STERNS Fly, Emerald Knot, Knot, Fisherman's Bend, Flat by Sten Johansson, ~Sweden Knit, Flemish Knot, Grass Looking at the enclosed list of Knot, Gunner's Knot, Half 114 knots, isn't it amazing that Hitch, Half Knot, Hawser Bend, they have travelled more than Hawser Eye, Hawser Splice 250,000,000 nautical miles , Hook Hitch, \vithout being untied or retied, Horseshoe Splice, Irish Splice, just washed. Some of them are Jacob's Ladder, Jumper Hitch, still getting wetted. Knob Knot, Lanyard Knot, ""The following ships were built Leader Loop, Lever's Bend, for the US Maritime Link Splice, Lock Knot, Long Commission during World War Eye, Long Splice, Loop Knot, 11 1945-45, The ships were , Maiden's Eye, classified as C1-M (Cargo ships Mainsheet Eye, Manrope Knot, under 12 passengers) and the Mariner's Splice, Marline Bend, main dimensions were: 38ft 6in Marline Hitch, Marlinespike length OA, 5032 DW tons, Hitch, Masthead Knot, Mesh Diesel engine of 1750 BHP (a Knot, Mooring Hitch, Mooring total of 239 ships of this class Knot, Ocean Plat, Persian Knot, were built). Phoebe Knot, , Reeving Eye, Rigger's Eye, Acorn Knot, , Ring Hitch, Ring Knot, Ring Anchor Hitch, Becket Bend, Splice, Roband Hitch, Rolling Becket Hitch Bell Ringer, Bight Hitch, Rose Knot, Round Knot, , Splice, Running Knot, Boatswain's Hitch, Bowline Sailmaker's Splice, Sailor's Knot, , Cable Splice, Salmon Knot, Sampan Eye, Cable Splice, Capstan Hitch, Shamrock Knot, Knot, , Cat's Paw, , , Short Chain and Crown, Check Knot, Splice, Single Hitch, Sinnet, Cinch Knot, , Snakehead, Snug Hitch, Solid Crossing Hitch, Crossing Knit, Sinnet, Span Splice, Spanish Crown and Diamond, Crown Bowline, Spar Hitch, Spindle Knot, , Diamond KNOTTING MATTERS - DECEMBER 1996 13 Eye, Spool Sinnet, Square Knot, RE:SNIPPET FROM AN E Square Sinnet, Star Knot, MAILMESSAGE Sword Knot, Tag KJ}ot, Tapir RECEIVED BY TERRY Splice, Terminal Knot, Thirrtble RIDINGS. Hitch, True Knot, Tucked Bend, by Owen K Nuttall ­ Turk's Head, Wall Knot, Water Huddersfield, England Knot, Yard Hitch. Lambshank, Sheepshank, I would like to add n1Y Ramshank I wonder where USMC got the to the menu. names from. It could be Ashley, The question was why is a but Ashley's Book of Knots Sheepshank a relatively useless was not published until 1944 knot? No knot is quite useless. and not as a public edition until If all knots were perfect how late 1944 or early 1945. could comparisons be made of I am a little confused by some each knot's capabilities. of the names, Acorn Knot, Quote from Ashley on Chain and Crown, Jacob's Sheepshanks. "The Sheepshank Ladder. The latter I do not with Hitches is the recall as a knot, but as is safest of all Sheepshank knots. mentioned in Ashley's index All other varieties should be only as Jacob's Ladder, it could seized or otherwise secured to have been taken for a knot, make them safe unless the need

Acorn is a small ornamental is very temporary. H piece of wood above the My Ramshank is a beefed up masthead valve to prevent the type of Sheepshank and it is the latter from being blown off, but only type of Sheepshank tied on why an Acorn Knot? I cannot a bight, where the two knots at find it in any book. What is a each end are not dependant on Chain and Crown? Tapir each other. Spill one and the Splice must be wrongly spelled, other one will hold. This shouldn't it be Taper Splice or cannot be said of any other type Tapered Splice? I am looking of Sheepshank tied on a bight. forward to your comments. Even the Sheepshank with the Marlinspike Hitches chickens **** out on this test.

14 KNOTTING MATIERS - DECEMBER 1996 The Sheepshank often directions until the knots hold, gets a roasting for being useless, then pull tight to complete the yet wagon drivers have for Ramshank. years used half a Sl1eepshank as a Dolly knot and still use it **** today. The Sheepshank is also used by the Merchant Navy.

,-r; }'

A tribute to Gus Erickson (Gus' death was sadly reported at the May AGM) from Richard Hopkins - To tie the Ramshank, double Bristol, England. back the bight over the two Here is a copy of the 'Pocket standing parts. Take the two loops down again over the Knot Board' that I was sent by standing parts. Gus just over a year ago. Separate the two legs so they He got the idea when taking his Scout Commissioners training are parallel then bend the two course at a camp in New standing lets across the two Mexico. The original was of bottom loops. Put loop A board, about 2' by 3', used 14" through C and B through D. cord, and was a useful training Hold Loop A and B with aid. A message might be put on thumbs whilst pulling the standing parts in opposite KNOITING MAITERS - DECEMBER 1996 15 the back and the board these knots, they are not in The presented as a souvenir or prize. Ashley Book of Knots. They When reduced to the size in the are an interesting modification picture or even a litile smaller it to the common Turk's Head. I is a convenient size to paste a know that in the past, the visiting card on to, to ensure knowledge of how to tie an that you are remembered. I uncommon or difficult knot was have used it is this form myself a closely guarded s~cret, but on many occasions. with the art of knot tying fading Gus said that the card he used into history, I feel that I should was the backing card from a publish these variations. picture framer who was happy to save his the offcuts so no Start with a piece of scrap line great expense was incurred. about 6' long. Tie a three lead From other items in his letter he by four bight Turk's Head, sounded an interesting and (Ashley #1305), and raise it to a practical knotter with a broad seven lead by eight bight Turk's range of skills and his death is a Head (Ashley #1322). This will sad loss to the Guild. be the foundation knot, or 'loom' in which the finished **** knot will be tied. I tape the ends of the small stuff that I Spherical Turk's Heads work with to make a needle so from Patrick Ducey · that it is easier to push the line Washington, USA through the knot. Now, using I was taught several interesting the material that you want in the knots by my grandfather, Louis finished knot, and starting at the W Perkins, Radm, Ret. One of beginning of the foundation these is the spherical Turk's knot, follow tIle line up one side Head, in which the ends of the of one lead, to the top of the cylinder are closed. He passed knot. Then, instead of away several years ago, and I following the line down the have never met anyone else that same lead, skip one and follow knows this variation of the it down the second lead away, Turk's Head. I don't know if I as in (fig 1). am the only one who knows 16 KNOTTING MATTERS - DECEMBER 1996 will be an 'over' one will be an. 