THE SOCIAL CRITICISM IN 'S 1984

A thesis Submitted of the Faculty of Cultural Sciences, Hasanuddin University in Partai Fulfillment of Requirments to Obtains a Sarjana Degree in English Department

By:

YUSLIANA F21113304

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF CULTURAL SCIENCES

HASANUDDIN UNIVERSITY

MAKASSAR

2017

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ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Bismillahi rahmani rahim,

Assalamu Alaikum wr.wb

First of all, the writer would like to thank to our God who has given mercies and blessing to finish this research as the requisite for the degree of Sarjana Sastra

(S.S) in the English Department, Faculty of Cultural Sciences, and the State at

Hasanuddin University.

Second, Sholawat and Salam are given to our prophet Muhammad SAW who has guided us from the darkness to the lightness.

Third, as the researcher, the writer aware that there are many people who have given their participation and support in finishing this thesis. Because of that, the witer would like to thank to:

1. The writer‘s beloved parents (Bahtiar and Kemmi) and all family who

always care and turn over their trust, support and love.

2. Sitti Syahraeny. S.S., M. Appling, as the writer‘s academic‘s consultant

who gives guidance for a number of years.

3. Dra. Herawaty, M. Hum., as the first consultant who gives guidance,

advises, supports, corrections and also discussions with the writer.

4. Drs. Agustinus Ruruk Lilak, M. A., as the second consultant who helps

the writer to accomplish my research report.

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5. My partners of discussion, Mutha, Eky, Jannah, Aman, and Riri for the

contribution in getting the lesson of correction to this research.

6. My closest friend as my sister, Vera, Puput, Riska, Ika, Hartina, Sakin and

Reni the writer would say nothing but thank you so much for the all.

7. Everybody who ever or still loves me, for their kindness and tenderness.

The writer does happy, the writer can accomplish this research, though need a long time. For the writer, the process is very important. It would be useless for the writer, if the writer got a graduation, without knowing how to make it. Once again, the writer wants to thank to all who support and assist in finishing this research report. Finally, Today must be happier than yesterday...

Wassalamu’alaikum wr.wb.

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ABSTRAK

YUSLIANA. 2017. The Social Criticism in George Orwell’s “1984”. Dibimbing oleh Herawaty dan Agustinus Ruruk Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan bagaimana sistem pemerintahan totalitarianBig Brother mempengaruhi keadaan sosial dan perilaku sosial dalam 1984. Penulis akan menganalisis beberapa tokoh dalam menghadapi sistem pemerintahan totalitarian Big Brother dan kekuasaan Partai dalam novel 1984. Pendekatanyang dipakai dalam penelitian iniadalah pendekatan Struktural, teori kritik sosial dan totalitarianuntuk menganalisis rumusan masalah. Penulis juga menggunakan metode kualitatif dan deskriptif analisi dalam menggambarkan masalah melalui teks yaitu karya sastra. Untuk mendukung penelitian ini, penulis mengumpulkan dan mengkaji data dalam novel 1984 serta beberapa data pendukung dalam buku-buku totalitariandan kritik sosial, artikel, koran dan data tekstual dari internet. Setelah melakukan pengkajian, penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sistem pemerintahan Big Brother yang bersifat totalitarian menyebabkan tidak dikenalnya kebebasan di Oceania. Di Oceania, kehidupan masyarakat dan individual diawasi oleh Big Brother dengan bantuan Partai. Kata Kunci: Sistem Pemerintahan, Totalitarian, Kekuasaan Partai, Kondisi Masyarakat.

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ABSTRACT

YUSLIANA. 2017. The Social Criticism in George Orwell’s “1984” Supervised by Herawaty andAgustinus Ruruk.

This study aims to explain how Big Brother's totalitarian governance system influenced social circumstances and social behaviour in the 1984 novel. The writer will analyse some figures in the face of Big Brother's totalitarian system of government and Party power in the 1984 novel.

The approach used in 1984 novel is the structuralism approach, social criticism and totalitarian theory to analyse the statement of problems. The writer also uses qualitative method and descriptive analysis method in describing the problem through the textual matter of literary works. To support this study, the writer collected and reviewed data in the 1984 novel as well as some supporting data in totalitarian and social criticism books, articles, newspapers and textual data from the internet.

After conducting the study, the study showed that the totalitarian system of Big Brother led to the unknown freedom in Oceania. In Oceania, people's lives and individuals are overseen by Big Brother with the help of the Party.

Keywords: Govenrment system, Totalitarian, Party‘s Power, Condition of Society.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE ...... i PAGE OF APPROVAL ...... ii PAGE OF ACCEPTANCE ...... iii ACKNOWLEDGMENT ...... iv ABSTRAK ...... vi

ABSTRACT ...... vii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... v

CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background ...... 1

1.2 Identification Of Problems ...... 5

1.3 Scope of Problem ...... 5

1.4 Statement of Problems ...... 5

1.5 Objectives of Writing ...... 6

1.6 Sequence of Writing ...... 6

CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Previous Study ...... 7

2.2 Structural Approach ...... 8 a. Character ...... 9 b. Plot ...... 9 c. Setting ...... 10

viii d. Theme ...... 10

2.3 Social Criticism ...... 11

2.3.1 Fascism ...... 13

2.3.2 Totalitarian ...... 14

2.3.3 Social Discrimination ...... 15

CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY

3.1 Methodological Design ...... 17

3.1.1 Qualitative Method ...... 17

3.1.2 Descriptive Analysis ...... 18

3.2 Method of Collection Data ...... 18

3.3 Method of Data Analysis ...... 18

3.4 Procedure of Research ...... 19

CAPTHER IV: DISCUSSIONS

Intrinsic Elements ...... 20 a. Characters ...... 20

1. Winston Smith ...... 21 2. Julia ...... 21 3. Big Brother ...... 21 4. O‘Brien ...... 22 5. ...... 22 6. Mrs. Person ...... 22 7. Person ...... 23 8. Syme ...... 23 9. Khatarine ...... 23 10. The Prole ...... 24 11. Mr. Charrington ...... 24 12. Ampleforth ...... 25

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b. Plot ...... 25 1. Exposition ...... 25 2. Rising Action ...... 25 3. Climax ...... 26 4. Falling Action ...... 26 5. Denouncement or Resolution ...... 26 c. Setting ...... 27 Setting of Place ...... 27 Setting of Time ...... 27 d. Theme ...... 27

4.1 Social Criticism ...... 27 4.1.1 The Totalitarian ...... 28 4.2 The Totalitarian Effects to the Society ...... 37 4.3 The Totalitarian Effects to the Some Characters ...... 56

4.3.1 Winston Smith ...... 57 4.3.2 Syme ...... 80 4.3.3 Julia ...... 82 4.3.4 Ampleforth ...... 86 4.3.5 Person ...... 88 4.3.6 Mr. Charrington ...... 89 4.3.7 The Prole ...... 90

CHAPTER V: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGUSTIONS 5.1 Conclusions ...... 93 5.2 Suggestions ...... 94 BIBILIOGRAPHY ...... 95

APPENDICES

Appendiks I Synopsis of 1984 novel

Appendiks II Biography of the Author Related in 1984

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

This chapter presents background, identification of problems, scope of problem, statement of problems, objectives of writing, and sequence of writing.

