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A Coordinated Approach to Quantum Networking Research A COORDINATED APPROACH TO QUANTUM NETWORKING RESEARCH A Report by the SUBCOMMITTEE ON QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE of the NATIONAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY COUNCIL January 2021 – 0 – A COORDINATED APPROACH TO QUANTUM NETWORKING RESEARCH About the National Science and Technology Council The National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) is the principal means by which the Executive Branch coordinates science and technology policy across the diverse entities that make up the Federal research and development enterprise. A primary objective of the NSTC is to ensure science and technology policy decisions and programs are consistent with the President's stated goals. The NSTC prepares research and development strategies that are coordinated across Federal agencies aimed at accomplishing multiple national goals. The work of the NSTC is organized under committees that oversee subcommittees and working groups focused on different aspects of science and technology. More information is available at https://www.whitehouse.gov/ostp/nstc. About the Office of Science and Technology Policy The Office of Science and Technology Policy (OSTP) was established by the National Science and Technology Policy, Organization, and Priorities Act of 1976 to provide the President and others within the Executive Office of the President with advice on the scientific, engineering, and technological aspects of the economy, national security, homeland security, health, foreign relations, the environment, and the technological recovery and use of resources, among other topics. OSTP leads interagency science and technology policy coordination efforts, assists the Office of Management and Budget with an annual review and analysis of Federal research and development in budgets, and serves as a source of scientific and technological analysis and judgment for the President with respect to major policies, plans, and programs of the Federal Government. More information is available at https://www.whitehouse.gov/ostp. About the NSTC Subcommittee on Quantum Information Science The National Science and Technology Council (NSTC) Subcommittee on Quantum Information Science (SCQIS) was legislated by the National Quantum Initiative Act and coordinates Federal research and development (R&D) in quantum information science and related technologies under the auspices of the NSTC Committee on Science. The aim of this R&D coordination is to maintain and expand U.S. leadership in quantum information science and its applications over the next decade. More information on the SCQIS is available at https://www.quantum.gov. About this Document This document was developed by the SCQIS through its Quantum Networking Interagency Working Group. Recommendations in this report build on the National Strategic Overview for Quantum Information Science and identify pathways towards goals in A Strategic Vision for America’s Quantum Networks. More information is available at https://www.quantum.gov. Copyright Information This document is a work of the United States Government and is in the public domain (see 17 U.S.C. §105). Subject to the stipulations below, it may be distributed and copied with acknowledgment to OSTP. Copyrights to graphics included in this document are reserved by the original copyright holders or their assignees and are used here under the Government’s license and by permission. Requests to use any images must be made to the provider identified in the image credits or to OSTP if no provider is identified. Published in the United States of America, 2020. – i – A COORDINATED APPROACH TO QUANTUM NETWORKING RESEARCH NATIONAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY COUNCIL Chair Directors Kelvin K. Droegemeier, Director, OSTP Tracie Lattimore, Executive Director, NSTC Grace Diana, Deputy Director, NSTC COMMITTEE ON SCIENCE Co-Chairs Francis Collins, Director, National Institutes of Health Kelvin K. Droegemeier, Director, OSTP Sethuraman Panchanathan, Director, National Science Foundation SUBCOMMITTEE ON QUANTUM INFORMATION SCIENCE Co-Chairs Executive Secretary J. Stephen Binkley, DOE Denise Caldwell, NSF Carl Williams, NIST Sean Jones, NSF Charles Tahan, OSTP Members Tali Bar-Shalom, OMB Jalal Mapar, DHS Nasser Barghouty, NASA Catherine Marsh, IARPA John Beieler, ODNI Esha Mathew, DOS Denise Caldwell, NSF Yi Pei, OMB Robert Cunningham, NSA Timothy Petty, DOI Christian Hannon, USPTO Geetha Senthil, NIH Michael Hayduk, AFRL Merin Rajadurai, DOS Barbara Helland, DOE Daniel Ryman, USPTO Paul Lopata, DOD NATIONAL QUANTUM COORDINATION OFFICE Director Staff Charles Tahan, OSTP Alexander Cronin, OSTP Corey Stambaugh, OSTP – ii – A COORDINATED APPROACH TO QUANTUM NETWORKING RESEARCH QUANTUM NETWORKING INTERAGENCY WORKING GROUP Co-Chairs