Gate-Level Simulation of Quantum Circuits
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Arxiv:Quant-Ph/0509051V1 7 Sep 2005 Iiyapiue Satisfying Amplitudes Bility Ie Hs Ttscnb Ne-Orltdsc Htasingl a That Such Inter-Correlated Be Can States These Time
To appear in the 2005 International Symposium on Microarchitecture (MICRO-38) A Quantum Logic Array Microarchitecture: Scalable Quantum Data Movement and Computation Tzvetan S. Metodi†, Darshan D. Thaker†, Andrew W. Cross‡ Frederic T. Chong§ and Isaac L. Chuang‡ †University Of California at Davis, {tsmetodiev, ddthaker}@ucdavis.edu §University Of California at Santa Barbara, [email protected] ‡Massachusetts Institute of Technology, {awcross, ichuang}@mit.edu Abstract logic gate can act on all possible 2N states. The exponen- tial speedup offered by quantum computing, based on the ability to process quantum information through gate ma- Recent experimental advances have demonstrated tech- nipulation [2], has led to several quantum algorithms with nologies capable of supporting scalable quantum computa- substantial advantages over known algorithms with tradi- tion. A critical next step is how to put those technologies to- tional computation. The most significant is Shor’s algo- gether into a scalable, fault-tolerant system that is also fea- rithm for factoring the product of two large primes in poly- sible. We propose a Quantum Logic Array (QLA) microar- nomial time. Additional algorithms include Grover’s fast chitecture that forms the foundation of such a system. The database search [3]; adiabatic solution of optimization prob- QLA focuses on the communication resources necessary to lems [4]; precise clock synchronization [5]; quantum key efficiently support fault-tolerant computations. We leverage distribution [6]; and recently, Gauss sums [7] and Pell’s the extensive groundwork in quantum error correction the- equation [8]. ory and provide analysis that shows that our system is both asymptotically and empirically fault tolerant. -
A Coordinated Approach to Quantum Networking Research
A COORDINATED APPROACH TO QUANTUM NETWORKING RESEARCH A Report by the SUBCOMMITTEE ON QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE of the NATIONAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY COUNCIL January 2021 – 0 – A COORDINATED APPROACH TO QUANTUM NETWORKING RESEARCH About the National Science and Technology Council The National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) is the principal means by which the Executive Branch coordinates science and technology policy across the diverse entities that make up the Federal research and development enterprise. A primary objective of the NSTC is to ensure science and technology policy decisions and programs are consistent with the President's stated goals. The NSTC prepares research and development strategies that are coordinated across Federal agencies aimed at accomplishing multiple national goals. The work of the NSTC is organized under committees that oversee subcommittees and working groups focused on different aspects of science and technology. More information is available at https://www.whitehouse.gov/ostp/nstc. About the Office of Science and Technology Policy The Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) was established by the National Science and Technology Policy, Organization, and Priorities Act of 1976 to provide the President and others within the Executive Office of the President with advice on the scientific, engineering, and technological aspects of the economy, national security, homeland security, health, foreign relations, the environment, and the technological recovery and use of resources, among other topics. OSTP leads interagency science and technology policy coordination efforts, assists the Office of Management and Budget with an annual review and analysis of Federal research and development in budgets, and serves as a source of scientific and technological analysis and judgment for the President with respect to major policies, plans, and programs of the Federal Government. -
Synthesis of Quantum-Logic Circuits Vivek V
1000 IEEE TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTER-AIDED DESIGN OF INTEGRATED CIRCUITS AND SYSTEMS, VOL. 25, NO. 6, 2006 Synthesis of Quantum-Logic Circuits Vivek V. Shende, Stephen S. Bullock, and Igor L. Markov, Senior Member, IEEE Abstract—The pressure of fundamental limits on classical com- I. INTRODUCTION putation and the promise of exponential speedups from quantum effects have recently brought quantum circuits (Proc. R. Soc. S THE ever-shrinking transistor approaches atomic pro- Lond. A, Math. Phys. Sci., vol. 425, p. 73, 1989) to the atten- A portions, Moore’s law must confront the small-scale tion of the electronic design automation community (Proc. 40th granularity of the world: We cannot build wires thinner than ACM/IEEE Design Automation Conf., 2003), (Phys.Rev.A,At.Mol. atoms. Worse still, at atomic dimensions, we must contend with Opt. Phy., vol. 68, p. 012318, 2003), (Proc. 41st Design Automation Conf., 2004), (Proc. 39th Design Automation Conf., 2002), (Proc. the laws of quantum mechanics. For example, suppose 1 bit Design, Automation, and Test Eur., 2004), (Phys. Rev. A, At. Mol. is encoded as the presence or the absence of an electron in a Opt. Phy., vol. 69, p. 062321, 2004), (IEEE Trans. Comput.