1.1 Background

Humans are social creatures. As social beings, humans cannot be separated from social interaction. So, the writer believes that a man always needs another man to fulfil his social life. Aristotle quoted in Alfian‘s article entitled

Binatangisme dan Politik Kitastates ―Man is by nature a social animal an individual who is unsocial naturally and not accidentally is either beneath our notice or more than human‖ (Friday, 7th, 2014).

Related to Aristotle‘s statement above, the writer believes that a human being is an individual social being simultaneously either naturally or by a notification by others. This statement also describes in Orwell's 1984 novel. In this novel, Winston, as the main character preferred his individual interests over his romance with Julia (his lover) after being tortured and the of

O'Brien claimed that his body steadily decayed and decaying.

―Look at the condition you are in! He said. ―Look at this filthy grime all over your body. Look at the dirt between your toes Look at that disgusting running sore on your leg. Do you know that you stink like a goat? Probably you have ceased to notice it. Look at your emaciation. Do you see? (Orwell, 1961: 272). ―You are rotting away,‖ he said; ―you are falling to pieces. What are you? A bag of filth. Now, turn round and look into that mirror again. Do you see that thing facing you? That is the last man. If you are human, that is humanity. Now put your clothes on again‖ (Orwell, 1961 :272).

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Therefore, the writer thinks that a man will maintain the existence of his existence rather than his relationship with others, often in the urgency, humans as individual beings will be able to betray the people closest like lovers, friends, and even his families.

Moreover, social individual life in 1984 novel is very strong, human reliance one to others disappeared in everyday, a member of the family demands to betray his family itself. That is one of several impacts of Party doctrine in the form totalitarian government system. Many people believe that totalitarian depicted by Orwell's novel 1984 is a dystopian. This novel wrote in 1947 contained about what will happen in the future. In the history of England‘s literature in 20th-century, which at the time of I, the England was engulfed by the anxiety of influence of fascism which curb the continent of

Europe(Luxemburg, 1991: 38).

An Internasional journal discussed about the totalitarian threat. It was called by Orwell (in Caplan, Ed. 2006).

There are only four ways in which a ruling group can fall from power. Either it is conquered from without, or it governs so inefficiently that the masses are stirred to revolt, or it allows a strong and discontented Middle Group to come into being, or it loses its own self-confidence and willingness to govern... A ruling class which could guard against all of them would remain in power permanently. Ultimately the determining factor is the mental attitude of the ruling class itself(1983: 170).

From the quote above, it describesthat totalitarian regimes do not finish in a short time. The term previously known the death of Stalin and the Communist

Party fell from power in 1991. Then the new Chinese with a penalty of death

2 began to rise with the market economy. 'S Thousand-Year Reich lasted less than thirteen years, before it ended with the military defeat in World War II.

The history of the Soviet Union and Maoist China confirms this analysis.

They were far less expansionist than , and their most tyrannical leaders – Stalin and Mao - ruled until their deaths. But at the same time, the demise of Stalin and Mao reveals the stumbling block that the Nazi would have eventually faced too: succession. Both Stalin and Mao fumbled here, and perhaps

Hitler would have done the same.

People know about the government system for a long time ago. Such as in

1991, there were Nazi Germany, Stalin, and Mao in China. Nowadays, there are various government systems such as totalitarian, democratic, liberal or other governmental systems. These systems will at least affect the social conditions of societies, either in whole or in part. When a governmental rule affects the social conditions of society, it indirectalso affects the individual's human life which is nothing but an individual society in the structure of the governmental order.

The United States is a constitutional democracy with a highly complex government system impacts the social life ofpeople, politics, economics and health. Lineberry (1983: 35) in Government in America People, Politics, and

Policy wrote that there are four theories to help the political process in the

American political system. First Democracy theory, in democracy, the influence of individual citizens is substantial, particularly through such institutions as political parties and election and people prefer democracy to other government forms. Second, Elitist theory, which holds that American policymaking

3 dominatedby a handful of men and an even smaller handful of woman. Third,

Pluralist theory, when many centres of power (frequently organized into interest groups) compete with one another for influence, pluralism prevails. The last

Hyperpluralist theoryis an extreme form of pluralism, combining strong groups with a weak government, and that the effectiveness of the system is threatened.

In addition, based on the description above on the theory of politic America in its application and the consequences imposed on the condition of society in the political world, it is clear that there are governmental powers, differences of men, women and groups. If the system of government in terms of politics will affect the social life of local comunities, so it can influences us in terms of economic and health.

In contrast to the system of government adopted in the 1984 novel, as it has been stated earlier that the system of government described by Orwell is a totalitarian system of government and the writer also explained about government system of America. Although the both of government systems above effect of two different arrangements between American democracy and Orwell's totalitarian novel are same. Thesame systems are appearance from the impact to the society, such as positive impact and negative impact.

In conformity with some impacts of the government system in a country are positive and negative. It indicates that the improvement or development of the country related to the government system of that country. On the strength of some issues above, the writer interests to examine the social condition of society to observe the impacts of government system adopted in 1984 novel, this research

4 is expected to give descriptive on the reader that a government system results social imbalance. Social imbalance intended is the march of events in different behaviour between high, middle, and low class. The highes class are dominance and full of luxury, in contrast the affection and injustice law are happening in lower class. So the writer determines the title of this analysis is TheSocial

Criticism in George Orwell's 1984.

1.2 Identification of problems

After reading1984 novel, the writer identifies some problems in the novel as follows:

1. The social Criticism in 1984.

2. Totalitarian policy effect to society in the novel.

3. The social discrimination occurred in the novel.

4. The injustice law influenced to thecharacters.

1.3 Scope of problem

The writer focuses on the social criticism in the novel 1984. The writer wants to observe the several effects of a totalitarian government that present in

1984.

1.4 Statement of problems

Based on the restrictions on the problem above, the writer would like to investigate the following problems:

1. What kinds of social criticism are presented in 1984?

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2. How does such the effectto the characters' performances

in Orwell‘s 1984?

1.5 Objectives of Writing

The objectives of this research are:

1. To describe the kinds of social criticism presented in 1984.

2. To describe the totalitarianism effect to the characters in Orwell‘s 1984.

1.5 Sequence of Writing

The research is composed of five chapters. First, Chapter I is an introduction. This chapter presents background, identification of problems, scope of problem, statement of problems, objectives of writing, and sequence of writing.

Second, chapter II is a literature review that includs the previous studies, stucturalapproach, and intrinsic elements.The third chapter is methodology. This chapter includs the method of collecting data, the method of analysing data, and the procedures of the research.

