211 a Amsterdam Ijburg, 151–152 ASEAN, 50 Urban Planning, 3–5
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Index A integrated resort, aim of, 73–74 Amsterdam key actors in land use planning Ijburg, 151–152 process, 70 ASEAN, 50 “knowledge-intensive” spaces, 74 urban planning, 3–5 land use planning, 59–79 Asia-Pacifi c region local Singapore tourism, 64–66 fundamental change in, 23–24 Marina Bay. See Marina Bay merger of fi nancial and leisure services, 62–63 B New York, 60–61 Batam Industrial Park, 50–51 post-modern dimension, 76 Bintan rationale of integrated resorts, 63–67 industrial park, 50 rise in global tourism, and, 63–64 Biopolis strategies to render more attractive, 62 environmental technologies and practices sustainability, 59–79 implemented, 129 sustainability paradigm, 76 Boat Quay, 86–87 sustainable economic development, British urban planning tools, 18 72–75 sustainable social development, 72–75 total expenditure of visitors 1994–2003, 65 C tourism and sustainable development, Canada 73–74 Centre for Sustainable Transportation, 98 tourism: global trend, 63–64 Casino, 74–75 towards knowledge-intensive economy, Central business districts, 19, 59–79 66–67 aspirations for ascent towards global urban tourism business district, 62–63 city, 70–72 Chek Jawa, 171, 194–196 casino as planned entertainment machine, Clarke Quay, 87–88 74–75 Climate change, 208–209 changing functions, 60–63 Colonialism conventional theory of economics, and, Singapore city centre, and, 32 72–73 Concept Plan, 36–37 evolution, 59–60, 61–62 Copenhagen fi nancial services, 67 Orestad, 151 “free trade”, and, 72 Cyberjaya, 4 functional differentiation, 66–67 global market forces, and, 60 “humanizing economic relations”, 76 D integrated resort, 59–79 Development guide plans (DGPS), 26 211 212 Index E Global cities Electronic City of Bangalore, 4 urban planning in, 2–3 Environmental quality Global city as a project, 17–21 concern about, 27 urban basic tools for modern city-state, 17–21 Globalization F infl uence of, 5 Free trade zones, 19 national identity, and, 200–201 role of cities, and, 206 G Gambling, 74–75 H Garden city, 151–167 Hyderabad Knowledge Park 4 adjustment mechanisms, 156 aspirations of post-industrial society, 163–164 I building regulations, 162 Integration issue and challenge Bukit Timah Condominium Belt, 159 importance of, 24–25 comparison of condominium and public housing developments 1980–2002, 166 J condominium as eco-architecture, 165–166 Johor Strait, 173–174 Design Guidelines Waiver Committee, 165 Jurong Island, 127–129 East Coast Condominium Belt, 159 cluster development, 128 extending vertical living through condominium concept, 128–129 privatization, 157–159 extension of vertical living to middle class, 157–158 K green landscaping, 160–162 Kallang Basin, 179 growth of condominium units, 166 Kuala Lumpur Howardian concept, 153–155 Multimedia Supercorridor, 4 increase in construction of condominium, 158–159 meaning, 153–154 L micro planning schemes, 162 Labrador shore, 173 “modernist dream”, 155–156 Las Vegas Sands, 68–70 point block building, 155 Legal framework Pungoll 21, 163–164 revision of, 23 Queenstown, 154 reality of Singapore, and, 154 reconceptualizing HDB heritage, 163–164 M recycling condominium formula, 161–162 Malayan Nature Society, 189–190 recycling process, 156–164 Marina Bay, 61–79 Rivergate development, 165 integrated resort, 61–62 Sentosa Cove, 164 land use plan, 68–70 sustainable development as multidimensional Las Vegas Sands Proposal, 68–70 recycling process, 156–157 planning of integrated resort, 67–72 sustainability of urban fi gure, 151–167 proposed fi nancial centre, 71 Tanjong Rhu, 164 proposed integrated resorts, 71 urban design work, 160–161 Revised Concept Plan, 68 vertical living, and, 151–167 Marina Bay Sands, 54–55 verticality and greenery, 155–156 Marine environment, 169–182 verticality of building, 157–159 balance between economic activities and West Coast Condominium Belt, 159 environmental quality maintenance, 181 Index 213 bioactive compounds isolated from mucus civil society, 192–193 of hard coral, 177 climate change, 199 case studies of sustainability, 177–179 colonial experience, 185–186 challenges, 173–177 conservationism, 187 Chek Jawa, 171 conservationist needs, 198 coastal development, 169–170 curbing the “tropical beast” from container port built on reclaimed within, 184 land, 170 evolution, 196–200 development, 170–172 exports, 185 economic valuation of natural resources, external factors, 188–189 174–175 from jungle to garden, 184–185 EIA process, 171 future developments, 197–199 environmental groups, 171–172 Garden City concept, 187–188 habitat loss, 172 globalization factor, 200–201 holistic approach, 170 government’s role: greening a nation, impacts, 172–174 186–187 innovative approaches, 180–181 “indigenous tropicality”, 