'under'. When arriving back to the starting point, pull out the foundation knot, and the remaining knot will be seven lead, by eight bight Turk's Head with closed ends. The line can Flgure'l then be doubled and tightened When you get to the bottom of securely around a ball. the knot, skip one lead, and follow the second lead away, There are many applications of the same as in (fig 1). Follow this spherical variations. It can the lead up to the top of the be used whenever there are an knot, and this time follow the even number of bights in a same lead down, and at the Turk's Head. I have used tIle bottom of the knot, the same variations twice in the sanle lead back up. Then follow the knot, closing a twelve bight same pattern of skipping at the Turk's IHead into six, and then top, skipping at the bottom, then three bights. If you want to be following at the top, and very daring, you can use the following at the bottom. When method of tying a Turk's Head performing the second and as in Ashley #1331 and make a subsequent patterns through this pear shaped knot. Each time knot you will run into the you skip, take a turn in the line 'skips' from previous passes. and continue as in the When you do, you must follow instructions. This makes a very the over and under pattern of nice knot covering that I use for the knot. That is, when coming bell pulls. to the top of the knot, if the last I don't tie pear shaped Turk's crossing was an under, when Head in hand any more, it's too crossing a previous skip going time consuming. I have created up, you must cross over it. This a method using a cardboard tube pattern will repeat itself four and some nails. If you would times in an eight bight Turk's like a copy of these instructions, Head. On the last pass, you will please send $4 for postage and cross two previous skips, one KNOTTING MATTERS - DECEMBER 1996 17 handling to Patrick Ducey, scene I was vastly impressed 19502 14th NE, Shoreline, with, a bird hung upside down Washington, 19502-1112, USA. from a branch, hanging on by its left claw, and with right claw **** and beak it tied a perfect Clove EARLIEST KNOTS? Hitch! as the first move in by Roger Carter • NZ starting a nest. Since it is well May I throw a little light on the known that birds were around subject of who tied the first millions of years before the first knot. mammal, don't you think, I would remind readers of the giving credit where it's due, the introduction to "The Art of question ought to be, what tied Knotting and Splicing" by the first knot, not who. Cyrus L Day, wl1erein he quotes Any comments! from 'Animal Treasure' 1937, and more from Roger . "Gorillas use them (knots) to Re the clothes line question, hold creepers and saplings when I joined the RN as a boy togetl1er in making their nests. seaman one of the things we Ivan Sanderson once counted were taught in the first week, two dozen knots in a single was how to dhobi our gear, by a nest. Most of them grannies, pensioner marine, he gave us but three of them were Square short lengths of string called Knots". The primates were 'stops' with which we secured around before homosapian I the corners of our washing to think you'll agree. Also, in the main line with Rolling BBC Natural History Archives Hitches. is a film about another of the Yet more, Roger sends the species of birds that tie knots, derivation of our name Boggs, The Weaver Bird - Plociedae he says it is an ancient Middle family. In this film which I saw English nickname meaning on TV here, the birds build 'puffed up or saucy' the plural elaborate nests of plant fibres 's' means belonging to or son suspended from slender of. So there is some truth in branches of large trees, they these old name derivations! look like large cocoons. In the

18 KNOTTING MATTERS - DECEMBER 1996 Ed: many thanks Roger, once motion is slow and steady. A again an interesting contribution lonely spectator sitting by the from down under_ (well it is side of the pendulum spell do\vn under if you're in the bound by the curves visible on northern hemisphere like us).by the paper. After some time the pendulum settles down and the THE OLD ART OF ROPE curve is tied up in a single point at the centre of the drawing. A WORK AND beautiful pendulum drawing MODERN SIGNAL lays on the floor. PROCESSING It is late in the evening, an Nils Kristian Rossing enthusiastic scientist is sitting A sailing ship cuts through the by his computer meditating on a sea. There is a moderate breeze mathematical problem. An and it is time for a rest. A sailor untidy time function steps is sitting on a barrel working forward on the screen. He with a stub of rope. The course presses a couple of keys on the fingers of the sailor makes the keyboard and the computer finest shapes with the simple starts analysing the signal. rope. After a while a work of After a few seconds the time art takes shape among his hands function is transformed into and a rope rosette is placed on bars in a diagranl and suddenly the deck. some of the inner secrets of the function are revealed. The A pendulum is suspended from computer screen shows, in sharp the ceiling. The heavy weight is contrast to the dark background, carried by two cords attached to a signal spectrum. the ceiling. The pen of glass, which is fastened to the weight, Does there exist a common deno~inator is following the motion between these perfectly and rushes gently three so very different across the sheet of paper which disciplines? Let's take a look at is stretched out on the floor. these three subjects. The weight is making arcs of the finest sort on the paper. The KNOTTING MATIERS - DECEMBER 1996 19 Pendulum drawing Mats of rope By suspending the cables of a The Danish cordage artist and pendulum from two points in the ceiling and then- leading the cables together in a point between the points of suspension and the weight, it is possible to make the pendulum fo:xample.f Of Ussajous fiJ: ures drawn hy the pend/llum drawer oscillate with different writer Kaj Lund has in a frequencies in two directions number of years collected and perpendicular to each other. recreated old rope mats and The point where the cables are tied together can be n10ved up and down. In this way it is /~~ ': possible to change the f 1\ \.:' , frequency ratio between the two \",q~:/~ r;~J~~ oscillations and a great variety of figures can be created on the @~\. \8f~, paper. These figures are called Lissajous figures after the ~~;J .'. ,.' .(~

", .~~;. WeIght I ~:v'I French physicist lules A ~~ ...,..------" .. . .. \ ~ P /-..------... Lissajous (1822-80). U_~ _en __:_. -' .... -. _. . ~ , . .~~~ ..

~~~ . ~,... --~"-~~ ~~..._-==y

knots. Some of them can be ascribed back to the time of Vikings. One of the simplest models is the square mat shown in the figure (left). As we can see from the picture, the square mat and the Lissajous figure have almost identical shape. Kaj Lund, "Matter og Rosetter", Borgen 1968 The mathematics of Lissajous figures 20 KNOTTING MATTERS - DECEMBER 1996 Square mat _~~~+--.L---lrY---,-fUl--n+-cti-..on~ We have observed that the JI IYipcctrum.. Square mat and the Lissajous tftne f =3 y figures are almost exactly equal. x-spectrum I I For this reason we may I x.-function :! ~ represent the Square mat with ~ fx=2 lime the same mathematical Mathematically the Lissajous expression as we did for the figure can be expressed by two Lissajous figures. The figure equations: below shows some examples of simulated Square mats. The x=Ax.cos(2Jtfxt+cpx) (1) shape of the mat is, as for the B) C)

fx = 2, fy = 3 f-x = 3,. fy =5 fx =5. fy =6 y=Ay.cos(21tfyt+cpy) (2) Lissajous figures, mainly Different Lissajous figures can determined by the ratio between be obtained by changing the the frequencies, fxand f y. ratio between the two However, the Square mat is one frequencies, f and f (see x y of the simplest mats. diagram below). The shape of the Lissajous figure may be changed by the amplitudes Ax and Ay CPx and CPy are the phase of the two oscillations. As for other oscillations it is possible to represent Lissajous figures with two spectrum, one for the x- and one the y­ function.