The fourth chapter is the important part of the thesis, to describe one of parts in social criticism which is explained in chapter four. The main focuses that will discuss in this chapter is totalitarianism. Totalitarianism is a government system that centred on government or king. The analysis of the totalitarianismeffects to the characters in Orwell‘s 1984. The last chapter is conclusion. This chapter is the concluding one, drawing the inferences taken from the whole analysis and giving some suggestions.

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CHAPTER II LITERATUR REREVIEW

This chapter presents the review of related literature which includs previous study, literature approach,literature and sociology, social criticism that includes fascism, totalitarian, and social discrimination.

2.1 Previous studies

Some people wrote the thesis about Orwell‘s novel. At this point, the writer was inspired by three theses, two theses about Orwell‘s written byAndi Farid

Arifuddin (2015), Susilo Pribadi (2006) and the last was written by Andi Tenrioji

(2010) about Mark Twain‘s novel.

First, Arifuddin‘s thesis analyzed the novel of 1984 by George Orwell. He said that 1984 is a novel depicting hegemony political, leadership, influence of

Big Brother to the social life of civil society in shaping social behaviour and mind set on behalf of the British socialist (). Winston is the main character of the rebellion by stealth in the face Hegemony well as the party's strength in the novel

1984.

Second,Pribadi wrote about Aspect Psychology or the anxiety of the main character (Winston Smith) in George Orwell's 1984. In Pribadi‘s thesis, he observed that how the anxiety of a major character was reflected in George

Orwell‘s 1984.

The Last, The Prince and The Pauper novelby Mark Twain. Andi Tenrioji's thesis Analysed Social criticism Tudor dynasty aspects such as social inequality in education, economics and politics, as well as the suppression of humanitarian

7 values, and violence against children.

Based on the those previous studies above, the writer finds that Ariffuddin and Pribadi thesis are same object with her (1984 novel), but in this case, the writer would like to observe the kinds of totalitarianism and the impact of totalitarian to the society. Differences with Tenrioji‘s thesis, the different shows from objects. But, although the objects are not same, the writer uses Thenrioji‘s thesis to support her research in critical aspect.

2.2 Stuctural Approach

Structural approach in analyzing literary work should be concerned with the

intrinsic elements and ignore the extrinsic elements (Wellek and Warren,

1994:24). It is mean that the structural approach focuses in intrisic elements. The

intrinsic elements finds in literary work it self. In this case, the literary work is

1984 novel by George Orwell. That‘s statement related with Sumardjo (1991: 54)

says that structure of literary works there are two namely shape and content.

Struktur karya sastra ada dua yaitu bentuk dan isi. Bentuk yaitu bagaimana pengarang menulis karya sastranya, sedangkan isi yaitu bagaimana pengarang mengekspresikan apa yang ada dalam pikirannya lalu dituangkan ke dalam karya sastra yang dibuatnya. Struktur karya sastra (fiksi) terdiri atas unsur unsur alur, penokohan, tema, latar dan amanat sebagai unsur yang paling menunjang dan paling dominan dalam membangun karya sastra (fiksi).

In Wellek and Waren (1994: 24) said that there are various elements in structural Approach such as character, plot, setting and theme.

8 a. Character

The important element in literary works is character. The character finds in literary work text such as novel, drama or even poems. The character can be human, or even animal. But, in this thesis, the writer discuss novel. In novel, there are two kinds of character such as major characteter and minor character. In literary work the both of kinds characters above contain fourthings such as actions, phsical atributes, respon to other characters and character interaction to each other. Diyanmi (2004: 248) said below:

Character has sense of identity and personality that are derived essentially from four things, such as their actions- what they do-, their words- what they said and how they said said it-, their phsical atributes- what they look like-, and their response of other characters to them- what other say or do to or about them. b. Plot

Plot is a set of the event sequences formed to produce a story. As Foster in

Tuloli (2000: 19) There are five stages of plot, a typical plot structure includes the following:

1. Exposition. In the beginning of the story, the author introduces the

setting, main characters, and conflict. As well, the author introduces the

inciting incident. This is an event that causes the story to .

2. Rising Action. This is the part of in which the protagonist faces conflict

and setbacks as he/she attempts to achieve his goal or purpose. It occurs

after the exposition.

3. Climax. It is the high point and turning point in the story. The climax can

be a confrontation between the protagonist and antagonist; the end of an

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era, conflict or war; the discovery of truth; a change or reversal of

fortune. It occurs after the rising action.

4. Falling Action. In the falling action, the sense that the loose ends are

being tied up. However, it is often the time of greatest overall tension in

the play, because it is the phase in which everything goest most wrong.

5. Denouncement or Resolution. In this part of the story, the author ties up

loose ends by explaining any unanswered questions in the story. It occurs

after the climax or final dramatic event. c. Setting

Setting is the place, time, atmosphere or mood, and the social condition where the event of a storytake place.Setting usually describes the geographical site in the story, the time that the author uses are morning, day, afternoon, and evening or night, and the atmosphere that happen in the story.

Setting fulfills most of the core aspect of a story because without a place is no story and without a setting, characters are simply in a vacuum with no reason to act, for instance, the characters cannot do anything without the setting. As

Nurgiyanto (2009: 233) states ―Social setting describe the social behavior of society in a place in fiction. It also related to the manner, tradition, faith, point of view, the way of thinking and attitude. d. Theme

Stanton (1965:88) explained that theme is the meaning that contained in a story. Authors use dialogue of character, their ways of thinking, feeling, events, and setting to clarify the theme. Theme is idea of a story. At the time author writes

10 a story, he does not only want to tell a story, but also want to say something to his readers.

The writer can say that theme is the foundation in literary works. Usually theme contains elements of social, cultural, and religious differences. An author may deliver message and moral values through thing.

1. Social theme

Social theme is a theme well-related to a social condition. An author

generally refers the story either to the social condition around or the

interaction happened in society.

2. Cultural theme

Cultural theme discusses about culture existed in a society. An author a

generally explains how the culture in a society lives.

3. Religious theme

Religious theme is a theme well-related to god domination. An author

usually shows varying things illogical things such as doomsday.

2.3 Social Criticism

Social criticism is a form of one's delivery through language communication. As a form of communication, social criticism is usually delivered verbally and nonverbally. Social criticism can be found in books, newspapers and others print media. But here, the social emphasized by the author is the social criticism contained in the literary work. In his own literary works of sarcasm against social criticism, usually the criticism is aimed at the rulers and injustices that occurred in the public sphere of poetries, songs and .

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The novel as a literary work that contains social criticism is usually raised by the author based on life experiences about events that have been experienced or known by the author.In Susan (2009: 17-18), describes the social criticism was growing and developing in the United States based on critical analysis Chaler W.

Mills (1956). Mills conducts studies critical of American social structure. Mills suggested that the American social structure tends to repress the people, through the elites in power. This analysis belongs in the criticism of the criticism because sociology conducted aimed at the power structure and an oligarchy that dominate

American ruling elite at that time. In the England's leading sociology. It is

Anthony Giddens. He did the critical schools of using rationality in the sense of structuralfungsionalist (Giddens, 1995).

