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Compadre Colonialism: Studies on the Philippines Under American Rule

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Compadre Colonialism: Studies on the Philippines Under American Rule THE UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN CENTER FOR SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIAN STUDIES MICHIGAN PAPERS ON SOUTH AND SOUTHEAST ASIA Editorial Board John K. Musgrave George B. Simmons Thomas R. Trautmann, chm. Ann Arbor, Michigan COMPADRES: Aurora (Mrs. Manuel) Quezon and Frank L. Murphy stand as godparents to Mary Aurora Teahan, adopted daughter of Marguerite Murphy Teahan (far right), sister and former "First Lady" of ex-Governor-General Murphy, as President Quezon looks on. Detroit, April 25, 1937. (Photograph from the Murphy Papers, by courtesy of the Michigan Historical Collections, The University of Michigan.) COMPADRE COLONIALISM STUDIES ON THE PHILIPPINES UNDER AMERICAN RULE edited by Norman G. Owen Michigan Papers on South and Southeast Asia Number 3 1971 Open access edition funded by the National Endowment for the Humanities/ Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Humanities Open Book Program. Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 75-175623 Copyright 1971 by Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies The University of Michigan Ann Arbor, Michigan 48104 Printed in the United States of America ISBN 978-0-89148-003-7 (paper) ISBN 978-0-472-12827-3 (ebook) ISBN 978-0-472-90227-9 (open access) The text of this book is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/ ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Grateful acknowledgment is made to the following for permission to quote materials: Alice Worcester Day (Mrs. Kenneth B. Day) The Worcester Papers and the Worcester Philippine Collection. Elizabeth O. Hayden (Mrs. Joseph R. Hayden) The Hayden Papers. Houghton Mifflin Company W. Cameron Forbes, The Philippine Islands. Copyright 1928, by W. Cameron Forbes. The Macmillan Company Dean C. Worcester, The Philippines, Past and Present. Revised edition, Copyright 1914, 1930, by The Macmillan Company. Joseph Ralston Hayden, The Philippines: A Study in National Development. Copyright 1942, by The Macmillan Company. Michigan Historical Collections, The University of Michigan Manuscripts from the Hayden Papers. The National Library of the Philippines The Quezon Papers. Pacific Affairs. The University of British Columbia Frank Golay, TTEconomic Consequences of the Philippine Trade Act" (Vol. XXVIII, No. 1, 1955). The University Library, The University of Michigan Manuscripts from the Worcester Philippine Collection. The authors also wish to thank publicly, for their assistance in the preparation of this volume: Mrs. Elizabeth O. Hayden, Miss Marjory Drake, Miss Harriett Jameson, Miss Mary Jo Pugh, Miss Debbie de Schweinitz, Mrs. Arline Olvitt, Mrs. Roberta Owen, Dr. Robert Warner, Dr. Sidney Fine, and, of course, Dr. David Joel Steinberg, whose idea it was. PREFACE For generations scholars at the University of Michigan have been fascinated by the Philippines. This tradition, dating back to the nineteenth century work of Dean Worcester and extending through the career of Joseph R. Hayden, continues unabated. As a result of this scholarly contact and of the work of a great number of Michigan graduates in the Philippines, the University has a rich lode of Filipiniana. Among the many collections housed either at the University Library or at the Michigan Historical Collections are those of Dean Worcester, Justice George Malcolm, Frank Murphy, Joseph Hayden and G. Mennen Williams. * The University has also been enriched by the countless pensionados. Fulbright exchange scholars, and Barber Exchange scholars who have come from the Philippines and studied in Ann Arbor. Over the past decade as a result of support from the Ford Foundation and the federal government, there has been a new surge of interest in the Philippines, and especially in the complex interaction of Filipino and American institutions during the American colonial interregnum. Under the successive leader- ship of Professors L.A. Peter Gosling, Gayl Ness and John Broomfield the Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies has developed an active Philippine studies community within the University. In conjunction with Dr. Robert Warner of the Michigan Historical Collections, the University has collaborated with Dr. Serafin Quiason of the National Library in Manila to sort, catalog and microfilm the papers of Manuel Luis Quezon. One copy of that film is now at Michigan; in exchange, a copy of the Malcolm papers has been given to the National Library. This volume is a manifestation of that continuing interest in Philippine studies. Written by a generation of post-colonial scholars, it attempts to unravel some of the historical problems of the colonial era. Again and again the authors focus on the relationship of the ilustrados and the Americans, on the prob- lems of continuity and discontinuity, and on the meaning of "modernization" in the Philippine context. As part of the Vietnam generation, these authors have looked at American imperialism with