A Diplomatic Whistleblower in the Victorian Era Also by G. R. Berridge EMBASSIES IN ARMED CONFLICT THE PALGRAVE MACMILLAN DICTIONARY OF DIPLOMACY (with Lorna Lloyd), Third Edition THE COUNTER-REVOLUTION IN DIPLOMACY AND OTHER ESSAYS DIPLOMACY: Theory and Practice, Fourth Edition BRITISH DIPLOMACY IN TURKEY, 1583 TO THE PRESENT: A Study in the Evolution of the Resident Embassy TILKIDOM AND THE OTTOMAN EMPIRE: The Letters of Gerald Fitzmaurice to George Lloyd, 1906-15 GERALD FITZMAURICE (1865-1939), CHIEF DRAGOMAN OF THE BRITISH EMBASSY IN TURKEY DIPLOMATIC CLASSICS: Selected texts from Commynes to Vattel DIPLOMATIC THEORY FROM MACHIAVELLI TO KISSINGER (with Maurice Keens-Soper and T. G. Otte) INTERNATIONAL POLITICS: States, Power and Conflict since 1945, Third Edition TALKING TO THE ENEMY: How States without ‘Diplomatic Relations’ Communicate AN INTRODUCTION TO INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS (with D. Heater) SOUTH AFRICA, THE COLONIAL POWERS AND ‘AFRICAN DEFENCE’: The Rise and Fall of the White Entente, 1948-60 RETURN TO THE UN: UN Diplomacy in Regional Conflicts THE POLITICS OF THE SOUTH AFRICA RUN: European Shipping and Pretoria DIPLOMACY AT THE UN (co-editor with A. Jennings) ECONOMIC POWER IN ANGLO-SOUTH AFRICAN DIPLOMACY: Simonstown, Sharpeville and After A Diplomatic Whistleblower in the Victorian Era The Life and Writings of E. C. Grenville-Murray G. R. Berridge Emeritus Professor of International Politics, University of Leicester, UK and Senior Fellow, DiploFoundation © G. R. Berridge 2013 All rights reserved. The author asserts his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2013 http://grberridge.diplomacy.edu/ For John Young Contents Preface viii List of Acronyms and Abbreviations used in Footnotes and References xi List of Illustrations xii Prologue 1 1 Powerful Patrons 4 ‘A thousand scrapes’ 5 Palmerston and Dickens 10 Caught out by ‘Lord Fiddlededee’ 13 2 ‘The Roving Englishman’ 18 Arise, ‘Sir Hector Stubble’! 20 Campaigning for diplomatic reform 26 Satire and anonymity 38 3 Revenge of the ‘Cousinocracy’ 42 Exiled to Mytilene 42 Locked out 46 ‘Are you, or are you not, the “Roving Englishman”’? 49 Persian punishment 55 Ordeal at Odessa 59 Dismissed by ‘Count von Quickmarch’ 70 4 The Queen’s Messenger 82 ‘Ho, All Ye Who Have Suffered Wrong!’ 82 Courtroom battles 92 5 A ‘Literary Manufactory’ in Paris 106 A family business 108 A ghost at the siege 114 The production line 117 The cult of mystery 129 The ennobling grievance 132 Epilogue 138 Appendix 1 Grenville-Murray’s books: anonymous, pseudonymous, and signed 142 Appendix 2 Grenville-Murray’s articles in the Cornhill Magazine 146 Appendix 3 Key Primary Sources Free Online 150 References 151 Illustrations 162 vii Preface I came to Eustace Clare Grenville-Murray only a few years ago. This was by means of a book called Embassies and Foreign Courts published in 1855 and written by ‘The Roving Englishman’. Although for a long time vaguely aware of it, I had neglected to study it because put off by its pseudonymous authorship and neglect by other scholars: I thought it could not be serious. When, however, curiosity finally got the better of me, I found it to be certainly an eccentric kind of diplomatic manual but acute in many of its observations and written with an irreverence, verve, and elegance which placed it in a galaxy many light years remote from that occupied by the more well known examples of this genre. This discovery led me to ask the same question which for a while plagued the author’s employers more than a century and a half earlier: Who on earth was ‘The Roving Englishman’? It did not take long to establish his real name and that he was a British diplomat who had turned to ‘scribbling’ in part to blow the whistle on abuses both in the diplomatic service and the Foreign Office – and I became intrigued by his career. To my initial surprise, I found that there was no full-length biography of him and that the few biographical essays of which he was the subject were not only riddled with errors but also displayed enormous gaps. Hence this book. The failings of the extant treatments of Grenville-Murray, I now realise, are not so surprising after all, for establishing the facts of his life and the workings of his mind were both extremely difficult to accomplish. The reasons for this are as follows. First, his birth was illegitimate, so the records of his early life are either largely fictitious or non-existent. Second, because he was a whistleblower but relatively impecunious, he went to great lengths to cover his own literary tracks in order to safeguard his salaried income, so it is by no means easy to identify his writing, especially his newspaper articles. Third, because aristocrats both inside and outside the Foreign