The beginning of the birth of academic literary criticism was marked by the emergence of Russian formalism early in the 20th century, literary criticism as the activity and the result of activity of understanding and appraisal of literary works based on the principles of modern science. Then Russian formalism is understood as an important point for the rapid development of the science and criticism of later academic literature, among other Prague structuralism, French structuralism, genetic structuralism, semiotics, and post-modern and post-structural literary criticism, literary "post-Marxist" literary criticism, it was create a new field of study known as (Faruk, 2014: 19-20)

Social criticism that people often encounter in a literary work of various novels as social criticism in government, social criticism in power, social criticism

12 in Economi, social criticism in human life. But in here, the writer only discusses a bit about social criticism in goverment. As Rosyada dkk (2000: 47) said that:

Pemerintah adalah alat kelengkapan negara yang bertugas memimpin organisasi negara untuk mencapai tujian negara. Kritik dari masyarakat berfungsi sebagai kontrol terhadap pemerintah untuk dapat melaksanakan tugasnya dengan baik. Ketika pemerintah mampu menjalankan tugas sesuai dengan fungsinya maka kehidupan dalam negara ini akan berjalan kondusif. Oleh karena itu pemerintah harus memperbaiki sistem-sistem yang sepenuhnya berpihak kepada rakyat.

As the social critic novel, 1984 has critical in goverment. The goverment critical such asFascism, Totalitarian, and Social discrimination.

2.3.1 Fascism

Fascist was a direct product of Word War I. It was fresher and more original. Italian fascism, first founded in 1919, but neither a fascist party, nor a fascist doctrine existed as such before 1919. Italian fascism was followed by imitations and parallel or somewhat analogous movements in many other

European countries. Before Word War II as the fascist era in Europe of the 1930s.

In italianfascio means "bundle" or "union" cannot tell us a great deal. Some of the most common informal definitions of the term seem to be "violent," "brutal," and

"dictatorial ," but if those were the primary points of reference communist regimes would probably have to be categorized as the most fascist ( G. Payne, 1992 )

Romke (1992: 5-22) said that most historians of facist have dealth with the cult of the Romantià as being merely rhetorical and symbolic value of fascism now. It referenced to propaganda concerning the Italian of the 1930s.

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2.3.2 Totalitarian

"Total" or "totalitarian‖ is the goals and methods of these governments were so extreme that they were often described. The totalitarian is brutality and oppression. The primary use of brutality and oppression were to radically change human behaviour, to transform normal human beings with their selfish concerns into willing servants of their rulers.

Totalitarian regimes have many structural characteristics in common.

Richard Pipes gives a standard inventory: "An official all-embracing ideology; a single party of the elect headed by a 'leader' and dominating the state; police terror; the ruling party's control of the means of communication and the armed forces; central command of the economy." (1994: 245). The Soviet Union and

Nazi Germany are the two most-studied totalitarian regimes. By modern calculations, the Soviets killed approximately twenty million civilians, the Nazis twenty five million (Courtois et al 1999: 4-5, 14-15; Payne 1995).

The best thing one can say about totalitarian regimes is that the main ones did not last very long. The Soviet Union greatly reduced its level of internal killing after the death of Stalin, and the Communist Party fell from power in 1991.

After Mao Zedong's death, Deng Xiaoping allowed the Chinese to resume relatively normal lives, and began moving in the direction of a market economy.

Hitler's Thousand-Year Reich lasted less than thirteen years, before it ended with military defeat in World War II (Caplan, The Totalitarian Threat, 2006).

In Zlatko and Jasminka(2015), they use the political concept in totalitarian.The totalitarian system of Government is usually made as socialist

14 ideology. While the ideological concept of closely related to politics. so totalitarian socialistideology as the three sets of political orientations labeled (1) state economic interventionism, (2) egalitarianismand working-class ruling, and

(3) political totalitarianism.The first hypothesis was that the social, economic, andpolitical sub-dimensions of socialist ideology, defined in the three political orientations, would be insuchrelations that on a higher level they would form an internally coherent model of a totalitarian socialist ideology. That was supposed that the individuals will tend to gravitate toclusters of political attitudes (Alford,

Funk & Hibbing,2005; Feldman and Johnston, 2014; Jost, Glaser, Kruglansky &

Sulloway, 2003) and that ideology is consisted ofan interrelated network of beliefs, opinions, and values (Fiske, Lau & Smith, 1990; Jost et al., 2003).

2.3.3 Social discrimination

Social discrimination arises from class differences, genders, classes, colours, religions in social life. But what is going on today is that social discrimination. It is caused by social status in society. Usually different classes such as upper, middle and lower class still felt the effect until today.The upper group will receive preferential treatment in the life of society; the middle class is a little serious, while the lower class is taken down. The low class that often gets social discrimination on the condition of society.

The differences in social status of the community are also discussed Orwell in his work The Road to Wigan Pier, and 1984. In The Road to

Wigan Pier, Orwell demanded justice for the working class. As on Animal Farm, which is categorized as an animal, Orwell criticizes the gap that took place under

15 the leadership of the Communists. And his work in 1984 explicitly describes how the society lives under the control of the totalitarian party, as well as the social discrimination experienced by the Proletary class.

The great majority of proles did not even have in their homes. Even the civil police interfered with them very little. There was a vast amount of criminalty in London, a whole word-within-a-word of thieves, bandits, prostitutes, drug peddlers, and racketeers of every description; but since it all happened among the proles themselves, it was of no importance(Orwell, 1961: 72) In the quotation above, Orwell shows how unfair the ruling behaviour of the

Proles. Proles are treated as if they are not part of the state, they are free to commit any crime as long as it revolves on its own. As long as the Prole keeps working, they are freed like the free animals of the Party. The party slogan says that "Proles and animals are free".

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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY

In this section includes the discussion of methodological design, method of collecting data, method of data analysis, and procedures of research.

3.1 Methodological Design

Methodology is the science or the means used to obtain a search with the truth by using a sequence or certain procedures according to what will be studied or investigated scientifically. However, there are two methods of the research, namely quantitative and qualitative research.

But in this case, the writer uses qualitative methods to analyse the social criticism 1984 especially is the effects of totalitarian government system to the characters in the novel. However, in a work of literature the use of numbers should be coupled with a more descriptive explanation to understand, and then the writer uses a qualitative method described analytically.

3.1.1 Qualitative Method

Qualitative research is the study of research which describes with descriptions to explain the point of the research. To analyze the totalitarian government system itself, it will be observation of the social situations in society.

The writer focused onthe social situations that occurred and the patterned of character behaviour in the novel. The social situations were founded in everyday activities: for example at home, at work, in a city, in a village, or in a certain country.

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3.1.2 Descriptive Analysis

The research methods are simple and mostly done by the writer, the method of descriptive research. The main purpose of using this method is to describe some conditions and examine the causes of particular tendencies. As Ratna

(2004:3) stated that descriptive analysis is one of the ways in analysing data that has been collected by making its descriptive data without concluding it general.

