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A Re-Examination of the Age of Hunchun Flora, Jilin Province, China

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A Re-Examination of the Age of Hunchun Flora, Jilin Province, China Acta Palaeobot. 43(1): 3–8, 2003 A re-examination of the age of Hunchun Flora, Jilin Province, China ALBERT ABLAEV1, CHENG-SEN LI2 and YU-FEI WANG2 1Pacific Oceanological Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 41, 690041 Russia; e-mail: [email protected] 2Department of Palaeobotany, Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xiangshan, Beijing 100093, P.R. China; e-mail: [email protected] & [email protected] Received 4 April 2002; accepted for publication 31 March 2003 ABSTRACT. The Pritumangan Basin in East Asia is very rich in commercial coals. It occupies parts of the territories of China, North Korea and Far East Russia. The sequence of sediments with coals in Khasan, the Russian part of the basin, ranges in age from Eocene (Nazimov Formation) to Miocene (Khasan Formation). The coal bearing strata of the basin in Onsong and Yusong of Korea are assigned to Eocene while in Saeboyl they are of Miocene age. The floral analysis of all the three parts of the basin suggests that the age of the coal-bearing Hunchun Formation at Hunchun in the Chinese part of the basin is most probably of Middle Eocene age. In this paper, also newly recovered specimens of Alnus shestakovae Ablaev are described. KEY WORDS: fossil leaves, Hunchun flora, Eocene, Pritumangan basin, China, North Korea, Far East Russia INTRODUCTION The Pritumangan Basin is the biggest coal- to the data provided by local geologists, the total thick- bearing continental deposit of East Asia. It ness of terrigenous-coal deposits of the Hunchun For- mation developed here is 600 m. This formation, on stretches over the territories of Hunchun in the basis of lithological composition, is divided into 3 north-eastern China, Yusong, Onsong, Haen- members (approximately equal in thickness): the gyeong, Saeboyl, Undok and Chonghak in lower coal-bearing, the middle terrigeneous and the northern part of the Korean Peninsula, and upper coal-bearing. Sampling of fossil plants was con- Khasan in southern Far East Russia (Figs ducted in the lower coal-bearing member in a layer of yellow-grey, weakly consolidated aleurolites, inter- 1, 2). Studies of these sediments, particularly bedded with thin coal seamlets up to 20 cm in thick- with commercially important coals, have been ness. carried out since long. Inspite of rich data available pertaining to geology and palaeonto- logy, no serious attempts have been made to STRATIGRAPHY OF THE solve the problems with regard to the age and PRITUMANGAN BASIN correlation of different coal-bearing strata of the basin. Until recently, in Primorye of Russian Far East, including the Khasan (= Kraskino) de- pression, all Cainozoic coal-bearing sediments MATERIAL were dated to Palaeogene (Bersenev et al. 1969, Nazarenko & Bazhanov 1987). One of We have visited the exposures of the Hunchun For- the authors of the present paper (Ablaev & So- mation, studied a geological section at Damiao (a lomonovskaya 1975) showed the fallacy of this temple, 42o53.13’N, 130o20.98’E), North Hill, Hun- chun City and collected a good representation of plant view. However, both Palaeogene and Neogene remains (macrofossils) from the locality where the for- deposits are now recognized as being rich in mer collection was made by earlier workers. According commercial coals. The Khasan depression con- 4 bearing sediments are of Miocene age. Accord- ing to Ablaev and Tashchi (1992) and Ablaev et al. (1993, 1994) here, as well as in the south of Primorye, the Palaeogene and Neogene sedi- ments are coal-bearing. The floras of coal-bear- ing sediments of the Onsong and Yusong de- pressions are Eocene, whereas the flora of similar deposits of the Saeboyl depression are of Miocene age. But, erroneously, both Palae- ogene and Neogene sediments are still con- sidered as one stratigraphic unit within rank of formation or sub-formation Hamen. We have little information about the Hun- chun Formation of the same depression occur- ring north of Pritumangan Basin (Bureau of Fig. 1. Map of China and working area of Hunchun Forma- tion Geology and Mineral Resources of Jilin Prov- ince 1989). The sediments of this formation consist of conglomerates, sandstones, silt- tains layers of coals both in the Palaeogene stones and claystones with two groups of coal (Eocene Nazimov Formation) and Neogene seams. It is 1000 m in thickness, unconfor- (Miocene Khasan Formation). But the ques- mably rests on the Upper Cretaceous Longjing tion of correlation of the coal-bearing deposits Formation and is overlain by the Miocene has not yet been resolved and the strati- Timenzi Formation. In the stratigraphic chart graphic chart of the Cainozoic of Primorye and geological map (scale 1: 500 000) of the needs refining. Jilin Province, the Hunchun Formation is There are different opinions about the dated as Palaeogene (Palaeocene-Oligocene), stratigraphy of the Tertiary deposits occupying whereas, on