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Identiteta Evrope IDENTITETA EVROPE številka 81/82 • letnik 21, 2016 UREDILA ANJA ZALTA ROK SVETLIČ POLIGRAFI Glavna urednica: Helena Motoh (Univ. na Primorskem) Uredniški odbor: Lenart Škof (Univ. na Primorskem), Igor Škamperle (Univ. v Ljubljani), Mojca Terčelj (Univ. na Primorskem), Miha Pintarič (Univ. v Ljubljani), Rok Svetlič (Univ. na Primorskem), Anja Zalta (Univ. v Ljubljani) Pisarna uredništva: Univerza na Primorskem, Znanstveno-raziskovalno središče, Inštitut za filozofske študije, Garibaldijeva 1,SI -6000 Koper, Slovenija Telefon: +386 5 6637 700, Fax: + 386 5 6637 710, E-mail: [email protected] http://www.poligrafi.si številka 81/82, letnik 21 (2016) IDENTITETA EVROPE Uredila: Anja Zalta, Rok Svetlič Mednarodni uredniški odbor: Th. Luckmann (Universität Konstanz), D. Kleinberg-Levin (Northwestern University), R. A. Mall (Universität München), M. Ježić (Filozofski fakultet, Zagreb), D. Louw (University of the Free State, Bloemfontain), M. Volf (Yale University), K. Wiredu (University of South Florida), D. Thomas (University of Birmingham), M. Kerševan (Filozofska fakulteta, Ljubljana), F. Leoncini (Università degli Studi di Venezia), P. Zovatto (Università di Trieste), T. Garfitt (Oxford University), M. Zink (Collège de France), L. Olivé (Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México), A. Louth (Durham University), P. Imbert (University of Ottawa), Ö. Turan (Middle-East Technical University, Ankara), E. Krotz (Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán / Universidad Autónoma de Metropolitana-Iztapalapa), S. Touissant (École Normale Supérieure), B. Mezzadri (Université d’Avignon), A. Bárabas (Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia, Oaxaca), M. Uršič (Univ. v Ljubljani) Recenzije knjižnih izdaj: Tomaž Grušovnik, UP ZRS Garibaldijeva 1, SI-6000 Koper, Slovenija Telefon: +386 5 6637 700, Fax: + 386 5 6637 710, E-mail: [email protected] Oblikovanje: Peter Skalar, Prelom: Alenka Obid, Tehnična urednika: Alenka Obid, Tilen Glavina Lektoriranje: Nina Novak Kerbler (sl.), Jezikovni center Omnia (an.) Dostopno na: www.zrs.upr.si/revije CIP - Kataložni zapis o publikaciji Narodna in univerzitetna knjižnica, Ljubljana 930.85(4)(082)(0.034.2) 316.73(4)(082)(0.034.2) 130.2(4)(082)(0.034.2) IDENTITETA Evrope [Elektronski vir] / uredila Anja Zalta, Rok Svetlič. - El. knjiga. - Koper : Univerza na Primorskem, Znanstveno-raziskovalno središče, Univerzitetna založba Annales, 2016. - (Poligrafi, ISSN 1318-8828 ; letn. 21 (2016), št. 81-82) Način dostopa (URL): http://www.zrs.upr.si/revije ISBN 978-961-6964-78-4 (pdf) 1. Zalta, Anja 288688640 Revija je vključena v naslednje mednarodne baze: The Philosopher’s Index, Cobiss Založnik – Naročila – Copyright ©: Univerza na Primorskem, Znanstveno-raziskovalno središče, Univerzitetna založba Annales Garibaldijeva 1, SI-6000 Koper, Slovenija Za založnika: Rado Pišot Telefon: +386 5 663 77 00, Fax: +386 5 663 77 10, E-mail: [email protected] Dvojna številka: € 20,00 Poligrafi so izdani s sofinanciranjem Javne agencije za raziskovalno dejavnost Republike Slovenije number 81/82 • volume 21, 2016 IDENTITETA EVROPE Anja Zalta, Rok Svetlič: Uvodna beseda - Evropska identiteta 3 Igor Škamperle: Evropska identiteta: duhovno zgodovinske korenine in novi izzivi 9 Igor Bahovec: Evropske identitete, kultura, pogledi na svet in krščanstvo 27 Anton Mlinar: Intimna neizmernost identitete: fenomenološki poskus 53 Petra Dekleva: Sekularizacija na evropski način 75 Anja Zalta: Evropski heretični imperativ - generator družbenih sprememb in/ali utrjevalec monoteistične paradigme? 