Based on the explanationabove, the writer concludes that the descriptive analysis is carriedout detailed research on individual or a unit for a certain period of time. This method will involve in-depth and comprehensive research on the object of research, including the changes that occur in the research object caused by environmental influences.

3.2 Method of Collecting Data

The existing data are the data that exist in Orwell‘s 1984, by checking data associated with the totalitarian effects to the characters.

3.3 Method of Data Analysis

After collecting data,the writer does several data collection procedures qualitative research, they are as follows: (1) determining the focus of research, (2) asking questions about research, (3) collecting data, (4) performing the validity of the data, (5) analysing, interpreting, research findings and (6) verifying and summarize the results of research.

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3.4 Procedures of Research

To write this research, the writer has several procedures to follow. They are as follows:

1. The writer reads the novel 1984 by George Orwell. At the time of

read, the writer marks and makes notes in the paragraphs that are

considered to be important for further explanation.

2. The writer identifies several problems and determines the social

criticism problem and shows the totalitarianism effects to the social

condition and characters in 1984.

3. The writer finds two main problems which will be discussed in

chapter IV.

4. The writer gathers some information and data that are relevant to the

analysis. Most of data find by using library research.

5. The writer uses SociologyLiterature approach to analyze the

problems.

6. The writer concluds of the result of analysis, then the writer gives

some conclusions and suggestions.

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CHAPTER IV DISCUSSIONS

This chapter is going to analyze points in the research, such as the kind of social criticism, the totalitarian effect to society and some characters in the novel

1984. But before going into the discussion, it is very important to know about intrinsic elements in the novel.

Intrinsic Elements in 1984 Novel

a. Characters

Major character

1. Winston Smith

Winstonis the novel's protagonist, he is partying workers, working in The

Ministry of Truth. He is thirty nine years old with skinny physical features, he has varicose veins on the right knee and five and false teeth. He has rewritten the task in The Ministry of Truth that has been printed in Time News beforehand according to the wishes of the party. He is opposite the Party, hates Big Brother, also the purity and goodness that the party formulates.

Afterwards he often wishes to join the Goldstein underground

(Brotherhood) movement to overthrow Big Brother. He thinks critically and deeply about the past before Big Brother's rule, and knows a bit of lies created by the party. He has a high sex instinct, he thinks about evaporating someone based on the person's nature. There are two worries in Winston life that are rats and quilts to his mother and sister. He finds unobtrusive methods to rebel, or at least

20 he believes them to go unnoticed. In his main desire is to remain human under inhuman circumstances.

2. Julia

She is twenty six years old, working in the Departmentof Fiction in the making of novels. She has a good posture with dark hair, light brown eyes and thick eyelashes, red lips spread wide. In a around of his eyes, there are one or two lines. Sometimes, she is displaying a good character in the eyes of the party, and working in the making of Pornosecs stories for pro-teens. He becomes one of volunteers in the Youth League of Antisex.

In contrast, she works and does free sex with a member of the party when she was sixteen years old. Although she obeys the small rules the Party by spying as a child, putting up party posters, never ditching assignments, but in the fact, she hates party rules. She does acts of vicious violations that she did with secretly and ingeniously. She assumes that ―when you want to have fun, then the party wants to stop it‖. She is thinking indifferent to the social conditions that existed while she was able to survive party noises.

However, she has no interest in the doctrine and the intricacies of party lies.

She is against the Party's doctrines, but she merely wants to break the rules, not changes the society.

3. Big Brother

He is the leader of the Party. Big Brother is a godlike figure, all-present, all- powerful, and eternal—yet quite intangible. He has a large face poster with a

21 width of one meter more; based on the poster is approximately forty five years old. He is thick moustache and facial expression in a handsome outline.

4. O‘Brien

He is a member of the inner party. A mysterious figure, O‘Brien is at once

Winston's enemy and his ally.That are the reasons for Winston's ultimate indoctrination to the Party. O'Brien is a personification of the Party. He knows much of the Party's doctrine. It revealed through him. He looks horrible, big, stocky, sturdy neck and face rough, comical, brutal, wearing glasses and always fix the location of his glasses on his nose, so look elegant and educated.

Minor Character

5. Thought Police

The gatherings of several people that working for Big Brother to oversee every member of the party. They are tapping into the wires of one's thoughts in the form of sounds. They observeby gestures, but they are spreading false rumours, marking and eliminating some people whose value can be dangerous in the Prole without influence them with the ideology of the Party.

6. Mrs. Person

The neighbor‘s wife who lives on the floor with Winston, she is thirty years old, but looks older than her age, she was dusty in the curves of her face and her hair tangled.

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7. Person

He is Winston's neighbour who ends up in the Ministry of Love with

Winston. He turns in by his own children. Although he has a fat body and the smell of sweat spreading from his body, but he has enterprise stupid with a lump of spirits, damp spots sprawling all over his pink face. He never critical, he fullsof the party beyond the mind police. When he was thirty five-year-old, he expelled from the Youth League, but before that he survived spying for a year beyond the provisions.

In the ministry, he is placed in a lowly post that does not demand intelligence, but he is an important figure on the Sports Committee and all other committees that organized community hikes, spontaneous demonstrations, saving campaigns, and voluntary activities in general.

8. Syme

He is a philologist, a expert, he works in the Research

Department of Ministry of Truth. He has a small body,dark hair,and bushy eyes with a moody. He is mocking impassion, and intimidating while talking to another guy. He works a large team member composed of experts to compose a

Newspeak Dictionary Eleventh Print. He has a deep thought, yet overly intelligent orthodoxy with clear views and a clear talk.

9. Katharine

The wife of Winston, she is the tall woman with bright hair, she has elegant gestures. A challenging face, gaunt like a noble or a noble. According to

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Winston, his wife is a stupid, very vulgar and empty woman. He thinks that her mind full of slogans, ―No party is not believed by her‖.

10. The Prole

On the value of a low-ranking camp like the party's easy-to-rule animals, the proles majority does not have telescreen at home. All matters of morality, they are allowed to follow the inheritance of their ancestors, crimes, criminals of thieves, thieves, prostitutes, drug criminals, and all kinds of swindlers left to the prole.

Even they have free sex running without punishment, divorce allowed, but they have to still continue to work and their other activities are not important and should not be suspected. As in the slogan the Party says: "The Prole and the animals are free". The only public event that the prole is paying attention to is the

Lottery with the big draws are drawn every week organized by the Ministry of

Plenty with a number of small wins actually paid to them.

11. Mr. Charrington

He is the owner of the shop where is Winston rents the room, he is sixty years old, weak and bent, he has put and pleasant nose. The gentle eyes gilded with his thick glasses. His hair almost white, but his eyebrows is thick and still black, gentle and delicate movements. He has gentle sounds fade away with an accent above the proles. He uses an out-dated jacket of black velvet seemed intellectually like a poet or a musician, but in the end of the story, he becomes a member of the Thought Police.