KNOTIING MATIERS - DECEMBER 1996 21 Thrk~s·Head rosette

Spectrumx/y­ direction

2. Clifford W. A~h}ey, ·11le Ashley Book of Knot~·\ Faber 1979 As we can see the expression A natural question is now if it is contains two frequency possible to find equations components in each direction, f1 describing more complex mats. fz. However, these two components are equal in both Let's take a look at the Turk's z the x and the y directions. By Head. manipulating the two frequency The starting point could for components, it is easy to make example be the Guild's mark more complex Turk's Heads which is a Four Bight Turk's The distance between the two Head. By a little of frequency components reflects experimenting it is possible to the number of bights. By find the mathematical changing the distance between expression for Four Bight and location of the frequency Turk's Head; components we can get several variants of the Turk's Head x=A1·cos(2n;f1t+CP1x)+Az·cos(2x fzt + CPzx) - (3) rosette as shown in the figure below. y=A1.cos(2xf1t+CP1y)+Az.cos(2x fzt+cpzy) - (4)

22 KNOTIING MATIERS - DECEMBER 1996 .0

f 1 =-3f2 =5 Let us now go one step further is not simple and we had to use and look at even more complex a mathematical tool called mats. Fourier analysis to find the number of frequency The Twisted rosette (Overhand components and the value of the knot rosette) The figure below different parameters. shows some examples of the twisted rosette. To do the analysis we first of all

had to transfer the rosette to a transparent overhead foil. The Kaj Lund, nMatter og foil was put into the computer Rosetter" Borgen 1968 screen and sampled by a This type of mat is made of program called Matlab. In this three or more overhand knots. way the curvature of the mat The twists of the right mat was transferred to a series of overlap in the centre. The numbers in a co-ordinate system centre and the left ones do not inside the computer. From overlap. these sets of numbers the What about these beautiful computer could draw the x and mats; Is it possible to find y function. The spectrum of the mathematical expressions for x and y function was them? The answer is yes. But

KNOTTING MATTERS - DECEMBER 1996 23 determined by doing a Fourier The distance between the analysis of the two functions. components is 5 and equal to .. time

on~ 0vcrhand knul Sanlpled rosetle The x.. and y·function

'The spcctruln of 1bc spectrunl of the x,.funclion the y·functjoll

-4 The specrruln ofthe x.. and yjunction the number of overhand knots The mat in the example above is {twists} in tIle rosette. made of five overhand knots. From the x and y spectrum we can see that this mat can be described by three frequency components with its special amplitude and phase values. 24 KNOTTING MATTERS - DECEMBER 1996 9 overhand knots

I\f=7 M~9 spcctrllID spectrum tar :~~ ~ ~1 , I • f-t~ I I II II , ,II t i t~ I : 1 -6 8 f .t I I f4: 10 f TIle number ofoverhand knOl is similar to tM di.rtance between lhe,frequency cOltlpOne1Jt~ in the spectrum It is now easy to experiment with the parameters of the on the computer screen. The mathematical expression. By figures above and below show changing the amplitude values, four variants of this type of mat. the distance between the spectral components of move, the spectrum to the right or left, we may find new variants of the mat which can be drawn

3 rotations

•.... ~ , ...... :::-0.-<__

/\f=5 I ·'~ :'~ llpel;:lTUm ..

'I ~4.- ~ 11 --t.-..... -2 ·3 8 f ~W /j.;;:;3:"--

TlzefundamentaJfrequcllcy ofth~ sp~clrum is equal 10 the number ofrotations roUM tile KNOTTIN~~KfflR~rmtEMBER1996 25 second order and a twist rosette Mats of different order is a mat of third order. Using Since the Square _mat can be the Fourier technique it is quite described by one frequency easy to analyse mats of higher component, I have called this orders. The figure below class of mats mats offirst order. presents some examples. In the same manner I say that a Turk's Head rossette is a mat of

1 order Square mat 2. order 1urk's-Head 3~ order Twist rosette rosette

~~imple 5. order eye 8. order lens Kusk 9~ order alternatb"lg eye roselte Jensens rosette rose/te

26 KNOTIING MATIERS - DECEMBER 1996 The figure above shows enter the word knotting and traditional and new rosettes of press search. I didn't expect 1,2,3,5,8 and 9 ord_er generated anything. I've been exploring mathematically. • macrame and decorative knotwork since the 1960s for In a later article I will discuss ,my own pleasure but never mathematical descriptions of found anyone who shared my three dimensional knots and interest. Therefore, I was cylindrical chains. absolutely delighted when the I would be pleased to know if information on the International anyone has worked with related Guild of Knot Tyers popped up. techniques for mathematical I want to join your group and analysis of rope mats and get your newsletter as soon as rosettes. I have recently possible, with a mind to finished a book on the subject attending one of your and am interested in comments 1 conventions sometime in the on these techniques. future, and possibly Nils Kristian Rossing, "Mathematical description of rope work", 1996, 234 pages. corresponding with some of (Nils Kr Rossing, Bromstadekra llB, 7046 your members about their ideas Trondheim, Norway, e-mail: [email protected]). and projects. Fax: +47 73 59 26 96 I taught myself macrame back when I was a hippie girl and AN EXAMPLE OF made vests and belts but I soon MEMBERS FROM THE wanted to do more so I began INTERNET studying decorative knotting in Encyclopaedia of Knots and Ms Pat Flannagan - Athens Fancy Ropework by Hensel & Georgia - USA Graumont and the Asl1ley Book This summer I learned to use of Knots, my two 'bibles' for the Internet at the University of self instruction. The beauty and Georgia in Athens, where I intricacy of knotwork has held work as a classical music my interest for several decades announcer for their radio as recreation, artistic outlet and station. I decided on a lark to just plain fun KNOTTING MATTERS - DECEMBER 1996 27 These days I'm doing what I and tassel. Talk about eye call micro macrame. Since this catching! art is on the dow_nside of its My most bizarre exploration cycle and considered almost these days is using recycled cliche in some circles because plastic bags in many colours for of too many tacky lampshades string. America unfortunately is and room dividers, I decided to full of plastic bags, at the update it by making single grocery store, around the daily small designs for pins or string newspaper, as shopping bags ties. I wear them on my and they are often in lovely business jackets or with formal primary colours. I discovered shirts. People comment on that if you cut these bags into them and don't even realise long one inch strips and roll there are macrame. Designs them slightly as you work, you called 'mats' by Hensel & can create the most beautiful Graumont also serve beautifully which added to plastic when mounted on pin backings beads make a creation that no or suspended from a in one suspects is a recycled complimentary colours around baggie. Clear plastic bags by the neck. the way when rolled and Another application for creative braided have an appealing silver knotting I'm doing these days is sheen you'd never see ornamental handles for gift otherwise. bags. I don't know if this fad is The last aspect of knotting that going on in the UK but in I've been exploring is adding America its become popular to sailor's knotwork to rustic buy colourful paper bags for furniture. Again, I don't know presents instead of gift wrap. if its popular in Britain but These bags have equally furnishings made from sticks, colourful but plain string twigs, peeled and unpeeled tree handles secured by simple limbs are quite the thing here. overhand knots. I remove the I've made a few snlall original string and knot up a experimental pieces which I lovely sennit for the handle and lashed together instead of nailed finish off with a 28 KNOTTING MATTERS - DECEMBER 1996 and I embellish them with Again I am so excited about Turk's Heads and decorative being able to communicate with ropework copied, from ships. people of similar interests about The effect is quite ~ice, kind of my love of knotting. I look nautical country decor but I forward to hearing from have only had time to do just a n1embers of the International few pieces. Guild of Knot Tyers soon. Radio broadcasting has been my Ms Pat Flannagan profession for some twenty 189 Hidden Hills Lane, Athens years but knotting has been my GA 30605 - USA recreation and inspiration for Ed: Who says the Internet has thirty years, a delightful switch no use, here is at least one to working with my hands from member gained. running my mouth. Your web site states you have FROM OUR 600 members and I'm hoping KNOTMASTER SERIES some of them are Americans ASHER'S EQUALISER who might like to correspond with me about their activities and projects. I'm also You have tied a Jug, Jar or somewhat of an Anglophile as I . The usual advice listen to BBC World Service is to make bot11 loops (handles) regularly and I would love to the same length. That's not make some new friends in the necessary. In fact it's better if UK too. you don't. So I ask you to sign me up as a Knotmaster N05 shows a new member and feel free to simple way to even them up. distribute my address and phone Here, also from Dr Harry Asher number. I do not have an in 1983, is a cleverer version. electronic address as yet but I probable could be reached through the e-mail at the University of Georgia.