a new perspective, and yet their analysis is tempered, not strident, and reflective, not dogmatic. Perhaps vi the most central theme to emerge is the depth of the contradiction inherent in the American colonial experiment. Although a number of these papers were first written for a seminar I gave on modern Philippine history in the autumn of 1970, this is not a collection of those papers. Since that time, the group has been engaged in revision. The project has been entirely student-directed. The sensitive and skillful editorship of Norman Owen has brought the project to fruition. Others in the seminar contributed much though their papers do not appear here. Similarly, the staffs at the Michigan Historical Collections, the Center for South and Southeast Asian Studies, and the Univer- sity Library gave generously to assist at every stage. However, the credit properly rests with these dedicated students, who lingered in Ann Arbor during the summer of 1971 to finish the job, even while their professor was thousands of miles away in Europe enjoying the first glories of a sabbatical year. The University of Michigan can take pride in them; scholars of the Philippines can take pleasure at the promise of things to come. David Joel Steinberg See Thomas Powers, Balita mula Maynila (News from Manila) (Ann Arbor, 1971), for a brief description of these holdings. vii Contents Acknowledgments v Preface vi About the Authors x Chronology xiii Abbreviations xix Introduction: Philippine Society and American Colonialism . Norman G. Owen 1 Implementing the "New Order": The Structure and Supervision of Local Government During the Taft Era Michael Cullinane 13 Conflict in the Philippine Legislature: The Commission and the Assembly from 1907 to 1913 Frank Jenista, Jr. 77 Philippine Economic Development and American Policy: A Reappraisal Norman G. Owen 103 American Internal Revenue Policy in the Philippines to 1916 Harry Luton 129 QuezonTs Role in Philippine Independence Joseph Hut chins on, Jr. 157 Joseph Ralston Hayden: The Education of a Colonialist Ronald K. Edgerton 195 Select Bibliography 227 ix ABOUT THE AUTHORS NORMAN G. OWEN graduated from Occidental College (Los Angeles), then took a B. A. Honours in History of South-East Asia at the University of London, School of Oriental and African Studies. He obtained his M. A. from the University of Michigan in 1971, and is currently doing dissertation research, under a Foreign Area Fellowship, in Spain and the Philippines on "The Impact of the Abaca Industry on Bicol Society in the Nineteenth Century. " Previous publication: "The Rice Trade of Mainland Southeast Asia: 1850-1914," Journal of the Siam Society, July 1971. MICHAEL CULLINANE, after graduation from the University of California, Santa Barbara, with a double major in History and Asian Studies, went as a Peace Corps Volunteer to the Philippines, where he taught math and social studies at the Normal College in Cebu City. On returning to the United States, he went to Ohio University for his M. A. in Foreign Affairs: Southeast Asian Studies, then taught in high school for a year. He is currently working for his doctorate at the University of Michigan, with a proposed dissertation topic on the history of the Visayas in the 19th and 20th century, emphasizing local politics in Cebu. FRANK JENISTA, JR., went to Brent School, Baguio, then for undergraduate work to Cedarville College, Ohio, then studied for his M. A. in Southeast Asian History at the University of Dayton. He has returned to Brent to become Director of the newly established Asian Studies Program there, while continuing research for his doctoral dissertation (University of Michigan) on "The White Agios: Traditional Leadership Patterns and the Spread of American Influence in Upland Luzon, 1900-1913. " HARRY LUTON did his undergraduate work at the University of Michigan, left for an M. A. in American Civilization at the University of Pennsylvania, and returned to enroll in the Ph.D. program in American Studies at Michigan. His special interest is American imperialism, with an eye toward eventual research comparing the cases of the Philippines and the Caribbean area. JOSEPH F. HUTCHINSON, JR. wrote this paper (in an earlier version) as his Senior Honors Thesis at the University of Michi- gan; he is now attending Law School at Ohio State University. RONALD K. EDGERTON went into the Peace Corps after gradua- tion from DePauw University; he taught English at the Normal College in Malaybalay, Bukidnon. On his return to the United States, he obtained his M. A. in American History from the University of Massachusetts, then came to the University of Michigan for doctoral work on Southeast Asia. He has already spent a year in the Philippines reading the Roxas Papers and doing research on the reintegration of Philippine society after World War II. He was largely responsible for compiling the 80 pages of glossary, bibliography, and maps in David Joel Steinberg, et al., In Search of Southeast Asia (New York, 1971). XI CHRONOLOGY Of Selected Events related to the Philippines under American Rule 1896 Katipunan Revolt. Rizal executed. 1897 December Pact of Biyak-na-Bato.
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