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12. Ampleforth

He is a poet-of-sorts who works with Winston in the Ministry of Truth and also winds up in the Ministry of Love. He has the makings of playing with rhyme and the number of syllables (poets). He works in the making of versions of poems that are twisted or referred to as definitive texts, the text is ideologically unpleasant, but for some reason its existence is retained by the Party in various anthologies of poetry. b. Plot

There are five stages of plot, a typical plot structure includes exposition, rising action, climax, falling action, and denouncement or resolution.

1. Exposition

The beginning act in 1984 nove is when the author introduce the character in this novel.

It was a bright cold day in April, and the clocks were strik ing thirteen. Winston Smith, his chin nuzzled into hisbreast in an effort to escape the vile wind, slipped quicklythroughthe glass doors of Victory Mansions, though notquickly enough to prevent a swirl of gritty dust from entering along with him (Orwell, 1961: 3)

2. Rising Action

In this case, the beginning of conflics are appeared. It shows from the quote above:

His pen had slid voluptuously over the smooth paper, printing in large neat capitals—DOWN WITH BIG BROTHER DOWN WITH BIG BROTHER DOWN WITH BIG BROTHER DOWN WITH BIG BROTHER DOWN WITH BIG BROTHER over and over again, filling half a page (Oorwell, 1961: 23)

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3. Climax

The climax in this story is when Winston and Julia are lying in the badroom of charrington‘s house. That‘s statement shows from quote in 1984 novel follow:

He released Winston with a little push toward the guards. ―Room 101,‖ he said. (Orwell, 1961:282)

This quote describes the climax in the novel. When the guards and

O‘Brien bring Winston to the room 101, Winston really nervous and scare. In room 101, Winston begins to feel poor to his selft, he starts to say the all his known to Party such as his secret, Julia, his activities and etc. although O‘Brien not ask him.

4. Falling Action

It was in the Park, on a vile, biting day in March, when the earth was like iron and all the grass seemed dead and there was not a bud anywhere except a few crocuses which had pushed themselves up to be dismembered by the wind. He was hurrying along with frozen hands and watering eyes when he saw her not ten meters away from him. It struck him at once that she had changed in some ill-defined way. They almost passed one another without a sign: then he turned and followed her, not very eagerly (Orwell, 1961:291)

From the quote above, it shows that Winston being orthodoxy and pure think at all. Now, he fills his life with no sense. He is doing the all party‘s rule and trying to life better without dream, power, and apposite thinking.

5. Denouncement or Resolution

The resolution from this novel is the end of story. As the main character

Winston being free man, after he experiences tortue, he feels nothing, no interest,

26 no critic, no think, no love, no emotions and no crime. And finally, he loves Big

Brother.

But it was all right, everything was all right, the struggle was finished. He had won the victory over himself. He loved Big Brother (Orwell, 1961: 376)

c. Setting

Setting of Place

In usually, the setting of place from 1984 novel is England, Londen. But, the writer uses Oceania as the setting place.

Setting of Time

The setting of time in this novel in generally is at 1984. Although the time is at 1984, but in fact, 1984 novel first published in ±1947-1949. d. Theme

There are various theme in 1984 novel, they are technological,social dangers of totalitarianism, political authority, physical, and the psychological.

4.1 Social Criticism

Social criticism, Eric Arthur Blair or more familiar with the pen name of

George Orwell, in his work often criticize the social circumstances of certain societies which describe the conditions of poverty, oppression, and unique political allies such as Animal Farm and Nineteen Eighty-Four. He criticized of the Party's political power in the system of government. Both of his works made his name famous throughout the world. Some of these criticismsdepicted in the

27 governmental system embraced in the 1984 novel follow the Totalitarian system of government.

4.1.1 Totalitarian

The system of totalitarian rule, in the 1984 novel system of government centres on the Party's power. Big Brother as the symbol of party power is crowned

Party leader, in other words Big Brother is the government / king in power in

Oceania. Although Big Brother is only a symbol of the government figure created by the Party in Oceania, but the belief of the society to the Big Brother figure is likely to be high.

Nobody has ever seen Big Brother. He is a face on the hoardings, a voice on the telescreen. We may be reasonably sure that he will never die, and there is already considerable uncertainty as to when he was born. Big Brother is the guise in which the Party chooses to exhibit itself to the world. His function is to act as a focusing point for love, fear, and reverence, emotions which are more easily felt toward an individual than toward an organization (Orwell, 1961:208). Below Big Brother comes the Inner Party, its number limited to six millions, or something less than two per cent of the population of Oceania. Below the Inner Party comes the , which, if the Inner Party is described as the brain of the State, may be justly likened to the hands. Below that come the dumb masses whom habitually refer to as ―the proles,‖ numbering perhaps eighty-five per cent of the population. In terms of our earlier classification, the proles are the Low, for the slave populations of the equatorial lands, who pass constantly from the conqueror to conqueror, are not a permanent or necessary part of the structure (Orwell, 1961:208).

In addition, all things related to Big Brother are set by the Party. So whatever the truth or lie party said, it is accepted by the Oceania people. There is nota way for the community to oppose the Party's power. Moreover, by the way and anyway the Party justifies untruth and sabotage the state of society. It means

28 that the Party is the truth. Although the Party workers know about the Party's lies, but they cannot do anything.

The Party said that Oceania had never been in alliance with Eurasia. He, Winston Smith, knew that Oceania had been in alliance with Eurasia as short a time as four years ago. But where did that knowledge exist? Only in his own consciousness, which in any case must soon be annihilated? And if all others accepted the lie which the Party imposed if all records told the same tale then the lie passed into history and became truth (Orwell, 1961:34).

As the lead Winston changes any news about the state of Oceania in terms of government, war, regulation, but public affairs also cannot show evidence of

Party fraud to the Oceania people.The news changes in Oceania happened in all the time.

-at just this moment it had been announced that Oceania was not after all at war with Eurasia. Oceania was at war with Eastasia. Eurasia was an ally(Orwell, 1961:180). The party claimed, for example, that today, forty per cent of adult proles were literate; before the , it was said, the number had only been fifteen per cent. The Party claimed that infant mortality rate was now only a hundred and sixty per thousand, whereas before the Revolution it had been three hundred and so it went on(Orwell, 1961:74). Day by day and almost minute by minute the past was brought up to date. In this way every made by the Party could be shown by documentary evidence to have been correct; nor was any item of news, or any expression of opinion, which conflicted with the needs of the moment, ever allowed to remain on record (Orwell, 1961:40). This process of continuous alteration was applied not only to newspapers, but to books, periodicals, pamphlets, posters, leaflets, films, soundtracks, cartoons, photographs to every kind of literature or documentation which might conceivably hold any political or ideological significance(Orwell, 1961:39-40).

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The power of the Party over Oceania is very strongly shown in the 1984 novel, all goodness, discovery and victory are said to be the achievement of the

Party. As the invention of the plane by the Party, it is undeniable to some people rememberthat the plane is actually found long before the party came to power. But the party's truthfound the plane to be published in such a way that no evidence could disprove the Party's opinion.