-Aided small region.1 Since we know very precisely where the electron Des. Integr. Circuits Syst., vol. 22, p. 710, 2003). Efficient quantum– is located, the Heisenberg uncertainty principle dictates that logic circuits that perform two tasks are discussed: 1) implement- we cannot know its momentum with high accuracy. Without ing generic quantum computations, and 2) initializing quantum registers. In contrast to conventional computing, the latter task a reasonable upper bound on the electron’s momentum, there is nontrivial because the state space of an n-qubit register is not is no alternative but to use a large potential to keep it in place, finite and contains exponential superpositions of classical bit- and expend significant energy during logic switching. -
PMG Phd Thesis FINAL
Practical Free-Space Quantum Key Distribution Philip Michael Gorman B.Sc. (Hons), MInstP. Thesis submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy Department of Physics Heriot-Watt University December 2010 The copyright in this thesis is owned by the author. Any quotation from the thesis or use of any of the information contained in it must acknowledge this thesis as the source of the quotation or information. ABSTRACT Within the last two decades, the world has seen an exponential increase in the quantity of data traffic exchanged electronically. Currently, the widespread use of classical encryption technology provides tolerable levels of security for data in day to day life. However, with one somewhat impractical exception these technologies are based on mathematical complexity and have never been proven to be secure. Significant advances in mathematics or new computer architectures could render these technologies obsolete in a very short timescale. By contrast, Quantum Key Distribution (or Quantum Cryptography as it is sometimes called) offers a theoretically secure method of cryptographic key generation and exchange which is guaranteed by physical laws. Moreover, the technique is capable of eavesdropper detection during the key exchange process. Much research and development work has been undertaken but most of this work has concentrated on the use of optical fibres as the transmission medium for the quantum channel. This thesis discusses the requirements, theoretical basis and practical development of a compact, free-space transmission quantum key distribution system from inception to system tests. Experiments conducted over several distances are outlined which verify the feasibility of quantum key distribution operating continuously over ranges from metres to intercity distances and finally to global reach via the use of satellites. -
Applications of Quantum Algorithms to Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes
Applications of Quantum Algorithms to Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes R. D. Rosenwald*, D. A. Meyer✝, and H. A. Schmitt* * Raytheon Missile Systems P.O. Box 11337 Tucson, AZ 85734-1337, USA e-mail: [email protected] ✝ Project in Geometry and Physics, Department of Mathematics University of California/San Diego La Jolla, CA 92093-0112, USA e-mail: [email protected] Abstract faster than the best algorithms on a classical (conventional) computer. This discovery produced a firestorm of Due to the enormous processing gains that are theoretically controversy and activity that continues to this day. achievable by using quantum algorithms instead of classical algorithms to solve rather generic classes of numerical In some quarters it produced great consternation. It was problems, it makes sense that one should evaluate their correctly noted that if a working quantum computer with a potential applicability, appropriateness, and efficiency for sufficiently large number (~hundreds) of quantum bits solving virtually any computationally intensive task. Since could indeed be built, then the security of modern public- many types of control and optimization problems may be key cryptographic systems would be seriously threatened. couched in terms of partially observable Markov decision Basically, the reasoning goes as follows: cryptographic processes (POMDPs), and since solutions to these types of codes are hard to break because finding the prime problems are invariably extremely difficult to obtain, the factorization of a large composite number is an extremely use of quantum algorithms to help solve POMDP problems difficult and time-consuming task for classical computers is investigated here. Quantum algorithms are indeed found (despite using the latest, most efficient algorithms on likely to provide significant efficiency improvements in massively parallel systems). -
The Impact of Quantum Technologies on the EU's
