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Development of a Dedicated Laser-Polarization Beamline for ISOLDE-CERN

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Development of a Dedicated Laser-Polarization Beamline for ISOLDE-CERN ARENBERG DOCTORAL SCHOOL Faculty of Science Development of a dedicated laser-polarization beamline for ISOLDE-CERN CERN-THESIS-2018-324 //2019 Wouter Gins Supervisor: Dissertation presented in partial Prof. dr. G. Neyens fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Science (PhD): Physics January 2019 Development of a dedicated laser-polarization beamline for ISOLDE-CERN Wouter GINS Examination committee: Dissertation presented in partial Prof. dr. E. Janssens, chair fulfillment of the requirements for Prof. dr. G. Neyens, supervisor the degree of Doctor of Science Prof. dr. N. Severijns (PhD): Physics Prof. dr. R. Raabe Prof. dr. T. E. Cocolios Dr. M. L. Bissell (The University of Manchester) Dr. M. Kowalska (CERN) January 2019 © 2019 KU Leuven – Faculty of Science Uitgegeven in eigen beheer, Wouter Gins, Celestijnenlaan 200D - 2418, B-3001 Leuven (Belgium) Alle rechten voorbehouden. Niets uit deze uitgave mag worden vermenigvuldigd en/of openbaar gemaakt worden door middel van druk, fotokopie, microfilm, elektronisch of op welke andere wijze ook zonder voorafgaande schriftelijke toestemming van de uitgever. All rights reserved. No part of the publication may be reproduced in any form by print, photoprint, microfilm, electronic or any other means without written permission from the publisher. Dankwoord De laatste loodjes wegen het zwaarst, maar als de laatste stap van het schrijven van een thesis het dankwoord is, is de last toch net iets minder groot. Eerst en vooral: Gerda, bedankt voor de begeleiding die reeds tijdens mijn master begon. Door de uitdaging die je mij hebt overtuigd vol te houden ben ik volledig veranderd in de laatste vier jaar, ten goede. Merci! I also thank all the members of my examination committee (in no particular order): Gerda, Nathal, Riccardo, Ewald, Thomas, Magda and Mark. I truly enjoyed the critical questions and discussions, although it might not have looked like it at certain points. I am thankful for all the members of the Nuclear Moments group: Hanne, Ivan, Jasna, Ronald, Kara, Ruben, Agi, Xiaofei, Xu, Marieke, Tassos and Fredrik. Sharing offices/shifts with all of you has been a pleasure! Of course, being part of several collaborations, I have had the opportunity to work with a lot of wonderful colleagues at the COLLAPS, CRIS and VITO setups. Each and every one of you has taught me something new and provided warm memories. Some people that stand out: Rob, thanks for putting problems “over there, with the rest of the fire” and applying “a bit of leverage” together with me! Mark, I learned a lot from you and our discussions on physics, math, programming and (oddly enough) cars and life in general. Frank, without you I would know a lot less about Prussia than I do now. Hanne, just thanks for everything! I spent the last four years having fun with everyone working at IKS. The “Moete train” always provided some quirky topics of conversation during lunchtime, which was a welcome distraction from work. Thanks to my office mates (Hanne, i ii DANKWOORD Ivan, Xu, Kristof, João and Tassos) for putting up with my chatting and making the office a fun place! My fellow finishing PhD’s (Greg, Tiago, Leendert, Peter and Koen), thanks for all the opportunities for a drink after work and goeie babbels during work. Natuurlijk kan het IKS niet zonder de ruimere groep die steun biedt. Isabelle, Danielle and Fabienne, bedankt voor alle hulp met administratie allerhande. Bert en Luc, de IT ondersteuning is verschillende keren van onschatbare waarde gebleken. Willy, Johan, Bart en Dries, bedankt voor het overlopen van alle zotte technische tekeningen die ik produceerde en mij te helpen met het ontwerpen van realistische stukken. Buiten de werkcollega’s zijn er uiteraard ook de andere vriendenkringen die het leven interessant houden. Beide D&D groepen waaraan ik meedoe, bedankt voor de fijne avonden waarop het zachtjes begon te regenen. Ook een speciale vermelding voor Jonas, Anne, en Roxanne voor de movie nights, en het spelen van klankbord als ik iets kwijt moest. Last but certainly not least, de familie. In september 2009 begon ik aan een avontuur in Leuven dat nu afloopt. Mama, papa, Geert, Anja en Yaro, bedankt voor de steun, de aanmoediging en het vertrouwen bij het begin, midden en einde ervan! – Wouter Abstract This thesis presents measurements of the b-asymmetry of spin-polarized 35Ar in different crystals and at different temperatures. These measurements form the first phase of a research project that aims to measure the b-asymmetry parameter with a relative precision of 0.5%. This thesis details technical developments of the beamline that was used to perform these measurements. These developments include the specifications of the different magnetic fields and the design and construction of the different coils. Furthermore, an existing rate equation formalism was extended to permit calculations in which an arbitrary number of levels and lasers