KNOTIING MATIERS - DECEMBER 1996 29 1

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1 KNOTTING MATTERS - DECEMBER 1996 1 30 I for a working environment, but 11 WHY NEW BENDS? they make useful knots to put 11 on a Knot Board, or as the late by Owen Nuttall Harry Asher called them Why more new bends when "Broach Knots". most people can get by with just The first one, The Samurai a few basic ones. With a Bend, is an easy knot to tie after handful of bends we can join a little practice, and when tied together most things from following moves A,B,C, and cotton to . A thumb knot making sure it resembles tying for sewing with cotton, a Reef shown at D before finally knot in "string", a Sheet Bend tightening. What I like about in rope, though a knotsman this bend is that the standing would use a Carrick Bend. parts are not subjected to a lot With the above mentioned knots of s11arp turns, so the working we could get by in most load is transmitted throughout everyday situations. The most the full length of the bend and is important thing in tying any relatively easy to untie. bend is the ability to tie quickly The Second Bend (Figure and confidently, knowing that Three) Folded Arms. This is an the bend is secure. Finding a easy knot to tie, though this bend to use is a matter of knot seems to have a lot of personal choice. crossing points (open up the I like to invent new ones to completed knot) when pulled up stimulate my interest in tightly it is neat and secure. Knotting. Though the best This knot is not an bends will hold their own, a lot interconnected overhand bend. of satisfaction can be gained The Third Bend (Figure Three) from tying new ones to add to Handsome Bend (named after ones repertoire. many happy days spent fishing There follows a series of three in the company of skipper articles on bends which are Frank Vinicombe of Falmouth). simple to tie, to ones that are This is relatively easy to tie. purely decorative. Even though Before finally tightening, make the decorative bends hold up sure that the two outside bights well, they would be impractical KNOTTING MATTERS - DECEMBER 1996 31 sit on top of the knot, then pull streamlined shape and has less up to complete this bend. With tendency to snag if drawn over the two working ends on top a pulley. this bend has· a fairly

"t::_____ -_~J!.

COI'v\PL..C;.-r~D l-rI'Jo-r

32 KNOTTING MATTERS - DECEMBER 1996 A {-

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KNOTTING MATTERS - DECEMBER 1996 33 News from or West museum In Golcar near Yorkshire branch:... Huddersfield. After donning from Graham Smith Victorian costume we put on a Sowerby Bridge Ca~al Festival display of work and had quite a The branch attended the lot of interest from the many Festival which included the visitors. We also spend some opening of the new Tuel Lane time talking to the other craft lock which connects the workers who used knots in their Rochdale canal with the Calder work. These included Tatters, & Hebble Navigation. We ran Lacemakers and rugmakers. the knotting base for the The museum was producing Waterways for Youth scheme home baked bread and before and had about 500 kids through the weekend was over we had by the end of the three days. Carrick buns, figure of eight All of them had to tie at least loaves and half knot bread one knot and identify two cakes! others. Lots of people stopped It was here that we met tl1e to look at our display of work, only horse hair dresser in the ropemaking and fendering. As country and had some always we had lots of new interesting discussions about information passed on to us by horse hair rope and its various tradesmen and boaters. applications. Some of you may It was a real pleasure talking to have see the horse tail at the them, there is always something AGM. Another successful new to learn. weekend promoting the Guild One elderly gent took me hook and our work. line and sinker with question **** "Why wouldn't you tie up your More on the HQ boat with a Snowball Hitch?" discussions at the AGM: Answer: "Because they melt from Colin Grundy... and it will drift away." During the Guild AGM at Colne Valley Museum Craft Gilwell, discussion was 11eld on Weekend the setting up of a Guild HQ. We were asked to attend a Whilst I agree the idea of craft weekend at a small local 34 KNOTTING MATTERS - DECEMBER 1996 having a place of our own may but also for upkeep. Speaking be a very good idea, I offer a from experience, having been few comments before we go involved with a Scout group down that path. .. who have their own Hqs, even Certainly our own HQ would with a membership of over one give us a place to not only store, hundred and their families, fund but also display much of the raising is difficult and work that has been accumulated maintenance seems always left by the Guild. A place where to the few. Perhaps we could not only students of knotting pass the costs on to the but also members of the public membership, but would may come a view and study the increased subscriptions put off world of rope. Perhaps if it is many? large enough, we could also A building or even a boat of hold meetings and workshops in our own would also require our own place. sonleone to act as a sort of Where though do we site it? caretaker. They would need to In the UK perhaps? At least not only hold the keys, but also half of our members are from be prepared to open up for the UK and it was in this visiting members of the public, country that the Guild was perhaps also operate a gift shop founded. Would that suit our to help offset costs. Would they overseas members? If so, live locally or on the premises, where in the UK? As a and would they also require midlander, I suppose I would remuneration for their time thus suggest some where near becoming an employee of the Birmingham, after all it would Guild? I know there are be near the centre of the organisations who do achieve country, well served by road this, for example Pendon Model and rail, and there is life north Railway Museum in of the Watford Gap! Oxfordshire but they have a However, to practicalities. much bigger following than we Any premises with suitable knotters. facilities are going to cost a lost However desirable our own of money, not only to purchase HQ would be, I cannot help but

KNOTIING MATTERS - DECEMBER 1996 35 Ed: Obviously neither David certificate follow at the end of Gee nor Richard Hodge has the article. These are the seen this earlier edition ofKM, minimum required knots to sail they do of course say that they one of our dinghies. There are only think it was the first one as several more knots, splices and Richard Hodge had been unable whippings we require of the to find any more. Where would adults. we be without our reliable This certificate achieves the founder members knowledge of desired effect since the children past KMs to correct us, shame go out of their way to learn they cannot agree on the time of these five knots, and ask for issue of KM 25 incidentally it more, to earn the certificate. was issued October 1988. Obviously their curiosity is piqued as they take the initiative **** and teach themselves new AN IDEA ON KNOT knots. The length of time to earn this TEACHING FROM piece of paper varies from one THE USA to two weeks. As the age of by Brian A Glennon some of these kids are still in ~J------~ the single digits, both the learning curve and attention ". CERTIFICATE OF ACHIEVEMENT ~

Th,.furtljiesthar span are low. Yet curiosity

------~--- prevails as one little girl haT SJiccessjully completed Basic Knots doggedly spent a week learning M./.T. Sailing PavUlon the Stunsail Tack Bend after Day Camp ~ .. /'//'2 I. mastering the Bowline...... ,(,;;::...-;-_l.dfL :C".J ~ = ~

~I. ~ I hope you like the little Above is a copy of a knot certificate and knot sheet. I had certificate issued by the a lot of fun teaching both the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Sailing Pavilion to the children of it's Kiddie Day Camp (ages 6-10); the FIGURE EJGHT knots required to earn this little A st~p knot which can be used to keep a line from conung out of a block. KNOTTING MATTERS - DECEMBER 1996 37 feel that at the present Observations on the Rope membership levels we cannot Chess Set made by contemplate this sort of project. Richard Hodge featured Perhaps one day a rich benefactor will turn up with an in KM52.. interest in knotting and donate from Geoffrey Budworth: the money or premises for an We look forward to meeting HQ. One can but dream. New Zealand Chapter member Richard Hodge sometime and **** seeing his knotted chess set. He Another brief piece from should be told, however, that he Colin Grundy: is NOT the first to complete Bewdley Museum in such a project. On page 24 of Worcestershire, England hold KM 25, October 1988 there is a rope making demonstrations picture of a superbly crafted one using equipment from the by US member Eric Dahlin of original ropework of John Santa Barbara, California. See Lowe's of Wribbenhall, the last also KM21 page 23 for Eric's ropeworks in Bewdley. covered steering wheel. Demonstrations are occasional, and from Frank Harris: although they will demonstrate With regard to the article if asked and also allow hands on "Knotting problem on chess demonstrations. Also they have board" by David Gee. I beg to samples of shroud and cable differ with David Gee as laid rope, which I am told is Knotting Matters No 25 from HMS Victory. The published In August 1988 museum is located in Load contained a full page Street, about five minutes walk photograph depicting a board from the River Severn. produced by Eric Dahlin of Tel:01299 403573. Be sure to Santa Barbara, California. The mention the Guild if you go. original of the photograph is in the Achives of the Guild and **** has been displayed at many Guild meetings. My congratulations however, to Richard Hodge on his effort. 36 KNOTIING MATIERS - DECEMBER 1996 to sail and tie knots. intended for those who have KNOTS

STUNSAIL TACK BEND BOWLINE Makes the loop in the end ofa Uoe which will sUI: Makes a loop in the line which wilI not slip. closed, maldog a neat. tight knot.