THE IMPACT OF QUANTUM TECHNOLOGIES ON THE EU’S FUTURE POLICIES PART 2 Quantum communications: from science to policies Adam M. Lewis, AML Martino Travagnin, MT 2018 EUR 29017 EN This publication is a Science for Policy report by the Joint Research Centre (JRC), the European Commission’s science and knowledge service. It aims to provide evidence-based scientific support to the European policymaking process. The scientific output expressed does not imply a policy position of the European Commission. Neither the European Commission nor any person acting on behalf of the Commission is responsible for the use which might be made of this publication. Contact information Name: Adam Lewis Address: TP 186 Centro Comune di Ricerca, Via E. Fermi 2749, 21027 Ispra (VA), ITALY Email: [email protected] JRC Science Hub https://ec.europa.eu/jrc JRC107386 EUR 29017 EN PDF ISBN 978-92-79-77314-3 ISSN 1831-9424 doi:10.2760/881896 Ispra, Italy: European Commission, 2018 © European Union, 2018 Reproduction is authorised provided the source is acknowledged. How to cite: Author(s); title; EUR; doi All images © European Union 2018 Quantum communications: from science to policies Abstract Quantum physics yields cryptographic applications which are expected to contribute to communications security, in particular by providing protection against attacks by future quantum computers. Technology development programmes in quantum communications, including the deployment of quantum networks, are therefore being funded worldwide. Europe should accelerate the industrial uptake of its scientific knowledge in the field. Contents Acknowledgements ................................................................................................ 1 Executive summary ............................................................................................... 2 1. Introduction ................................................................................................. 4 2. Scientific background .................................................................................... 6 2.1. -
Part 2: Quantum Cryptography Report of the Quantum Cryptography Technology Experts Panel
LA-UR-04-4085 A Quantum Information Science and Technology Roadmap Part 2: Quantum Cryptography Report of the Quantum Cryptography Technology Experts Panel “When elementary quantum systems…are used to transmit digital information, the uncertainty principle gives rise to novel cryptographic phenomena unachievable with traditional transmission media.” Charles H. Bennett and Gilles Brassard (1984) Disclaimer: The opinions expressed in this document are those of the Technology Experts Panel members and are subject to change. They should not to be taken to indicate in any way an official position of U.S. Government sponsors of this research. July 19, 2004 Version 1.0 This document is available electronically at: http://qist.lanl.gov Technology Experts Panel (TEP) Membership: Charles Bennett – IBM: Thomas J. Watson Research Center Donald Bethune – IBM: Almaden Research Center Gilles Brassard – University of Montréal Nicholas Donnangelo – The MITRE Corporation Artur Ekert – Cambridge University Chip Elliott – BBN Corporation James Franson – Johns Hopkins University, Applied Physics Laboratory Christopher Fuchs – Bell Labs, Lucent Technologies Matthew Goodman – Telcordia Technologies Chair: Richard Hughes – Los Alamos National Laboratory Paul Kwiat – University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Alan Migdall – National Institute of Standards & Technology: Gaithersburg Sae-Woo Nam – National Institute of Standards and Technology: Boulder Jane Nordholt – Los Alamos National Laboratory John Preskill – California Institute of Technology John Rarity -
High Speed Quantum Key Distribution Over Optical Fiber Network System1
High Speed Quantum Key Distribution over Optical Fiber Network System1 Lijun Ma, Alan Mink and Xiao Tang* Information Technology Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology 100 Bureau Dr., Gaithersburg, MD 20899 Abstract NIST has developed a number of complete fiber-based high-speed quantum key distribution (QKD) systems that includes an 850 nm QKD system for a local area network (LAN), a 1310 nm QKD system for a metropolitan area network (MAN), and a 3-node quantum network controlled by a network manager. This paper discusses the key techniques used to implement these systems, which include polarization recovery, noise reduction, frequency up- conversion detection based on PPLN waveguide, custom high-speed data handling boards, and quantum network management. Using our quantum network, a QKD secured video surveillance application has been demonstrated. Our intention is to show the feasibility and sophistication of QKD systems under current technology development. Keywords: Quantum Key Distribution, Fiber network, BB84, B92, Detection Time Bin Shift, Frequency Up- conversion detection. 1. Introduction A quantum key distribution (QKD) system does not transmit secure messages, it creates a shared secret cryptographic key between users over unsecured communication links. The keys are then used to encrypt the data creating secure messages that can subsequently be transmitted via normal IP protocols. QKD systems use quantum states, such as polarization, to encode information on single photons. An initial random key is establishes by randomly encoding state information on these photons, sending the photons and recovering that information on the other end of the link. After three additional conventional processing/communication stages, this initial (raw) key is transformed into a secure key.