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Citizenship, Culture and Ideology in Roman Greece

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Citizenship, Culture and Ideology in Roman Greece Citizenship, Culture and Ideology in Roman Greece by Jamie Patrick Nay B.A. (Hons.), Dalhousie University, 2005 A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of MASTER OF ARTS in the Department of Greek and Roman Studies Jamie Nay, 2007 University of Victoria All rights reserved. This thesis may not be reproduced in whole or in part, by photocopy or other means, without the permission of the author. ii Supervisory Committee Citizenship, Culture and Ideology in Roman Greece by Jamie Patrick Nay B.A. (Hons.), Dalhousie University, 2005 Supervisory Committee Dr. Gregory D. Rowe, (Department of Greek and Romans Studies) Supervisor Dr. Gordon S. Shrimpton, (Department of Greek and Roman Studies) Departmental Member Dr. Cedric A. Littlewood, (Department of Greek and Roman Studies) Departmental Member Dr. Warren Magnusson, (Department of Political Science) External Examiner iii Abstract Supervisory Committee Dr. Gregory D. Rowe, (Department of Greek and Roman Studies) Supervisor Dr. Gordon S. Shrimpton, (Department of Greek and Roman Studies) Departmental Member Dr. Cedric A. Littlewood, (Department of Greek and Roman Studies) Departmental Member Dr. Warren Magnusson, (Department of Political Science) External Examiner A study of the cultural and ideological effects of Roman citizenship on Greeks living in the first three centuries AD. The ramifications of the extension of citizenship to these Greeks illustrates that ideas such as 'culture' and 'identity' are not static terms, but constructions of a particular social milieu at any given point in time. Roman citizenship functioned as a kind of ideological apparatus that, when given to a non-Roman, questioned that individual's native identity. This thesis addresses, via an examination of four sources, all of whom were Greeks with Roman citizenship - Dionysius of Halicarnassus, Paul in the Acts of the Apostles, Ulpian, the minters of eastern civic coins - the extent to which one could remain 'Greek' while participating in one of the most Roman institutions of the Empire. Utilizing these sources with the aid of a number of theoretical bases (notably Louis Althusser and Pierre Bourdieu), this study attempts to come to a conclusion about the nature of 'Romanness' in the ancient world. iv Table of Contents Supervisory Committee .................................................................................................. ii Abstract......................................................................................................................... iii Table of Contents ...........................................................................................................iv List of Figures .................................................................................................................v Acknowledgments..........................................................................................................vi Introduction: Old Worlds and New Ideology ...................................................................1 Chapter One: The Ideology of Identity ............................................................................7 Chapter Two: Dionysius of Halicarnassus’ Roman Antiquities and Graeco-Roman Identity..........................................................................................................................27 Chapter Three: Paul’s Three Identities in the Acts of the Apostles ..................................42 Chapter Four: Ulpian and the Universality of Roman Law.............................................59 Chapter Five: Civic Coinage and Elite Identity..............................................................79 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................97 Bibliography ...............................................................................................................104 v List of Figures Figure 1 (Harl 1987, pl. 30, no. 12) .................................................................................79 Figure 2 (Roman Provincial Coinage Online, 725) ..........................................................85 Figure 3 (Howgego et al 2005, pl. 1.3, no. 25) .................................................................88 Figure 4 (Howgego et al 2005, pl. 1.3, no. 26) .................................................................89 Figure 5 (Burnett et al 1999, 1112) ..................................................................................90 Figure 6 (Howgego et al 2005, pl. 1.1, no. 2) ...................................................................90 Figure 7 (Harl 1987, pl. 30, no. 13) ..................................................................................91 Figure 8 (Sutherland and Kraay, pl. 21, no. 850) .............................................................92 Figure 9 (Harl 1987, pl. 36, no. 1) ....................................................................................92 Figure 10 (Harl 1987, pl. 36, no. 7) ..................................................................................93 Figure 11 (Harl 1987, pl. 30, no. 7) ..................................................................................96 vi Acknowledgments While my name may be on the front page, I could not have written this thesis without the support of many people. I owe a great deal of thanks to my advisor, Dr. Greg Rowe, whose expertise in every topic I even considered exploring always pointed me in the right direction (even from halfway across the world!), and Dr. Gordon Shrimpton, on whom I could always rely for sage advice and comforting words about anything, not just school. Thanks also to my other committee members, Dr. Cedric Littlewood and Dr. Warren Magnusson, and the rest of the faculty of the Department of Greek & Roman Studies – I am very fortunate for having met and worked with you all. Thanks to a couple of past mentors, Dr. Peter O’Brien – who taught me Latin, convinced me to pursue the classics, and whom I will always admire – and Sean “Mr.” Nosek, whose enthusiasm for teaching literature convinced me to enter the arts in the first place. And, while they may not have taught me literature or languages, I could always rely on my fellow graduating Master’s students – Sarah, Derek, and Liz – for good company at the most trying times. To my family: Mom, Dad, Angela. They constantly remind me that, despite all the books I’ve read on identity and being, the most important piece of self-identification is realizing how lucky I am to have such a supportive family. To Kerry, who, even after the worst day at the office, could cheer me up with one look. I owe so much of where I’ve come to you. And finally, to Lucy, whose constant struggle with her feline identity has been an endless source of inspiration. Introduction: Old Worlds and New Ideology In a favourite passage for anyone writing on the intersection of Roman and Greek cultures, Horace states that Graecia capta ferum victorem cepit et artes / intulit agresti Latio (‘Greece, captive, captured her fierce conqueror and brought the arts into uncultivated Latium’ Epist. 2.1.156-7). To paraphrase Susan Alcock (1993: 1), the history of Greece (and Asia) under the Roman Empire is paradoxical. Roman they may have been in name, but, for many of them, the world was still Greek; they were “true Hellenes”, as Dio Chrysostom said on more than one occasion.1 Yet, in reality, these Greeks were not as Hellenic as they thought, since their culture only existed under the umbrella of the Roman Empire. In other words, the meaning of ‘Greek identity’ now had to take into account the new, quite un-Greek monarchs in town. To be Greek was less a political than a cultural (or even moral) statement (Desideri 2002: 223). Greece meant high culture, ancient custom, rich history – in short, those things which Rome, the ferus victor, did not possess before annexing its neighbours to the east. Such a simple view of things, however – that Greece was governed by Rome but was still Greek – is not satisfying, since it ignores all of the grassroots political and social changes happening in the provinces of Greece and Asia. A prime example is the extension of Roman citizenship: it is one thing to be governed by Romans and still maintain one’s Greek identity, but to become Roman? To participate in the ideological institutions of the Empire? If, as the political philosopher Louis Althusser (1971: 160) says, “man is an ideological animal by nature” (simultaneously recalling and challenging 1 For example, Dio Chrys. 31.161-3; 44.10; 48.8. 2 his philosophical predecessor Aristotle), the establishment of such institutions as the Imperial cult must have had some effect on the daily lives of those who participated in them (in other words, everyone living under Roman rule). These institutions – ideological state apparatuses, to use Althusser’s terminology – are the primary way in which a ruler asserts his culture, practices and ‘victorious’ ideology on those being ruled. Ideology, “the imaginary relation of… individuals to the real relations in which they live,” is only a set of abstract ideas, manifesting itself in the culture of a society and obtaining a material existence through the practices or rituals that are associated with the ideological state apparatuses (Althusser 1971: 155). For example: the head of a modern-day religion has a certain ideological doctrine in mind for his followers (how they should best follow God), so he ensures that this ideology
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