95 Fanika Krajnc-Vrečko: Primož Trubar kot zgled slovenskega Evropejca 111 Primož Šterbenc: Islam in Evropa 125 Sami Al-Daghistani: Polivalentnost evropske identitete in islamska intelektualna zgodovina 151 Tadeja Dermastja: Evropska identiteta skozi epsko poetiko srednjeveškega prostora 173 Marko Novak: O slovenski post-socialistični pravni kulturi 191 Jernej Letnar Černič: Iskanje najmanjšega skupnega imenovalca evropskih vrednot 211 Tonči Kuzmanić: Begunstvo kot problem držav-v-izginjanju (Kako konkretneje in politično misliti »begunce« v kontekstih kulture?) 225 Povzetki / Abstracts 255 Avtorice in avtorji / Authors 271 UVODNA BESEDA – EvropsKA identiteta Skupaj z delegitimacijo metadiskurza je upadlo tudi zanimanje za opredelitev temeljnih značilnosti identitete neke kulture. Živimo v času, v katerem je skrb za izključevalne prakse, naj se te gibljejo na ravni spola, naroda, religije, kulture itd., posebej poudarjena. Ker je vsaka opredelitev nekega pojava neizogibno njegova (iz)ločitev od dru- gih – omnis determinatio es negatio –, je razumljivo, da smo na razprave o velikih značilnostih nekega duhovnega izročila gledali z nezaupanjem. Če temu dodamo še nelagodje ob kolonialni zgodovini ločevanja med civiliziranim belcem in črnim divjakom, je razpravljanje o tem, kaj tvori evropsko »civilizacijo«, preprosto moralo pristati na stranskem tiru. Toda ta vprašanja vseeno niso mogla popolnoma obmolkniti. Evrop- ska unija si je eksplicitno zastavila cilj, da bo kot politična tvorba pre- segala ekonomsko logiko povezovanja med državami, zato je zaprisegla nizu najvišjih humanističnih vrednot, ki naj bi jih imela v svojem teme- lju. Toda tudi na tej ravni razprava ni imela sreče. V poskusu snovanja evropske ustave pred desetletjem se je poudarilo nekaj označevalcev, ki bi jih lahko v preambuli navedli kot najširši okvir evropske identitete: grška filozofija, rimsko pravo, krščanstvo, razsvetljenstvo. Seznam je bil pravzaprav odprt, Slavoj Žižek je, na primer, predlagal tudi omembo kulture ateizma, kar je gotovo upravičeno. Toda tovrstne diskusije je vselej spremljal pomislek, da so izključevalne do priseljencev. In prav priseljenci so zdaj opravili delo namesto nas. V begunski krizi, ki je eskalirala leta 2015, je jasno sporočilo: ko ljudje iz zelo raz- ličnih dežel za kraj, v katerem bi radi izpolnili svoje življenje, izberejo prav Evropo, tacite izrekajo, da evropska identiteta vendarle obstaja. In da je ta nekaj posebnega. Hkrati priseljenci dodatno ustvarjajo kontrast med našo identiteto in drugimi, o čemer priča potreba po t. i. tečajih o evropski kulturi, ki jih oblasti organizirajo za uspešno integracijo in izogibanje konfliktom. Dejstvo je, da evropska kulturna identiteta obstaja in da se ta raz- likuje od drugih. Tega vprašanja ni mogoče več potiskati na stran, ker ima lahko teoretična zadržanost do te tematike nepopravljive posledice. 