SQUARE KNOT For tyinJ toRrther two ends of the same diametd

FISHERMAN'S KNOT nlastered the smaller sizes of A moce permanent 'W'ay to join any tw'o Unes - hard to unc:Jo.Tw-o simple overhand knots tied around the accompanying line:. **** SIMPLE MATHS HELPS Running Turksheads (Ths) and TURKSHEADS who want to move on to larger knots and more complex By John Constable - Wares. ­ versions. Mathematics and England practical knot tying are very far PART I-INTRODUCTION from incompatible. Even the An interest in making most experienced of tiers will Turksheads almost invariably occasionally have to make a starts with the tying of a woggle small calculation before starting or of simple ones 'in hand' on a knotting project. following instructions in a All Ths, even the more book. Manyh knotsmen are complex ones, have an intrigued by its beauty and invaluable property - that of some even become addicted to symmetry. For example the it. This series of notes is working end of an 'ordinary' TH follows tl1e invariable rule

38 KNOTTING MATTERS - DECEMBER 1996 of 'under over under over etc' product of Bights times one less and this sequence creates a than the number of Leads. pattern that permits simple There are two horizontal levels arithmetic greatly to assist its of intersections for each Bight construction. and this will be shown in Part 2 These notes deal only with to be an invaluable aid in Running Turksheads ie those determining whether to cross formed from a single length of over or tuck under at an cord following a regular pattern intersection. But when starting of weaving and for simplicity a TH the most important all references are to the characteristic is that the cord, in cylindrical form. Conventional moving from side to side, definitions are followed ie a always moves forward the 'Lead' is one complete passage number of Bight heights given of a cord, or continuously by dividing the Leads by two, touching cords, round 360 and this is a truly golden rule. degrees of the cylinder. Most of the larger Ths appear 'Bights' are the arcs or best when they have been segments formed at the sides of multiplied at least three and the knot. 'Times' or a TH is the preferable five times. Because number of lines or cord running cord size and timings are side by side, within a lead, on a critical it is wise to make these parallel and absolutely identical the first decision as they will course. determine the optimum number In a formed TH the number of of Bights. Wrap ten turns of the Bights is easily determined but cord round the object to be if it has not been perfectly covered, using normal final adjusted it can be difficult to working tension. Measure the determine the number of Leads. width and divide by ten to give The solution is to count the the stretched diameter (C) of a number of Intersections single cord. Multiplying this by (Overlaps) along a single cord the proposed number of from Bight to Bight and add multiplication's gives the width one. The number of of a multi strand lead. Compartments is given by the Multiply this dimension by 1.4

KNOTTING MATTERS - DECEMBER 1996 39 to obtain the optimum height sizes. This is achieved by for a Bight. The desirable taking the working end round number of Bights is then found two further circuits of a small by dividing this figure into the knot and repeating the circumference of the final knot procedure as necessary. The which is a cord diameter plus method is of limited values both the diameter of the destination bights and leads have to be and the total multiplied by 22/8 increased by fixed amounts. It (pi). This number of Bights can can present difficulties as the of course be varied within limits pattern of intersections, that but the calculation does provide have to be made, is not regular. the optimum solution before Also it is possible to create knotting starts. different sizes from the same The number of Leads will now original knot depending on determine the length of the knot whether the additional circuits along its destination. In Part 4 a are started on the near or far method is given for accurately side of the standing end. A 3 determining the number of Lead 4 Bight knot (3Lx4B) can, Leads to fit that length. This is for example, be singly 'raised' invaluable when a knot has to in one operation to either a fit precisely between fixed 5Lx6B or a 7LxlOB knot points. Turksheads are depending on which of those surprisingly flexible but their two paths is selected. good nature should not be Patterned instructions for strained too far and, of course, larger sized Ths are mechanistic the rule of the Common Divisor and choice of properties for the has to be observed. knot is therefore limited. There is however, a simple method of PART 2-CONSTRUCTION absolutely universal application Smaller sizes of Ths can be which enables Ths of any formed in hand by following the characteristics to be constructed diagrams in most of the books and for their intersections to be on knotting. Many of them calculated.. recommend the method of All Ths, other than the 'raising' to create the larger smallest, need to have their

40 KNOTTING MATTERS - DECEMBER 1996 bights temporarily secured should be about four times the during the early stages of width of the cord to be used. construction. If the knot can be For simple Ths only the inner slid into its final position then column of holes on the left and there are advantages in making the two on tl1e right are used. it on a jig. If that is not possible All four columns are needed then bend wire hooks (Fig1) when 'scallop edged' Ths are should be secured with adhesive being made. masking tape round the object.

Lay the appropriate length of 7 - ­ 6 - ­ tape, sticky side up, beside a 5- ­ 4 -. ­ 3· ruler and lay on the hooks at the 2 -. • appropriate spacing. 1 - Fig. 2 Assuming for simplicity that a 4 Lead 5 Bight (4Lx5B) 'standard' TH, (Fig3) is required and a jig is to be used then the method is as follows. Place nails in holes one to five Fig. 1 on both sides for the five Bights. Hold the mid point, of a Jigs of varying size are suitable length of cord, against however, a useful addition to the top side of peg one on the the tool bag of an enthusiast and left side (L1). Divide the they can be made from 5mm number of Leads by two, (the wood with holes for nails 'golden rule') ie 4/2 2 and add drilled and marked. Wide Ths = this number to the peg height need a wide jig similar to Fig2 each tin1e to determine where to and narrow Ths need a narrower aim the cord when crossing to and taller jig. The holes in the the opposite side. The first lead jig need to be drilled so that the it therefore from L1 round Peg nails are a tight fit. 50mm nails 3 on the Right side ie L1 + 2 are ideal and they have a = R3. From there the second lead diameter of 2.5 to 3.0mm. The is back across to L5 (R3 + 2 clear space between nails = KNOTTING MATTERS - DECEMBER 1996 41 L5). There is no peg R7 for the Intersections in the smaller next lead so note where it would Ths are easily established but a have crossed the top of the jig universally applicable method is had there been sttch a peg. required for the larger knots and Take it over the top at that is absolutely essential for the point, vertically down the back, complex twills and scallop forward and round R2. It has edged Ths. The method is then moved forward a complete easily learnt on the present circuit of five Bights plus two ie 4Lx5B. The first junction the required seven spaces. The occurs on the fourth leg from full sequence of pegs for this R2 to L4 where the cord single TH is therefore LI, R3, intersects the first lead from LI L5, R2, L4, RI, L3, R5, L2, R4, to R3. The diagram (Fig4) LI which is back to the starting shows that intersection with the point. The pattern of the TH is numbers of the four terminal therefore easily established but pegs to which the cord runs ­ are the intersections tucks or and it reveals a number of cross overs? interesting points.

