GIS Database of the Historical Liquefaction Occurrences in Europe and European Empirical Correlations to Predict
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Ref. Ares(2018)5571183 - 31/10/2018 LIQUEFACT Deliverable 2.4 GIS database of the historical liquefaction occurrences in Europe and This project has received funding from the European Union’s European empirical correlations to predict the liquefaction occurrence Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under starting from the main seismological information grant agreement No. 700748 v. 1.0 LIQUEFACT Assessment and mitigation of Liquefaction potential across Europe: a holistic approach to protect structures/infrastructure for improved resilience to earthquake- induced Liquefaction disasters. H2020-DRA-2015 GA no. 700748 DELIVERABLE D2.4 GIS database of the historical liquefaction occurrences in Europe and European empirical correlations to predict the liquefaction occurrence starting from the main seismological information Author(s): Carlo G. Lai, Francesca Bozzoni, Mauro C. De Marco, Elisa Zuccolo, Sara Bandera, Giulia Mazzocchi Responsible Partner: Università degli Studi di Pavia/Eucentre Version: 1.0 Date: 31/10/2018 Distribution Level (CO, PU) CO LIQUEFACT Deliverable 2.4 GIS database of the historical liquefaction occurrences in Europe and This project has received funding from the European Union’s European empirical correlations to predict the liquefaction occurrence Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under starting from the main seismological information grant agreement No. 700748 v. 1.0 DOCUMENT REVISION HISTORY Date Version Editor Comments Status UNIPV/Eucentre: Carlo G. Lai, Francesca 31/10/2018 1 Bozzoni, Mauro C. De Marco, Elisa Zuccolo, First Draft Draft Sara Bandera, Giulia Mazzocchi LIST OF PARTNERS Partecipant Name Country UNIPV/Eucentre Università degli Studi di Pavia/Eucentre Italy GLOSSARY Acronym Description GIS Geographical Information System Mw Moment magnitude Ms Surface-wave magnitude Me Magnitude derived from the intensity points distribution Repi Epicentral distance Rhyp Hypocentral distance Rf Fault distance Vs30 Average shear-wave velocity in the upper 30 m of subsoil PGA Peak Ground Acceleration (at free surface) GMPE Ground motion prediction equation EC8 Eurocode 8 (2003) Io Macroseismic intensity MCS Mercalli-Cancani-Sieberg scale LIQUEFACT Deliverable 2.4 GIS database of the historical liquefaction occurrences in Europe and This project has received funding from the European Union’s European empirical correlations to predict the liquefaction occurrence Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under starting from the main seismological information grant agreement No. 700748 v. 1.0 CONTENTS 1. INTRODUCTION AND PURPOSE OF THIS DOCUMENT ............................................................................... 8 2. GIS-BASED CATALOGUE OF MANIFESTATIONS OF EARTHQUAKE-INDUCED LIQUEFACTION IN EUROPE . 9 2.1 Building the catalogue of liquefaction cases in Europe ..................................................................... 9 2.1.1 Review of the available catalogues for Italy, Portugal and Aegean territory ............................. 9 2.1.2 Collection of liquefaction manifestations occurred in Europe ................................................. 11 2.1.3 Open issue: the completeness of the catalogue ...................................................................... 18 2.2 The European catalogue of liquefaction manifestations (Version 1.1) ........................................... 19 2.2.1 Structure of the GIS-based catalogue ...................................................................................... 19 2.2.2 Definition of the return period associated to the seismic events in the catalogue.................. 21 3. EUROPEAN REGRESSIONS TO PREDICT LIQUEFACTION OCCURRENCE STARTING FROM THE MAIN SEISMOLOGICAL INFORMATION OF AN EARTHQUAKE ................................................................................... 22 3.1 State of the art ................................................................................................................................. 22 3.1.1 Early studies on functional form linking quake magnitude and liquefaction distance ............. 22 3.1.2 Bibliographic review of empirical magnitude-distance correlations for liquefaction ............... 23 3.1.3 Most recent insights on earthquake parameters thresholds for liquefaction triggering ......... 29 3.2 Novel correlations based on the European catalogue of liquefaction cases .................................. 30 3.2.1 Empirical correlations of moment magnitude versus epicentral distance ............................... 30 3.2.2 Empirical correlations of moment magnitude versus hypocentral distance ............................ 