Nasser Barghouty, NASA Alexander Cronin, OSTP Laura Sinclair, NIST Members Gerry Baumgartner, NSA Thomas Jenkins, NRO Chris Beauregard, NSpC Brian Kirby, ARL Joshua C. Bienfang, NIST Paul Kunz, ARL Lali Chatterjee, DOE John Lekki, NASA Tatjana Curcic, DARPA Grace Metcalfe, AFOSR Dominique Dagenais, NSF Bogdan Mihaila, NSF Roberto Diener, ONR Tom Reineke, NRL Fredrik Fatemi, ARL Eleanor Rieffel, NASA Sara Gamble, ARL-ARO Kathy-Anne Soderberg, AFRL Carol Hawk, DOE Corey Stambaugh, OSTP Michael Hayduk, AFRL Morgan Stern, NSA – 3 – A COORDINATED APPROACH TO QUANTUM NETWORKING RESEARCH Table of Contents About the National Science and Technology Council ................................................................................. i Table of Contents ........................................................................................................................................ iv Abbreviations and Acronyms ....................................................................................................................... v Executive Summary .................................................................................................................................... vi Introduction ................................................................................................................................................. 1 Examples of Quantum Networking Research Activities in the United States ............................................ 2 Mechanisms for Coordinating Quantum Networking Research ................................................................. 5 Recommendations ....................................................................................................................................... 5 Technical Recommendations (TR) ................................................................................................. 6 • TR 1: Continue Research on Use Cases for Quantum Networks • TR 2: Prioritize Cross-Beneficial Core Components for Quantum Networks • TR 3: Improve Classical Capabilities to Support Quantum Networks • TR 4: Leverage “Right-Sized” Quantum Networking Testbeds Programmatic Recommendations (PR) ......................................................................................... 7 • PR 1: Increase Interagency Coordination on Quantum Networking R&D • PR 2: Establish Timetables for Quantum Networking R&D Infrastructure • PR 3: Facilitate International Cooperation on Quantum Networking R&D Summary ...................................................................................................................................................... 8 iv A COORDINATED APPROACH TO QUANTUM NETWORKING RESEARCH Abbreviations and Acronyms AFOSR Air Force Office of Scientific Research AFRL Air Force Research Laboratory ARO Army Research Office DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency DHS Department of Homeland Security DOD Department of Defense DOE Department of Energy DOI Department of the Interior DOS Department of State ESIX Subcommittee for Economic and Security Implications of Quantum Science FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation IARPA Intelligence Advanced Research Projects Activity IC Intelligence Community LPS National Security Agency Laboratory for Physical Sciences NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NIH National Institutes of Health NIST National Institute of Standards and Technology NOAA National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NQI National Quantum Initiative NRL Naval Research Laboratory NRO National Reconnaissance Office NSA National Security Agency NSC National Security Council NSF National Science Foundation NSpC National Space Council NSTC National Science and Technology Council ODNI Office of the Director of National Intelligence OMB Office of Management and Budget ONR Office of Naval Research OSTP Office of Science and Technology Policy OUSD(R&E) Office of the Undersecretary of Defense for Research and Engineering PQC Post Quantum Cryptography R&D research and development USPTO United States Patent and Trade Office USDA United States Department of Agriculture SCQIS Subcommittee on Quantum Information Science NQIAC National Quantum Initiative Advisory Committee NQCO National Quantum Coordination Office QED-C Quantum Economic Development Consortium QIS Quantum Information Science QISE Quantum Information Science and Engineering QN Quantum Network QN-IWG Quantum Networking Interagency Working Group v A COORDINATED APPROACH TO QUANTUM NETWORKING RESEARCH Executive Summary Quantum networks (QNs) transmit quantum information between quantum devices and allow distribution of quantum entanglement, a physical resource known to be useful for quantum information processing. QNs in the form of internets or intranets enable larger quantum computations by connecting quantum computers
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