Plan of Peg heights +/- DlUlIJe by 2 e Intersectlol I ntersee tlon l/2 Height

L5 3 4+3-7 7-2=5 5/2 2'Jz :x 2 1+2",,3 3+2=5 5/2 2'/2 L4 Fig.4 The sum of the top two nUIYlbers less half the number of L3 Leads is the same as the sum of the bottom two numbers plus half the number of Leads. This L2 nUIYlber is invaluable as when it is halved it indicates the Bight Ll height of that intersection; which in this case is 21/2 ie half way between Pegs 2 & 3. Now Fig. 3 in any regular TH all the 42 KNOTTING MATTERS - DECEMBER 1996 intersections at the same level location. It should be carefully are invariably of the same type. tightened, leaving sufficient It is useful to adopt the slack for the multiplication convention shown 'in FigS ie Leads wl1ich follow round the that intersections occurring at initial Lead, and duplicate each full peg heights are */* whereas intersection. those at half heights are *\* the If an odd number of Leads has opposite. been selected then all moves forward will include a half and Peg height Half-peg height the nails on the right side should therefore be placed in the outer column of holes of the jig. When a wide TH is being made the number of Leads will Fig. 5 be greater than twice the By this method, no matter how number of Bights and each large the TH, it is quickly traverse across the knot has to possible to determine if an make one or more full circuits intersection at any point is a of the jig before arriving at its tuck or a cross-over merely by destination peg on the other side noting the heights of either the of the knot. There is a upper two destination pegs, or convenient method for working the lower two original pegs. out the intersections in such The method is of even greater cases and that will be described advantage when making in Part 3. complex twills, which are Ths with a patterned system of PART 3-WIDE TH intersections, or scallop-edged INTERSECTIONS Turksheads. In making the 4Lx5B TH in When the cord has returned to Part 2, the third traverse had to Peg Ll the first full Lead of the be made from peg L5 to the non knot has been completed. The existent peg R7. The solution nails can now be removed and was to take the cord over the the knot slid onto its final top, down the back of the jig KNOTTING MATTERS - DECEMBER 1996 43 deducting the five peg heights Do the cord, after three so traversed from the target peg complete circuits of the jig, height (2.5+2=7) and nl0ving to reaches its destination and turns peg R2 (ie 7-5). With wide Ths round Peg R5. The aiming peg, the cord may need to make for the return (right to left) leg, several such circuits before the is 5 + 19 = 24 and the destination peg is reached. To successive imaginary aImIng permit the intersections to be points would then be: calculated it is a useful habit to TraverseS 5+19=24 jot down the sequence of Traverse6 24-5=19 circuits. Using a 38Lx5B knot Traverse7 19-5=14 as an example, the additional Traverse8 14-5= 9 Bight height to be added would Traverse9 9 - 5 = PegL4 be 38 divided by 2 ie 19. The The first intersection occurs on start of this knot is illustrated in the first return leg (Traverse 5). Fig 6 and the successive Details are given below the imaginary aiming points for the intersection and its small first left to right leg would then calculation gives a height of be:- two and a half and hence, by Traverse1 1+19=20 convention, it is a *\* ie a cross Traverse2 20- 5=15 over. The second intersection is Traverse3 15- 5=10 again on Traverse 5 near the top Traverse4 10- 5=PegR5 of the jig and its calculation shows that it is at peg level 5 38 Lead by 5 Bight TH Aiming Rlghl 20 15 19 and is a *1* ie a tuck. The third AimlngLeft 9 14 19 intersection is on Traverse 6. and its calculation gives a peg height of two and half as for the first intersection. Subsequent intersections on this right to left leg all follow the same 14+111 • 24 19+18 - 29 19+5 - 24 symmetrical pattern, of X X X occurring at either peg level five 24-19" 5 29-19· 11 24-19 • 5 1 5/2 - 2 /'1 11/2 - 5 512 = 2'1z or two and half and being Fig. 6 respectively over or under, so in

44 KNOITING MAITERS - DECEMBER 1996 practice only two quick PART 4-ESTIMATING KNOT calculations need to be made LENGTH before the pattern. becomes Turksheads are absolutely apparent. unforgiving about the Looping around Peg L4 the correctness of tucks and aiming peg, for the second left crossing but they are reasonably to right leg, is 4 + 19 = 23 and tolerant about their physical the successive aiming points dimensions. Each Turkshead are:- (TH) has its own basic shape Traversel0 4+19=23 dependant on Bights, Leads, Traversell 23-5=18 Timings and cord width but we Traverse12 18-5=13 can, within limits, often squeeze Traverse13 13-5=8 or stretch it to fit our particular Traverse14 8-5=PegR3 intended use. Similar diagrams to the Where a really wide TH has to previous ones could be fit accurately between fixed produced to determine the limits it is necessary to be able intersection types on these to estimate the length of the traverses but it is quicker proposed knot and simple maths merely to note that the cord in is there to help. The following starting from Peg L4 is three method permits the length of a Bights away from the cord proposed knot to be calculated. starting from Ll. Where any Adjustments can then be made cord is two bights away from a to the design so the revised knot parallel cord then it will will fit accurately between those identically tuck or cross over a fixed limits. third intersecting cord. Where a) Wrap ten turns of the cord it is an odd number of Bights round the object to be covered, away then the reverse is the using your normal, final case. Observance of this rule working tension. Measure the makes the determination of all width and divide by ten to give subsequent intersections a the stretched diameter (C) of a simple routine. single cord. b) Measure the diameter of tl1e object, add four times the single

KNOTTING MATTERS - DECEMBER 1996 45 cord diameter (4xC) to obtain the outside diameter (D) of the TH. Multiply this figure by 22/7(pi) to obtain"the average outer circumference of the knot. c) Divide this circumference by the intended number of Bights W/B R to obtain the Bight height. (B) .OS .049 d) Multiply the cord diameter .10 .099 (C) by the intended number of times the Lead is to be .15 .163 multiplied, to obtain the width .20 .203 (W) at right angles across a .25 .259 Lead. e) Divide W by B and take the .30 .315 nearest value of R from Table 1. .35 .373 Multiply that value by R by B to obtain the width along the .40 .435 knot of a single compartment .45 .503 (part) of the TH. .50 .577 f) The total length of the proposed TH is tl1en (L/2 + .4) x .55 .659 P. .60 .751 Following these steps permits .65 .854 the appropriate number of Bights, Leads, Timings and .70 .979 cord size for the right length of .75 1.13 Turkshead to be calculated at .80 1.33 the start. Working in millimetres is easier than In .85 1.61 Imperial units. .90 2.07 .95 3.04

TABLE 1