interact. This extension proved crucial in optimizing the optical pumping scheme of 35Ar and achieving maximal polarization. In addition, analysis techniques based on likelihood maximization and Monte-Carlo probing of the resulting parameter distribution are described here. After implantation of the spin-polarized 35Ar into NaCl and KCl crystals, an asymmetry of about 1% was observed at low temperatures (≈10 K). This result is compared to theoretical estimates, taking into account several processes which were investigated numerically: the optical pumping process, the rotation of the nuclear spin in the applied magnetic fields and the path of the emitted b-particles. This comparison shows agreement between the data and the simulations, although the b-scattering simulations do come with a large systematic uncertainty due to problems with the simulation software. Furthermore, a growth of an impurity layer on top of the crystal surface limited the measurement time: after every hour of measurement, a two hour cycle of heating and cooling down the crystal was required to restore the observed signal. Future technical challenges will include improving the vacuum system to extend the useful measurement time at cryogenic temperatures and reduce the duty iii iv ABSTRACT cycle loss. Preliminary studies of techniques to enhance the polarization indicate that laser re-ionization would be most interesting for the future of the project. Beknopte samenvatting In deze thesis wordt de b-asymmetrie van spin-gepolariseerd 35Ar in verschillende kristallen en bij verschillende temperaturen opgemeten. Deze metingen vormen de eerste fase van een onderzoeksproject met als doel het bepalen van de b-asymmetrie-parameter met een relatieve precisie van 0.5%. Een eerste deel van de thesis bespreekt het technisch ontwerp van de bundellijn waar deze metingen zijn uitgevoerd. De beschrijving bevat de specificaties van de verschillende magnetische velden en het ontwerp van de spoelen. In een tweede deel van de thesis is het bestaand formalisme van rate equations uitgebreid om een systeem van een arbitrair aantal interagerende energieniveau’s en lasers theoretisch te beschrijven. Deze extensie was cruciaal in het optimaliseren van lasersysteem voor het optisch pompen van 35Ar om de kernpolarisatie te maximaliseren. De aangewende analysetechnieken, die gebruik maken van likelihood-maximalisatie en de daaruitvolgende parameter-distributies opmeten door Monte Carlo-technieken, worden ook besproken in deze thesis. Bij het implanteren van spin-gepolariseerd 35Ar in NaCl- en KCl-kristallen, is een asymmetrie van ongeveer 1% opgemeten bij lage temperaturen (≈ 10 K). Dit resultaat is vergeleken met theoretische verwachtingen, waar met verschillende processen numeriek rekening is gehouden: (i) het optisch pompen, (ii) de rotatie van de kernspin in de magnetische velden van de opstelling, en (iii) het pad van de uitgestraalde b-deeltjes. Deze vergelijking toont een goede overeenkomst tussen de experimentele resultaten en de theoretische simulaties, hoewel er een significante onzekerheid verbonden is aan de b-verstrooingssimulaties omwille van de gebruikte software. Bovendien is ook vastgesteld dat een opbouw van onzuiverheden op het oppervlak van de NaCl- en KCl-kristallen de beschikbare meettijd beperkt: na elk uur meten aan koude temperaturen moet een cyclus van opwarmen en afkoelen met een totale duur van twee uur doorlopen worden om opnieuw dezelfde asymmetrie te observeren. v vi BEKNOPTE SAMENVATTING Verdere technische uitdagingen zijn o.a. het verbeteren van het vacuüm in de opstelling, waardoor de opbouw van onzuiverheden wordt vertraagd. Hierdoor zal langer gemeten kunnen worden vooraleer een opwarm-afkoel cyclus vereist is. Een preliminaire vergelijking van verscheidene technieken om het meetsignaal te verbeteren duidt het gebruik van lasers om de bundel opnieuw te ioniseren aan als de meest interessante optie. Contents Dankwoord i Abstract iii Beknopte samenvatting v Contents vii List of Figures xi List of Tables xv 0 Preface 1 1 Introduction 3 1.1 Laser-polarization beamline . 3 1.2 b-asymmetry of 35Ar........................ 5 1.2.1 Measurement principle . 6 1.2.2 b-decay asymmetry to Vud ................. 8 1.2.3 Required experimental conditions . 10 1.3 Experimental overview . 12 vii viii CONTENTS 2 Spin-polarization through optical pumping with laser light 15 2.1 Atomic fine and hyperfine structure . 15 2.1.1 Isotope shift . 16 2.1.2 Energy splittings . 17 2.1.3 Combined systems . 18 2.2 Rate equations for optical pumping . 19 2.2.1 Einstein model . 19 2.2.2 Generalized n-level system . 22 2.2.3 Transition intensities . 23 2.3 Simulations of hyperfine structure spectra . 26 2.3.1 Nuclear polarization calculation . 26 2.3.2 Photon rate calculation . 28 2.3.3 Spectrum calculation . 29 3 Spin-polarizing 35Ar through optical pumping 33 3.1 Laser-polarizing a 35Ar beam . 33 3.2 Simulations of 35Ar spin-polarization through optical pumping 35 3.3 Production of an atomic beam of 35Ar in the metastable state using charge exchange . 37 3.4 Technical realization of a maximally polarized 35Ar beam .
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