Everything melted into mist. Sometimes, indeed, you could put your finger on a definite lie. It was not true, for example, as was claimed in the Party history books, that the party had invented airplanes. He has remembered airplanes from his earliest childhood. But you could prove nothing. There was never any evidence(Orwell, 1961:36). All history was a palimpsest, scraped clean and rein scribed exactly as often as necessary. In no case would it have been possible, once the deed was done, to prove that any falsification had taken place(Orwell, 1961:40). A number of the Times which might, because of changes in political alignment, or mistaken uttered by Big Brother, have been rewritten a dozen times still stood on the files bearing its original date, and no other copy existed to contradict. Books, also, were recalled and rewritten again and again, and were invariably reissued without any admission that any alteration had been made(Orwell, 1961:40). And when memory failed and written records were falsified with that happened, the claim of the Party to have I proved the conditions of human life had got to be accepted, because there did no exist, and never again could exist, any standard against which it could be tested (Orwell, 1961:93). The centuries of capitalism were held to have produced nothing of any value. One could not learn history from architecture any more than one could learn it from books. Statues, inscriptions, memorial stones, the names of streets anything that might throw light upon the past had been systematically altered (Orwell, 1961:98).

As the justificationsabove, some people ignore their memories and thinks of themselves as erroneous and swallow everything the Party announces through

30 thetelescreen.In running the totalitarian government the Party has 3 Slogans namely:

WAR IS PEACE FREEDOM IS SLAVERY IGNORANCE IS STRENGTH (Orwell, 1961:4). The three slogans above are used as a reference by the Party in regulating the structure of the Oceania society order, first it is said that WAR IS PEACE with the meaning during the battle, then the peace followed later, either won or lost the concept of war ended in peace even though Oceania never lost on the opponent Eurasia and Eastasia. Both FREEDOM IS SLAVERY, Oceania people are entirely forced to believe in the Party and remove their concerns about the conditions of war and bombing in the London area because the concept of both parties said that FREEDOM IS SLAVERY. If the phrase is based on the interpretation of the word, it can be concludes that there is no freedom for Oceania people either freedom from war or the freedom of the society or individuality of the Party rules in writing or not. Finally IGNORANCE IS STRENGTH, this concept is more directed to individual compliance of the Party's punishment, because finding out the Party's fault or in other words, trying to fight the Party is a very mistake and ends in torment. This has caused some Oceania people to swallow up every word of the party, ignoring the truth and burying the curiosity of the truth itself.

However, outside the knowledge of Oceania people, Party has its own meaning of the concept of three sentence slogan as well as the following quote:

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You know the Party slogan ‗Freedom is Slavery.‘ Has it ever occurred to you that it is reversible? Slavery is freedom. Alone—free—the human being is always defeated. It must be so, because every human being is doomed to die, which is the greatest of all failures. But if he can make complete, utter submission, if he can escape from his identity, if he can merge himself in the Party so that he is the Party. Then he is all-powerful and immortal(Orwell, 1961:264).

In addition to the three concepts of the slogan, the party arranged everything in Oceania to its pretension. Good thoughts, loved, hatred, laughter and other emotions in the Oceania people are notified by the Party, especially Parties worker, including the Core Party as well as the outside Party are striving to be governed by the power and Party‘s mind.

There will be no royalty, except royalty toward the Party. There will be no love, except the love of Big Brother. There will be no laughter, except the laugh of triumph over a defeated enemy. There will be no art, no literature, no science. When we are omnipotent we shall have no more need of science. There will be no distinction between beauty and ugliness. There will be no curiosity, no enjoyment of the process of life. All competing pleasures will be destroyed (Orwell, 1961:267).

In organizing all government affairs be based on the Party‘s rule, there are four Ministries working in their respective fields: the Ministry of Truth, Ministry of Peace, The Ministry of Love, and the Ministry of Plenty.

There were the homes of the four Ministries between which the entire apparatus of government was divided: the Ministry of Truth, which concerned itself with news, entertainment, education, and the fine arts; the Ministry of Peace, which concerned itself with war; the Ministry of Love, which maintained law and order; and the Ministry of Plenty, which was responsible for economic affairs. Their names, in Newspeak: Minitrue, Minipax, Miniluv, and Miniplenty(Orwell, 1961:4).

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Long time before the ruling party in Oceania, it was recorded in Goldstein‘s book based on the 1984 novel, about the state of Oceania and the former system of government, social circumstances, and the wars of Oceania, Eurasia and

Eastasia and the Party's problems.

The two aims of the Party are to conquer the whole surface of the earth and to extinguish once and for all the possibility of independent thought. There are therefore two great problems which the Party is concerned to solve. One is how to discover, against his will, what another human being is thinking, and the other is how to kill several hundred million people in a few seconds without giving warning beforehand. In so far as scientific research still continues, this is its subject matter(Orwell, 1961:193).

It said that Oceania, Eastasia and Eurasiahave their respective as the basis of government, such as Ingsoc term in Oceania, Neo-Bolshevism in

Eurasia and Death-worship in Eastasia. All three of these are almost identical, but with different names, but one thing is certain that these three governmental powers alike applying the totalitarian system of government.

In Oceania the prevailing philosophy is called Ingsoc. In Eurasia it is called Neo-Bolshevism, and in Eastasia it is called by a Chinese name usually translated as Death-worship, but perhaps better rendered as Obliteration of the self. The citizen of Oceania is not allowed to know anything of the tensest of the other two , but he is taught to execrate them as barbarous outrages upon morality and common sense(Orwell, 1961: 197). Actually the three philosophies are barely distinguishable, and the social systems which they support are not distinguishable at all. Everywhere there is the same pyramidal structure, the same worship of a semi divine leader, the same economy existing by and for continuous warfare (Orwell, 1961:197).

Although the Party has always said that they are not like the previous totalitarian government, they believe that the Party is more developed and better than the previous government.

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We are different from all the oligarchies of the past in that we know what we are doing. All the others, even those who resembled ourselves, we cowards and hypocrites. The German Nazis and the Russian Communists came very close to us in their methods, but they never had the courage to recognize their own motives (Orwell, 1961:263). Later, in the twentieth century, there were the totalitarians, as they were called; there were the German Nazis and the Russian Communists. The Russians persecuted heresy more cruelly than the Inquisition had done. And they imagined that they had learned from the mistakes of the past; they knew, at any rate, that one must not make martyrs(Orwell, 1961:254).

But, in fact of the difference between the Party, government system and the

German Nazis and the Russian Communists are lying only in the way, the system and its name. But the purpose and mastery of the upright truth are same: the truth of his leadership.

It was only after a decade of national wars, civil wars, revolution and counter-revolution in all parts of the world that Ingsoc and its rivals emerged as fully worked-out political theories. But they had been foreshadowed by the various system, generally called totalitarian, which had appeared earlier in the century, and the main outlines of the world which would emerge from the prevailing chaos had long been obvious (Orwell, 1961:205).