183 intrinsic value of natural heritage, 175 internal factors, 189–190 islands and reefs restricted international community, role of, to visitors, 180 188–189 Johor Strait, 173–174 lessons from Singapore experience, Kallang Basin, 179 199–200 Labrador shore, 173 limited land bank, 201 management, 170–172 Malayan Nature Society, 189–190 mangroves, 176 Ministry of National Development, 186 minimization of loss and degradation, new players change script, 190–191 175–176 pioneer greening budget, 187 nature of, 176–182 plantation crops, 185 opportunities for use, 176 population projection, 198 Pasir Ris Park, 179 post-colonial experience, 185–196 reef habitat degradation, 173 public consultation, 196–197 role of, 169 role of catalytic NGO, 189–190 seashore profi les 172–173 strategic issues, 198 sediment, 181 Sungei Buloh, 191–192 Semakau landfi ll, 177–179 traders, 185 shipping, 180 transients, 185 Singapore River, 179 “Tropical City of Excellence”, 184 species diversity, 174 Netherlands sustainability, 169–182 Ring City, 152 utilization of marine resources, 180 New York value of natural habitats, 174–175 Central Business District, 60–61 vessel arrivals, 169 Model city Singapore as, 28 O MRT/LRT integration, 26 Olympic Games, 4 Mumbai-Pune Knowledge Corridor, 18 One-North, 129–130 biomedical hub of Singapore, 129–130 Oslo N Bjorvika, 151 National Green Plan, 6–7 National identity, 183–205 achievements, 193 P changing attitudes to green issues, 193 Pasir Ris Park, 179 Chek Jawa, 194–196 Planning for the future, 21–23 214 Index Political continuity, 22 R Public housing, 20–21, 135–150 Rajaratnam, S. asset enhancement scheme through estate “global city” strategy, 18–19 renewal strategies, 143 Re-Asianization policy blocks, 147–148 need to address, 26–27 Central Provident Fund, 137–138 Ring City, 152–153 commercialization of HDB, 141–142 Netherlands, 152 compact pattern, 145 Rivergate development, 165 comprehensive new town planning, Robertson Quay, 88 145–146 Concept Plan, 146 “design & build” model, 144 S design of new towns, 146 Semakau landfi ll, 177–179 economic elements, 141–142 Sentosa Cove, 164 economic sustainability, 141–144 Seoul environment-driven principles, 145 Media Valley High-Tech Development environmental sustainability, 144–148 Corridor, 4 estate management, 141 Singapore executive condominium, 144 economic-centred national planning fi nancial mechanism, 137–138 programme, 5 graying population, 140–141 Marina Bay, 5 high-density living, 135–136 model of sustainability planning, 6 Housing and Development National Green Plan, 6–7 Board, 136 “park connector” system, 5 interim upgrading programme, 143 search of status as global city, 5–7 Land Acquisition Act, 137 Sentosa Island, 5 legislative provisions, 148–149 Singapore city centre, 31–57 legislative support, 136–137 air-conditioning, 52 lower-income groups, 137 Area Licensing Scheme (ALS), 40–41 Natsteel Ltd, 142 ASEAN, 50 neighbourhood, 147 building design, 53 new town, 146–147 built environment, 35 1960 to 1970, 139 colonialism, and, 32 1970 to 1978, 139 comparison with other Asian cities, 49 1978 to 1984, 139 Concept Plan, impact of, 36–37 1984 to 1990, 140 conservation, 43–46 partial privatization of HDB, 142 crises, 47 phases of development, 138 cultural sustainability, 43–46 planning of new towns, 146 culture, 34–35 precincts, 147–148 developments, 33–46 Public Housing Programme, 136 disabled, access for, 42 rejuvenation, 140–141 ecological footprint, 51 renewal, 140–141 economic globalization, and, 54 rental fl ats, 138 economic restructuring, 50 selective en-bloc redevelopment Economic Review Committee, 47–48 scheme, 143–144 economic transformation, 48 social sustainability, 136–141 Electronic Road Pricing (ERP), 40–41 spatial distribution 2003, 147 energy conservatism, 52–53 studio apartment, 144 energy consumption, 51–52 sustainable housing form and development, energy, pollution and regional cooperation, 135–150 50–53 units, 148 entertainment, 34–35 upgrading, 140–141 environmental challenges, 56 Pungoll 21, 163–164 ETTV, 53 Index 215 evolution of, 32 reputation, 7 external impacts, 46–50 sustainability planning, and, 7–8 future developments, 55–56 Singapore Green Plan, 27–28 garden city concept, 36 Singapore River, 37–40, 79–92, 179 government, role in transformation, 33 al fresco dining, 89 high-technology society, 48 Boat Quay, 86–87 housing, 33–34 Clarke Quay, 87–88 imported ecological capacity, 51 Development Guide Plan 1994, 83 increased travel demand, 43 development mix, 89 industrialization, 46–47 easy public access, 90–91 interdependence of culture, identity and far-sighted planning, 81–83 commercial tourism, 45–46 government agencies, role of, 82 land acquisition, 41–42 Government Land Sales programme, 84 land and labour costs, 48 history, 79–81 LRT, 41–43 land use plans, 39 managed transportation