Office were desperate to contrive his downfall a whole raft of damaging myths was created about his official conduct and particular events in his life, and these have been constantly re-cycled – and inevitably embellished. For example, not so long ago in the Telegraph Andrew Marr repeated the myth that he was ‘horse- whipped’ by Lord Carrington; while even more astonishingly the historian John viii Vincent, in his Disraeli, Derby and the Conservative Party, described him, among other things, as a ‘pornographer’ (p. 42). Finally, he left no personal collection of private papers – no private correspondence, no diaries, no unpublished memoirs – and the only readily traceable private letters of his own held in other collections are those to be found in the Stowe Papers at the Huntington Library in California and the papers of Sir Henry Bulwer at the Norfolk Record Office. (The last of these groups of letters is, typically, not logged in the National Register of Archives and, in consequence, I stumbled on them only by accident – and late in the day.) On the other hand, Grenville-Murray’s literary output was prodigious and, precisely because key Foreign Office officials loathed him, there are also entire volumes of documents in The National Archives in London dealing with ‘The Case of Mr. G. Murray.’ It was chiefly because I concluded that there was sufficient material in these sources to make a go of the project that I took the decision – probably still a rash one – to launch it. I describe the subject of this biography throughout as ‘Grenville-Murray’, even though it was only at some point in his mid-twenties that he added ‘Grenville’ to his mother’s surname (itself probably fictitious) and even after this he was often referred to – not least by the Foreign office – as ‘Mr Murray’. I have preferred ‘Grenville-Murray’ not only because it is the period after his mid-twenties with which I am chiefly concerned but also in order to avoid confusion with one of his most bitter enemies, James Murray, head of the Consular Department in the Foreign Office, and Charles Augustus Murray, who was his head of mission in Tehran, and with neither of whom was he related. I list Grenville-Murray’s books in an appendix rather than in the general list of ‘References’. I also exclude his articles from the latter list; like newspaper articles, these are cited in full in the footnotes. Having said that, in order chiefly to show their character as well as underline their great number, I list his articles in the Cornhill Magazine in a further appendix. I am grateful for assistance with various aspects of this work to Troy Bassett, the late Philip Cottrell, Penny Hatfield, Clare Mence, Thomas Otte, Mary L. Robertson, Jackie Smith, and especially David Tothill, who did me the kindness of commenting on the whole of an early draft. I must also record my gratitude to the University of Leicester, particularly the Department of Politics and International Relations, for enabling me to preserve my access since my retirement to invaluable Library databases. Finally, I would like to thank the executive committee of the ix British International History Group, especially John W. Young, for permitting me to give a lecture on Grenville-Murray at the group’s annual conference in September 2012, for this helped to preserve the momentum of my project. John Young also did me the honour of casting a critical eye over the whole manuscript of the book in first draft and, because of this as well as in testimony to our long friendship, it is to him that I have dedicated it. For technical support, I am in debt as always to Jelena Jacovljevic. G.R.B., Leicester, December 2013. x List of Acronyms and Abbreviations used in Footnotes and References 2DBC Second Duke of Buckingham and Chandos 3DBC Third Duke of Buckingham and Chandos AYR All the Year Round [successor to Household Words] BB [‘Blue Book’] HCPP (4163), 14 June 1869: Papers Relative to the Complaints made against Mr. Grenville-Murray as Her Majesty’s Consul-General at Odessa; and to his Dismissal from Her Majesty’s Service BL The British Library CM The Cornhill Magazine DNB Dictionary of National Biography FO Foreign Office FO List The Foreign Office List and Diplomatic and Consular Hand Book G-M Grenville-Murray, Eustace Clare HCDeb. House of Commons Debates (Hansard) HCPP House of Commons Parliamentary Papers HL Huntington Library, California HW Household Words LMA London Metropolitan Archives LCD The Letters of Charles Dickens (The Pilgrim Edition) NRO Norfolk Record Office (Norwich) ODNB Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (Oxford University Press, 2004) QM The Queen’s Messenger: A Weekly Gazette of Politics and Literature [1869] TNA The National Archives [British] xi List of Illustrations 1.