3 POLIGRAFI Čas je, da se teh vprašanj lotimo brez slabe vesti. Še posebej moramo biti pogumni pri ponovni vpeljavi religije v središče teh razprav. V tej številki Poligrafov je dvanajst prispevkov, v katerih avtorji k nakazani problematiki pristopajo s treh različnih vidikov. Prvi sklop prinaša refleksijo vloge religije pri opredelitvi evropske identitete. Zastavljeno je vprašanje statusa religioznosti v dobi, ki jo za- znamuje niz velikih premikov, vse od sekularizma do t. i. enajstega sep- tembra in njegovih posledic. Prvi prispevek v sklopu teh razmišljanj je napisal Igor Škamperle. V njem obravnava genezo štirih idejno-duhov- nih sestavin: antična grško-rimska civilizacija, judovsko in krščansko religiozno izročilo ter novoveški duhovnozgodovinski rez z vpeljavo su- bjektivizma in romantična subjektiviteta so tisti konstitutivni elemen- ti, ki so s svojim vplivom temeljno zaznamovali duhovni in družbeni prostor evropskega človeka, hkrati pa privedli tudi do skrajnih oblik in protislovja. Igor Bahovec se v prispevku osredotoča na vprašanje evropske in/ ali sekularne krščanske identitete. Zanima ga, kako je mogoče razume- ti spremembe globinske substance kulture in duhovne utemeljenosti Evrope, predvsem pa želi poudariti temeljne izzive, ki se glede evrop- skih identitet kažejo danes, in kakšni so ustvarjalni potenciali različnih družbeno-kulturnih usmeritev. Anton Mlinar obravnava vprašanje religioznosti prek pojava jezika. Razpravo uvede skozi pesniško izkušnjo Edvarda Kocbeka in jo nada- ljuje do spoznanja tistega, kar imenuje »neverjetna potreba po vero- vanju«. Gre za nekonfesionalno držo do sveta in svoje eksistence, ki poteka v notranji dinamiki jezika. To potrjujejo tudi izjemno obsežne reference na številna literarna dela. Petra Dekleva na podlagi vprašanja statusa religije in religioznosti v sodobni Evropi navede razloge za opredeljevanje tega, kaj v resnici tvori našo družbo kot evropsko. V želji po samoiskanju, samoopredeljevanju in iskanju tistih distinktivnih potez, ki opredeljujejo evropsko (tudi) religijsko identiteto, je po njenem mnenju nujno treba spregovoriti o tem, na kakšen način je, tudi na podlagi procesov sekularizacije, religi- ozen sodoben Evropejec. 4 UVODNA BESEDA - EVROPSKA IDENTITETA Drugi sklop je posvečen zgodovinskemu vidiku religije, kolikor ta prispeva k oblikovanju identitete Evrope, od krščanskih paradigem do interakciji Evrope z islamskim izročilom. Anja Zalta je prepričana, da evropske (religijske) sodobnosti ne mo- remo misliti brez heretičnega imperativa in padca gotovostnih struktur, kar je posledica dolgotrajnih in trdoživih procesov, ki so se začeli že veliko pred sodobnimi procesi sekularizacije. Zgodovinska dinamika odnosa med herezijo in ortodoksijo je po njenem mnenju pripomogla k rahljanju obstoječega epistemološkega okvira, hkrati pa je, parado- ksalno, prispevala k oblikovanju in utrjevanju krščanske (večinoma ka- toliške) monoteistične paradigme, ki zaznamuje evropsko kulturno in religijsko zgodovino. Fanika Krajnc-Vrečko je v razpravi osvetlila zgled iz slovenske kul- turne zgodovine s poudarkom na Trubarjevem prispevku utrjevanja poti vzajemnega
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