32 3.2.3 Comparison between novel and literature correlations .......................................................... 35 3.2.4 Empirical correlations for different types of liquefaction manifestations ................................ 36 3.2.5 Empirical correlations in terms of earthquake magnitude-depth-epicentral distance ............ 37 3.3 Computation of novel magnitude-distance correlations taking into account the uncertainties .... 39 3.4 Contributions towards the definition of a peak acceleration threshold for soil liquefaction ......... 42 4. CONCLUDING REMARKS .......................................................................................................................... 43 REFERENCES..................................................................................................................................................... 44 ANNEX.............................................................................................................................................................. 51 LIQUEFACT Deliverable 2.4 GIS database of the historical liquefaction occurrences in Europe and This project has received funding from the European Union’s European empirical correlations to predict the liquefaction occurrence Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under starting from the main seismological information grant agreement No. 700748 v. 1.0 LIST OF FIGURES AND TABLE FIGURES Figure 2-1 Distribution map of liquefaction cases reported in Galli (2000). Inset A is a particular concerning the 1783 Calabrian earthquakes. Bold lines represent the possibly seismogenetic faults of the three main events (large circles, from south to north: February 5 and 7, and March 28) Figure 2-2 Map showing the distribution of historical liquefaction occurrences in Portugal (Jorge, 1994) Figure 2-3 Map showing the distribution of historical liquefaction occurrences in the broader Aegean region (Papathanassiou and Pavlides, 2009) Figure 2-4 Map showing the distribution of the liquefaction occurrences included in the European catalogue built in this study Figure 2-5 Map showing the distribution of liquefaction occurrences (red dots) induced by earthquakes (yellow stars) occurred in Italy included in the catalogue built in this study Figure 2-6 Map showing the distribution of liquefaction occurrences (red dots) induced by earthquakes (yellow stars) occurred in Eastern Europe included in the catalogue built in this study. The map in b) is a zoom on Turkey Figure 2-7 Map showing the distribution of liquefaction occurrences (red dots) induced by earthquakes (yellow stars) occurred in Western Europe included in the catalogue built in this study Figure 2-8 Liquefaction in Cephalonia earthquake 2014, Greece (Valkaniotis et al., 2014) Figure 2-9 Liquefaction during Kraljevo earthquake 2010, Serbia (Dragojevic et al., 2011) Figure 2-10 Dug up sand volcano, Kecskemet 1911, Hungary (Gyori, 2015) Figure 2-11 Overturned building due to liquefied foundation, Izmit, Turkey 1999 (Erdik et al., 1999) Figure 2-12 Sand boils in Dajc village, Albania, Montenegro earthquake 1977 (Kociu, 2004) Figure 2-13 Liquefaction and lateral spreading during 2011 Van earthquake, Turkey (Karakas et al., 2013) Figure 2-14 Liquefaction manifestations during 2012 Emilia earthquake, Italy (Bozzoni et al., 2012; Lai et al., 2015) in at San Carlo village: sand boils (A) and lateral spreading (B) Figure 2-15 Map showing the distribution of liquefaction manifestations included in the catalogue across Europe. The color of the circles is proportional to the event moment magnitude Figure 2-16 Excerpt from the GIS-based catalogue built in Liquefact project. The catalogue includes two pieces of information: the main seismological features of the seismic events and the parameters of site where liquefaction occurred Figure 2-17 Examples of the three main typical conditions faced during the identification of the location of sites where liquefaction occurred Figure 2-18 Map showing the distribution of liquefaction manifestations included in the catalogue across Europe. The color of the circles is proportional to the event moment magnitude LIQUEFACT Deliverable 2.4 GIS database of the historical liquefaction occurrences in Europe and This project has received funding from the European Union’s European empirical correlations to predict the liquefaction occurrence Horizon 2020 research and innovation programme under starting from the main seismological information grant agreement No. 700748 v. 1.0 Figure 2-19 Liquefaction manifestations included in the catalogue grouped basing on moment magnitude bin of 0.5. Figure 3-1 Magnitude-distance threshold relations for liquefaction derived by Kuribayashi and Tatsuoka (1975) using data from 44 historic Japanese earthquakes that induced liquefaction Figure 3-2 Magnitude-distance threshold relations for liquefaction derived by Kuribayashi and