46 KNOTTING MATTERS - DECEMBER 1996 PART 5-CORD LENGTH confidence to measure the It is possible to calculate second half, cut it and thread it mathematically the length of through the TH, in the reverse cord for a Turkshead but it is direction following the better to do this practically once established pattern, to achieve the characteristics of the knot the required number have been determined. If the Multiplications. cord is then stretched out on its destination, from the left side of PART 6-TWILL WEAVE its origin, following the line of a A 'twill' fabric is one where Lead and making the correct the weave produces a series of number of turns before diagonal ridges. A sin1ilar returning to the left side, then effect can be achieved in THs that is marginally less than the by varying the normal 'under, length of one cord in a Lead of over' sequence of intersections. the finished knot. Multiplying The simplest form is 'over two, by the number of under two' but there is no limit multiplications and the number to the number of possible of Leads gives the length of variations. cord required but to this should The basic method of producing be added at least thirty per cent twill Ths remains identical with to cover the slack necessary in that described for a making up the knot. conventional knot in Parts 1 and It is wise and economical not 5. Cord size, Bights, Leads and to cut off the calculated length Multiplications are determined of cord but rather to make a in precisely the same way. The thumb knot at half distance. travel of the working end across Secure this knot around Peg L1 the knot is identically at the start and weave half the determined by the 'golden rule'. knot leaving enough slack to Only the intersection pattern insert the final Multiplications. varies. The experience of constructing Fig7 shows a 6B 13L double the first half will indicate if the twill TH together with the estimate was reasonably position of the columns of accurate. This will give the intersections from both left and

KNOTTING MATTERS - DECEMBER 1996 47 right edges noted below. It will Fig7. It is helpful, before be seen that all those in a single starting, to make a list on the vertical line are identicalIy lines of Table 2 so that the type either tucks or cross-overs. The of intersection is immediately solution to its construction is apparent from the column therefore finding a method of distance from either the left or determining in which column an right side. intersection is situated. Fortunately an intersection d 6 6-2=- 4 from 6:5-2.5- 4 from 6.5 left Side diagram of the type already seen RIght Side S08~ 80 a--:l X in Fig 4 provides the answer, X 2.5 for if the values (at the side) for 2 X X

the heights of the originating Fig.8 pegs of the two cords are subtracted, the difference is the LEFT SIDE RIGHT SIL>,E Difference in INTERSJi:CTION Difference ill distance of the column from Peg value TYPE Peg value that side. The choice of side for 1 2 X the calculation is entirely a 3 4 X 1 2 matter of convenience. 5 6 X 3 4 7 8 X 5 6 9 10 X 7 8 68 x 13L TWILL TH 11 12 X 9 10 X 11 12

TABLE 2

Twills need not be limited to two crossings, neither need the number of crossings be the same along the length of TH. For stability it is desirable for L to R 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 to 11 12 Column the 'ridge' at the edges to be Column 12ft 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 R to L limited to two spaces or Fig. 7 preferably one. Longer ridges Fig8 shows the intersection at the edges can cause difficulty diagrams for the two ringed until a knot is fully tightened. intersections of the twill TH of Normally it is better for a knot 48 KNOTTING MATTERS - DECEMBER 1996 to be symmetrical but there evidence of my claims. could be circumstances where Geoffrey Budworth (Past asymmetry wQuld be President and then IGKT appropriate. Symmetry can Secretary and Editor) prepared a only be achieved with an odd review which substantially number of Leads. supported my opinion. Eric Franklin (Past President of the **** IGKT) did the same 'KNOTS AND SPLICES' independently. Percy Blandford A CAUTIONARY TALE (then IGKT President) wrote a by Tim Field - Yorkshire ­ letter of support and so did England Frank Harris (then IGKT This is a brief communication Membership Secretary). to notify you of a situation in Geoffrey Budworth's review which the IGKT is named. was sent to Fernhurst Books Eleven years ago, in the Spring and it was accepted as 'most of 1985, I was instrumental in useful'. Mr Davison agreed to having this knot book (written pass the review to the by Jeff Toghill) removed from Australian publisher who would the shelves of the Scout Shops incorporate corrections before Ltd. I was alarmed at the errors reprinting. The review in the book and concerned that recommended a distinguished it was being sold in the Scout Australian member of the Shops. It was my opinion that IGKT, Charles HS Thompson, accidents and serious injury to advise the Australian might be caused if Scouts were publisher. to try to learn their knots from Eric Franklin's review was this book. sent to the General Editor of The book (originally published Scouting magazine (for the in Australia) is published in the Scout Association) to support UK by Fernhurst Books. the decision that the book Understandably, the UK should not be stocked by Scout publisher was unhappy and the Shops LTD until a corrected publisher's representative, Tim revision became available. J Davison (Partner), required KNOTTING MATTERS - DECEMBER 1996 49 Recently I discovered that the not correct presumably they are book was again on sale at Scout not. Shops Ltd (Leeds); it was in its A letter from Brian original version, r~printed many Jarrett - Kent, England times since 1985 without I thought you might be reVISIon. At my request, the interested in the following, that Manager of the Leeds branch, is if it has not already been Richard Nicholson, froze his brought to the notice of the stock and then contacted Guild in t11e past. Fernhurst Books. The publisher As many members know I claims no knowledge of any make vast quantities of knot problem. displays and I am always on the I have been asked to lookout for knots and plaits substantiate my claims and so I which can be displayed flat. have provided Richard Toying with a piece of cord the Nicholson with my own other day I tied a 4 Lead 3 Bight comments and with copies of Turkshead, removed it from the Geoffrey Budworth's and Eric cylinder I was tying on at the Franklin's 1985 reviews. I have first stage. Instead of tightening also provided details of the on the cylinder I flattened the earlier correspondence which formation and followed around involved ARA Scopes (then in the normal manner. The net buyer for Scout Shops Ltd) , result was a rather nice button David Easton (then General knot. If it is tightened further it Editor of Scouting magazine), takes on another form with the Tim J Davison (the publisher's centre lifting up to give a rather representative and a partner in pleasant 3D effect. Fernhurst Books) and the distinguished members of the IGKT. I will keep you informed of developments. Ed: You surely cannot get better (experts' than those listed above, if they say the knots are

