Distribución De Los Inmaduros De Antichloris Viridis Druce, 1884 En La Planta De Plátano (Musa AAB, Sub – Grupo Plátano, Cv

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Distribución De Los Inmaduros De Antichloris Viridis Druce, 1884 En La Planta De Plátano (Musa AAB, Sub – Grupo Plátano, Cv Rev. fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2005, 22: 338-350 Distribución de los inmaduros de Antichloris viridis Druce, 1884 en la planta de plátano (Musa AAB, sub – grupo plátano, cv. Hartón) en el sur del lago de Maracaibo, Venezuela. O.A. Liscano y O. Domínguez Gil Ch., Renwick Inc., San Juan, Puerto Rico. Universidad del Zulia, Facultad de Agronomía, Unidad Técnica Fitosanitaria (UTF). Resumen Para determinar la distribución de Antichloris viridis, en la planta de plátano, se seleccionaron dos plantaciones comerciales, en los municipios Fran- cisco Javier Pulgar y Colón del estado Zulia, Venezuela. Se clasificaron los es- tados de desarrollo de las plantas (GD) en seis grados de acuerdo al número de hojas y el estado fisiológico de la planta. Se determinó el % de defoliación y la presencia de huevos, larvas pequeñas, medianas y grandes y pupas por hoja. Se delimitaron tres estratos por planta: superior, medio e inferior. Se observó mayor infestación de inmaduros de A. viridis en plantas (P<0,05) GD4 y GD5 en la Finca La Providencia, y GD4 en El Manantial. Valores ≥ 10% de defoliación en GD3 y GD4, fueron observados en ambas fincas. La mayor defoliación estadísticamente significativa (P<0,05), se asoció a la presencia ≥ a 5 insectos en La Providencia y ≤ a 2 en El Manantial. En relación a la distribución en la planta de los inmaduros de A. viridis, el mayor número se encontró en el estra- to medio de plantas GD4. Esta data sugiere que el monitoreo pudiera ser mejor realizado en el estrato medio de plantas GD4. Palabras clave: Muestreo, distribución vertical, defoliación, Arctiidae, defoliadores, monitoreo. Introducción El cultivo del plátano Hartón en dos y la Unión Europea. El estado Venezuela es un rubro muy importan- Zulia es el principal estado productor te, no sólo dentro de la estructura a nivel nacional. En él, la zona del Sur socioeconómica del sector primario, del Lago tiene el mayor número y las sino también por su potencial de ex- más grandes unidades de producción portación agrícola hacia Estados Uni- del país, situadas entre los ríos Recibido el 19-5-2003 z Aceptado 15-9-2004 1Autor para la correspondencia email: [email protected]; [email protected] 338 Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2005, 22: 338-350 Escalante y Mucujepe, específica- minar umbrales económicos de infes- mente en las riberas del río Chama, tación para las especies más impor- con una superficie de unas 186.112 ha, tantes; sin embargo, se resalta que de las cuales 78.366 ha son aptas para para el caso de las musáceas, la lite- el cultivo del plátano y de ellas aproxi- ratura disponible es muy escasa; sin madamente unas 50.000 ha están antecedentes que permitan conocer siendo cultivadas con plátano (Musa sistemas de seguimiento o monitoreo AAB, cv. Hartón), (17). de las poblaciones, ni sobre el conoci- Después de la Sigatoka Negra, miento de la distribución, especial- el problema fitosanitario más impor- mente vertical y espacial de larvas tante en el cultivo del plátano lo re- defoliadoras. Tampoco se conoce en el presenta el ataque de diferentes es- país la cuantificación de los rendi- pecies de lepidópteros defoliadores, mientos del cultivo en relación a la entre los cuales el Gusano Mota del pérdida de área foliar, un parámetro Cambur, Antichloris viridis Druce, se de interés en un programa de manejo señala como el más importante integrado de plagas. defoliador asociado a las plantaciones En estudio de la distribución de plátano en el Sur del Lago de biogeográfica de insectos defoliadores Maracaibo y en otros países (1, 2, 3, en 11 sectores del Sur del Lago de 5, 6, 8, 13, 14, 16, 20). Maracaibo, se encontró que A. viridis Los brotes poblacionales de és- esta ampliamente distribuida en la tos y otros nuevos géneros de insectos región, estando presente en el 100% defoliadores se están produciendo con de los sectores visitados; siendo la es- mayor frecuencia e intensidad y en di- pecie de mayor importancia económi- ferentes épocas del año, los cuales ca, en toda el área de estudio, espe- afectan las hojas sanas o menos in- cialmente en el Chivo y Cuatro Es- festadas por la Sigatoka Negra, inci- quinas del estado Zulia (5). diendo en la baja productividad del En Venezuela, los estudios para cultivo. Ciertamente, el ataque com- determinar parámetros poblacionales binado de varios de estos lepidópteros de A. viridis, comienzan en la década defoliadores junto con la Sigatoka de los años 90. Así, Domínguez et al Negra, está causando una alarmante (4), empleando la escala de Pinese y preocupación entre los productores, Piper (15) modificada, realizaron quienes contrarrestan dichos ataques conteos de las huevos, larvas, pupas con la aplicación de insecticidas (9). y porcentaje de defoliación en un in- Dentro del campo de la investi- tento por conocer las preferencias de gación científica en plátano se viene estos insectos en relación a los esta- sintiendo la necesidad de estudios dos de desarrollo de las plantas. El para mejorar el diseño de programas conocimiento de la distribución verti- de manejo integrado de plagas y el es- cal y espacial de una determinada tablecimiento de métodos de muestreo especie defoliadora, ofrecen un méto- de las principales especies do rápido y confiable de muestreo para defoliadoras, y a futuro poder deter- estimar la población de larvas por hoja 339 Liscano y Domínguez o por estratos dentro de la planta así población se distribuye uniformemen- como el área afectada, que sirva como te, además determinaron que las lar- base para la toma de decisiones en un vas de Oiketicus kirbyi, son más abun- programa de manejo integrado de pla- dantes en los folíolos apicales o gas (18). La determinación de la ubi- subapicales de las hojas superiores y cación de los diferentes estadios de las la estimación de la población podía especies a estudiar sobre la planta hacerse adecuadamente muestreando (distribución vertical) y sus preferen- sólo un determinado número de folíolos cias de ubicación en el campo cultiva- de ese lugar de la planta (18, 19). Afir- do (distribución espacial), pueden ge- mando la necesidad de contar con in- nerar información valiosa sobre la formación sobre la distribución relati- ecología de la especie, así como esco- va de las larvas por hojas, de acuerdo ger mejores y más eficientes procedi- a sus diferentes posiciones en la mientos de muestreo para lograr un filotaxia para facilitar el trabajo de buen estimado de la población y otros muestreo, ya que un recuento de lar- aspectos básicos. Estudios previos in- vas en la hoja entera podría consumir dican que huevos y larvas discrimi- mucho tiempo, particularmente cuan- nadas por tamaño (menores de 1 cm; do las larvas son muy pequeñas. entre 1 y 2 cm y mayores de 2 cm) de En este estudio se pretende de- A. viridis en relación al número y po- terminar la distribución de los hue- sición de las hojas, concluyen que las vos, larvas y pupas de A. viridis, en hojas con mayor densidad de huevos las hojas dentro de las plantas, y la y larvas fueron las 1, 2 y 3; sugirien- hoja a muestrear dentro de los "Gra- do una preferencia de las hembras de dos de Desarrollo" (GD) de las plan- este insecto por oviponer en el estra- tas de plátano, en dos fincas ubica- to superior o a la existencia de una das en los Municipios Francisco Ja- mayor presión de depredación o pa- vier Pulgar y Colón, en el Sur del Lago rasitismo en los estratos inferiores (4). de Maracaibo, Venezuela así como En otros cultivos de manejo si- estimar los valores de defoliación; con milar, como la palma aceitera en Cos- la finalidad de encontrar métodos de ta Rica, se ha logrado estimar la po- muestreo más eficientes, y sencillos blación larval de Opsiphanes cassina para lograr un efectivo seguimiento o a partir de promedios de recuentos en monitoreo de esta importante plaga las hojas 17 ó 25, en sólo una o dos defoliadora. palmas por hectárea (7, 18) cuando la Materiales y métodos Area de estudio te la realización del ensayo, situadas Las investigaciones se realiza- en la finca El Manantial del munici- ron en dos siembras comerciales, en pio Francisco Javier Pulgar (margen las cuales las aplicaciones de produc- derecha del río Chama), con 30 ha del tos químicos fueron detenidas duran- cultivo, ubicada en el sector El Chivo, 340 Rev. Fac. Agron. (LUZ). 2005, 22: 338-350 vía Santa Rosa, con coordenadas 8° planta de cada GD en 10 m, con un 52´ 23" N y 71° 38´ 38" O, altitud de 9 total de 15 líneas, 6 plantas por línea msnm y la finca La Providencia del y 90 plantas en total por plantación a municipio Colón (margen izquierda muestrear, con un área por finca de del río Chama), con 150 has, ubicada 7.200 m2, y de 180 plantas en las dos en el sector Caño Blanco, con coorde- plantaciones; siendo el área total del nadas 8° 42´ 17" N y 71° 53´ 00" O, ensayo de 14.400 m2. De igual forma con altitud de 30 msnm. Las condi- y con el objeto de identificar la posi- ciones agroecológicas de la zona son ción de las hojas a muestrear, se rea- características de la Micro Región lizó una numeración de las mismas, Chama; con temperatura promedio siguiendo la filotaxia natural de la anual de 28,06°C, humedad relativa planta, comenzando por la hoja más promedio anual de 82,7%; precipita- joven como "la primera", sin contar la ción promedio anual de 1.313,8 mm y hoja bandera o cigarro (hoja mas nue- evaporación promedio anual de va con el limbo foliar no desarrolla- 1.598,5 mm (11,12).
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