the basis of spores and pollen the northern part of Korea. Previously, the grains, it is considered to be of Oligocene age. widely spread Palaeogene and Neogene coal- Liu (1987) provided palynological assemblages bearing beds were assigned to Palaeogene (Us- of the Hunchun coal-field and assigned Late tinovskyi et al. 1966). However, the majority of Eocene to Early Oligocene age to the Hunchun Korean geologists and palaeontologists (Jo Formation. & Kim 1993) believe that the Cainozoic se- dimentation in the Pritumangan Basin started during Neogene times, and therefore the coal- PALAEOBOTANICAL DATA OF HUNCHUN FORMATION The macrofossils found in the Hunchun For- mation were studied by Guo and Li (1979). They thought that the whole sequence belongs to Upper Cretaceous. The plant assemblage of the Hunchun locality, according to Guo and Li includes Glyptostrobus europaeus (A.Br.) Heer, Metasequoia cuneata (Newb.) Chaney, Populites cf. litigiosus (Heer) Lesq., Juglan- dites poliophyllum Guo & Li, Trochoden- droides vassilenkoi Iljinskaja & Romanova, Protophyllum multinerve Lesq., P. h a y de n ii Lesq., P. cordifolium Guo & Li, P. m ic r o- phyllum Guo & Li, P. ovatifolium Guo & Li, P. renifolium Guo & Li, P. rotundatum Guo & Li, Leguminosites sp., Graminophyllum sp. The flora is characteristic in having 7 species of Fig. 2. Map of working area of Hunchum Formation Protophyllum out of 14 species of plants. Of 5 the listed 7 species of Protophyllum, five were beds” or plant-bearing seams, followed by fo- described as new. This flora was considered to liage of Osmunda, and Metasequoia. Repre- be comparable to the Cretaceous floras of East sentatives of Liquidambar and Cyclocarya Asia and North America. In view of close simi- have been met only as single specimens. larity between the floral assemblages of the The present studies on the Hunchun flora two, the Hunchun flora was regarded to be led to the establishment of various morpho- Senonian or even older in age. Protophyllum, logical types of leaves within a single alder one of the most common elements of the plant species (Fig. 3). Leaves orbicular and obovate, assemblages, might have penetrated to North ranging in size from 4.5–5.2 × 4.2–5.5 cm America from East Asia or vice versa through (middle size) to 11–13 × 10–11 cm (maximum land bridges during Late Cretaceous. size); apex obtuse or slightly acuminate, base Guo (2000) described additional specimens rounded, rounded-cuneate, truncate, weakly of fossil plants from the same depression. The sinuate or pierceed / peltate; secondary veins flora of the Hunchun depression now consists relatively regularly spaced on the somewhat of 24 species, belonging to horse-tails (1 sp.), thicker midvein, in lower part of lamina oppo- ferns (1), conifers (4) and angiosperms (18). Of site and approximate, near apex alternate, the recognized 24 species, 13 are new and be- sometimes forking, to 6–7 pairs, usually with long to Ceratophyllaceae, Platanaceae, Betula- 1–2, seldom 3 abaxial branches departing near ceae, Tiliaceae, Myrtaceae, and Vitaceae. Ac- the margin; range of diverging of veins widely cording to Guo, this flora can be dated as varies – in lower part of lamina secondaries Cenomanian – Coniacian. Re-investigation of veins (usually 2 pairs, veins more shortened in some of the leaves of this flora by Guo (2000) comparison with above spaced ones) diverging has resulted in the reduction of the number of almost at right or wider angles, whereas in the species of Protophyllum from seven to two, viz. upper part of lamina diverging at acute P. multinerve Lesq. and P. z a is a ni c um Roman- angles; some branches of secondary veins in ova and the exclusion of the species of Tro- the lower part of lamina connected between it- chodendroides from the list of Guo and Li self and with tertiary veins by means of angu- (1979). On the other hand, some more new lar loops, ending towards margin a shortest taxa were added to the list, such as Taxodium veins; tertiary veins forming concentric net- and Sequoia within taxodioids and Arthollia of work, 5–6 per 1 cm, distinct, percurrent, some- extinct platanoids. The new angiosperm leaves times forking, space between them is filled by added to these floral assemblages are Corylites small polygonal areoles, 0.1–0.15 mm across, hunchunensis Guo, Betuliphyllum hunchuni- are formed of fifth order veins, ultimate vein- phyllum Guo, sp. nov. (Betulaceae), Viti- lets once to twice branched; margin variable phyllum jilinense Guo, Cissites hunchunensis from dentate to denticulate and entire near Guo, (Vitaceae), Ceratophyllum jilinensis Guo, base, teeth from distinct broad triangular with (Ceratophyllaceae), Stephanofolium ovati- short acuted tips to inconspicuous; peltate phyllum Guo, gen. et sp. nov. (Menisperma- base semi orbicular with entire margin and ceae), Corylopsiphyllum jilinense Guo, (Hama- thin veins radially spreading from the point of melidaceae), Tiliaephyllum jiliniphyllum Guo, the petiole insertion; maximum length of (Tiliaceae), and Myrtophyllum penzhinense preserved petiole reaching 15 mm.
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