50 KNOTTING MATTERS - DECEMBER 1996 flattened version of figure 30 as shown.

25 **** A letter from Geoff Youngman - Norfolk ­ England Ref KM52, M McParlan's article on Macrame. Early last year (1995) our local Rector, knew that I made knot boards and asked me if I would make one for the church to hang by the statue of St Nicholas. I thought a cross would l1ave been right and appropriate on the board, if I could make one. After a lot of thought and not having seen one done, I came up with the one on the photo shown. The cross was made in 2mm cotton line with four 30 Chinese Button knots, and the flat Portuguese Sennits in glazed string, (Portuguese 4- LEAD 3-Bl GHT TURKiS HEAD Sennits as we called then1 at sea). In the centre I put another Chinese Button made in string 4 Lead 3 Bight Turks Head tied to fill a little gap. flat. Tied in the normal way up The Rector was most to stage 29 then remove from impressed, I don't think there the cylinder and flatten. are many churches with a knot Continue following around in board hanging in them. Having the normal manner for about 3 done the cross, I then tried the tucks. You will then have a anchor using the same principal

KNOTTING MATTERS - DECEMBER 1996 51 and round Portuguese Sennit, WEST COUNTRY what I came up with is also in the picture. KNOTTERS' NEWS I hope this will 'be of interest from David Pusill- Somerset ­ to some knot tyers. England

The West Country Knotters are a small band of pilgrims with a strength of some eighteen members. Our area comprises of a radius of about forty miles around Bristol. The weekend of the Bristol Festival of the Sea seemed to be a huge success, and several **** of our members spent the full From Mike Wilson four days with a display of Alexandria -VA knotting to advertise the Guild Ref KM51, Mr Frans Masurel's and our local branch. article, on 4 Stranded While the Festival of the Sea Turksheads was appreciated was taking place another group greatly. It is the basis of from the Branch were nearby at completed projects and planned the Woodhouse Park Scout & projects of mine. I hope a Guide Jamboree in discussion of the 5 lead Almondsbury. This group were Turkshead knot will be showing the flag for the Guild published soon. Specifically, while at the same time trying to the uncommon Turksheads of 5 help youngsters overcome their Leads 6 and 8 Bights. Also, problems with some of their these knots are excellent knots. What was surprising candidates to appear on IGKT however, was the interest Knot Charts. shown by the adult population. Guiders were coming up and asking how to tie all sorts of knots, some of which we rarely

52 KNOTTING MATTERS - DECEMBER 1996 decorative side of ropework The people who attended the nowadays and it's a refreshing Festival of the Sea seemed to change to be asked how to tie a have enjoyed themselves as , albeit- a Pedigree well. one. After setting up on Thursday Our display seemed to draw everyone had an early night quite a lot of general interest in ready for the rigours of the the Guild too, and most of our show, staying at Richard's leaflets disappeared. However, (Hopkins) house, just outside we must wait and see if our Bristol. labours have borne fruit, the The official opening time next few weeks will tell us no 1000hrs was but all were in doubt. place and doing the final tidying It was not surprising to find up at 0900hrs. From then on it that many people did not even was BUSY! As Richard said know that the IGKT existed. (many times), he did not stop As many nlembers know, this talking to the public for at least topic was brought up at the ten hours in the day. This also Guild's AGM at Gilwell Park explains why his coffee was earlier this year. always cold, but not where the There was a very interesting lunchtime rolls disappeared. demonstration of rope making During the course of the show by Terry Grimmer. The we managed to get inside the fascinating twist, pun intended, tent in which we were housed was that the rope was made out for brief intervals to see the rest of toilet paper! Apparently the of the Festival. Richard strength of this 'rope' was escaped for three spots of about phenomenal. I was told on one hour but does not know good authority, by the maker, how everyone else managed that his rope had been known to because we were too busy to be used as a tow rope for a bus notice what the others were no less. It was certainly a good doing. advert for the loo paper By the end of the Festival over manufacturer concerned. 350,000 visitor had attended, about 600 ships and boats, and

KNOTTING MATI'ERS - DECEMBER 1996 53 an amazing range of trade not to trip us up \\"ith silly stands and charity stalls. We comments but \\"ere able to join were ill a quiet area in and divert our customers. unfortunately situaled behind a These customers came from all row of toilets, so did not get the over the \\"orld, places as far full flow of visitors, but this apart as St Petersburg and was a relief (no pun intended). Tucson and most places in Had there been more customers between, and ranged from ·too asking questions we could not young yet to tie their show have coped,. with only four laces' to 'it is more discrete not members on the stand. If the to ask in case the effort in Guild had a complete stand of answering causes a collapse'. its own we would have required Although there \\·ere other about ten fit members to cope displays of knots and seyeral with the rush of questions that knotboards for sale \\·e appeared would have been generated by a to be the stand offering free larger and more varied display. hands on instruction and We hope members will realise guidance on both sinlple and that volunteering for these sort practical knots and 50nle nlore of events is not a means of advanced work. This seemed to getting free entry to a 'jolly', be appreciated b: those to nor is it a continuation of a whom we talked. conversation at the AGM, or The Six Knot Challenge again showing off ones own proved popular \\"ith more eccentricities, but hard work on people ready to haye a go behalf of the Guild to encourage against the clock. Here again new members and spread the you have to grab and create work about knotting. your audience as the: \\'alk past, During the Festival we were you have to yary the instruction visited by many members who to suit the ·victim'. had come from all over the The champion of this Festival country to see the show and did not turn up until the 1st day made a special effort to hunt us when he sho\ved great out. It was good to see some determination and spent a long familiar faces who would try time practising in order to get

54 KNOTTING MATTERS - DECEMBER 1996 the best time in the show, of 20 as far away as Northampton and seconds! Since Rory Carson is Dunstable, together with other orlly sixteen, if w~ could keep members of the Peninsular him in training for ayear or so, Branch. To cap it all there were there is no knowing what he even two members from New might achieve. Zealand visiting. Over to As usual at these sort of events Richard:- we met some very nice people Although we were all busy it both on our stands and from the was not quite as hectic as the public and hope that we will Bristol show, (although, have persuaded several of then1 because I had been stuck to become new members. outside the marquee I was not From the point of view of the able to monitor their progress Guild we believe that the properly). If people keep their Festival of the Sea was a work we should get a lot of new success and on a personal level recruits to the Guild as there it was great fun, although very was a lot of interest in all tiring. Thank you Cory aspects of our display. Towing, for use of the stand. As often happens, the Six Knot We don't think we let you Challenge generated some down! Finally, thanks to those healthy competition. At close who manned (all males) the of play on Saturday the time stand and who contributed items was down to 20 seconds. First for display. Let us get our thing on Sunday morning one breath back in time for the next lad came and managed 19 one. seconds then had to leave before Richard was soon on his way the basin was closed. Shortly again, this time to sunny thereafter, the 20 second Cornwall and the Maritime competitor returned and tried Festival in Penzance which took again but was all thumbs. He place on the on the weekend of returned as we were packing up the 4-7 July. Richard attended and in the last run of the clock this Festival with the Six Knot managed seventeen point five Challenge. Also working for seconds. This was all the more the Guild were merrlbers from remarkable because he had only

KNOTTING MATTERS - DECEMBER 1996 55 just returned to work after completed m~sh. lnd~cd the losing his right index finger in end cannot be ~o passed as it is an accident. When fumbling he a large ball of cl)rda~e usually was trying to use the missing contained in a bucket from finger to push ends through. which it is not rcn10\·~d. By Accommodation for some of this method there ar~ no joints us was in the local Sea Cadet in the net. unit and on the Friday evening Des Pa\\'son asked n1C both at after the show finished we gave Weston last \'~ar and at the some instruction to the Cadets Bristol Festival of the Sea to in knot tying, (with varying write this method. degrees of success). Sadly we were unable to I follow up the many invitations I to visit vessels as there were not enough hours in the day. All in /~,..,\,~,dA :~ all it was a very pleasant and , \ successful few days which was plJ(1 enjoyed by those participating and should be of benefit to the Guild. **** l NET MAKING w , USING A 11 ~ I: CONTINUOUS CORD .v/! 11 " 5 G?..> AND SQUARE KNOTS The working end 'w' is a ball of cordage too large to be passed From Gordon Court - Somerset through an already completed - England mesh. At the Portsmouth Dockyard nets are made by a curious **** method which does not involve, at any stage, the working end being passed through an already 56 KNOTTING MATTERS - DECEMBER 1996 GUILD SUPPLIES I.G.K.T. BOOK PRICE LIST 1995

::111:::II.I-:-I:I:II-III:I:I:I:::-I-II:-::I-i'::::I:-1:::_liillliili::':iiil:-II:I-I-I-I:I:-'-:I:I::ii:I:':11_:I:i'IIIII:llljj:lllj::III::::::i:::j::I:j:j-::i:ilIlliilllll::II::::j:III:II:jl-I:I-::I:III---I,i:I-li-::-::lij:liiili-l-i-:il:I:::IIII:-:::li::li:i:::::lil::il:i:il:IIII_::::::i:::il THE KNOT BOOK £2.50 Geoffrey Budworth

MUCH ADO ABOUT KNOTTING (The 1st 10 years) £2.50* Geoffrey Budworth

BREASTPLATE DESIGNS £2.50 Brian FIELD

TURKSHEADS THE TRADITIONAL WAY £1.50* Eric Franklin

NYLON NOVELTIES £2.00* Eric Franklin

KNOTCRAFT £3.60* Stuart Grainger

ROPEFOLK £1.30* Stuart Grainger

TURKSHEAD ALTERNATIVES £2.20* Stuart Grainger

SOMETHING DIFFERENT Over 50 Button knots £3.95 John HALIFAX

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