All three countries don‘t not defeat each other and take control of each other, let alone mix together. There would be wars from all three of Oceania with

Eastasia and Oceania with Eurasia. Warfare will not be badly caused by various reasons, but the war itself does not add to the third region of the country.

It follows that the three superstates not only cannot conquer one another, but would gain no advantage by doing so. On the contrary, so long as they remain in conflict, they prop one another up, like three sheaves of corn(Orwell, 1961:197). The war is waged by each ruling group against its own subjects, and the object of the war is not to make or prevent conquests of territory, but to

34

keep the structure of society intact. The very word ―war,‖ therefore, has become misleading (Orwell, 1961:199).

The social conditions themselvesnever changed in the system of the social order; either in the days of the war or after the war remained the same to this day in Oceania, Eurasia and Eastasia. There are only 3 types of community classes:

High, Middle, and Low. Each class has its own goals, but in running a state government only low class alone that never shifted into Middle class or become

High class.

Throughout recorded time, and probably since the end of the Neolithic Age, there have been three kinds of people in the world, the High, the Middle, and the Low(Orwell, 1961:201). The aim of the Middle is to change places with the High. The aim of the Low, when they have an aim —for it is an abiding characteristic of the Low that they are too much crushed by drudgery to be more than intermittently conscious of anything outside their daily lives —is to abolish all distinctions and create a society in which all men shall be equal(Orwell, 1961:201). For long periods the High seem to be securely in power, but sooner or later there always comes a moment when they lose either their belief in themselves, or their capacity to govern efficiently, or both. They are then overthrown by the Middle, who enlist the Low on their side by pretending to them that they are fighting for liberty and justice (Orwell, 1961:202). As soon as they have reached their objective, the Middle thrust the Low back into their old position servitude, and themselves become the High. Presently a new Middle group splits off from one of the other groups, or from both of them, and the struggle begins over again. Of the three groups only the Low are never, even temporarily successful in achieving their aims(Orwell, 1961:202). At the apex of the pyramid comes Big Brother. Big Brother is infallible and all-power fuel. Every success, every achievement, every victory, every scientific discovery, all knowledge, all wisdom, all happiness, all virtue, are held to issue directly from his leadership and inspiration(Orwell, 1961:208).

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In the early nineteenth century, a socialism theory emerged in Oceania; the aim of socialism was established liberty and equality.

Socialism, a theory which appeared in the early nineteenth century and was the last link in a chain of thought stretching back to the slave rebellions of antiquity, was still deeply infected by the Utopianism of past ages. But in each variant of Socialism that appeared from about 1900 onwards the aim of establishing liberty and equality was more and more openly abandoned (Orwell, 1961:203).

However, in contrast to the current Socialist movement of Ingsocis the Party in Oceania, the uneven economy is a statute of the Party.

Ingsoc, which grew out of the earlier Socialist movement and inherited its phraseology, has in fact carried out the main item in the Socialist program, with the result, foreseen and intended beforehand, that economic inequality has been made permanent (Orwell, 1961:206).

Oceania prohibited the use of Oldspeak language in every newspaper, books, magazines and writings in circulation. Oceania creates a new language known as Newspeak, whichwas part of Ingsoc itself.

Newspeak is Ingsoc and Ingsoc is Newspeak,‖ he added with a sort of mystical satisfaction(Orwell, 1961:52).

Besides, Ingsoc and Newspeak, is also known in Oceania.

Doublethink is also part of Ingsoc, which played an important role in the Oceania government. One must be being able to think twice to survive the bondage of the

Party.

Doublethink lies at the very heart of Ingsoc, since the essential act of the Party is to use conscious deception while retaining the firmness of purpose that goes with complete honesty. To tell deliberate lies become inconvenient, and then, when it becomes necessary again, to draw it back from oblivion for just so long as it is needed, to deny the existence of

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objective reality and all the while to take account of the reality which one denies — all this is indispensably necessary (Orwell, 1961:214).

Although Oceania is not recognized in legal terms, it is certain that the

Party's totalitarian government system with all its non-written rules eliminate the private life of the community.

In Oceania there is no law. Thought and actions which, when detected, mean certain death are not formally forbidden, and the endless purges, arrests, tortures, imprisonments, and vaporizations are not inflicted as punishment for crimes which have actually been committed, but are merely the wiping-out of persons who might perhaps commit a crime at some time in the future(Orwell, 1961:211). ...., private life came to an end (Orwell, 1961:205-206).

4.2 The Totalitarian Effects to the Society

Some of the effects of Big Brother's totalitarian governance system in the state of society in 1984are demonstrated through the depiction of the social conditions within the novel itself.The posters and shadows of Big Brother power lie almost throughout the Oceania region, the poster said that ―whatever you do

Big Brother is always watching you‖.

There seemed to be no colour in anything expects the posters that were plastered everywhere. The black-mustachio‘s face gazed down from every commanding corner. There was one on the house front immediately opposite. BIG BROTHER IS WACHING YOU, the caption said(Orwell, 1961:2). Always the eyes watching you and the voice enveloping you. Asleep or awake, working or eating, indoors or out of doors, in the bath or in the bed no escape. Nothing was your own except the few cubic centimeters inside your skull(Orwell, 1961:27).

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In Oceania's currency coin there is Big Brother and his warnings, not only that, Big Brother and his warnings is everywhere, on stamps, on the covers of books, on banners, on posters, and on the wrapping of a cigarette packet. There have been always eyes overseeing the actions of the Oceania people.

He took a twenty-five-cent piece out of his pocket. There, too, in tiny clear lettering, the same slogans were inscribed, and on the other face of the coin the eyes pursued you. On coins, on stamps, on the covers of books, on banners, on posters, and on the wrapping of a cigarette packet everywhere(Orwell, 1961:27). Every citizen, or at least every citizen important enough to be worth watching, could be kept for twenty-four hours a day under the eyes of the police and in the sound of official propaganda, with all other channels of communication closed. The possibility of enforcing not only complete obedience to the will of the State, but complete uniformity of opinion on all subjects,... (Orwell, 1961:206).

Public oversight is carried out by the Party through several police patrols and Thought police. Thought policeis the most frightening and moving police to capture and tap into the human minds that conflict with the party's power, thinking of the evil act against Big Brother is a crime referred to as a .

It was the police patrol, snooping into people‘s windows. The patrol did not matter, however. Only the Thought Police mattered (Orwell, 1961:2). How often, or on what system, the Thought Police plugged in on any individual wire was guesswork. It was even conceivable that they watched everybody all the time. But at any rate they could plug in your wire whenever they wanted you. You had to live did live, from habit that become instinct in the assumption that every sound you made was overheard, and, except in darkness, every movement scrutinized(Orwell, 1961:3).

Thought police more often oversee party members, both core members and out-party members, but before Thought policefindThoughtcrime, the telescreenis

38 one of the most sophisticated detection devices of one's movements and with the telescreen some Oceania people are limited to express their dislike. They have not free Expressed their thinking because of the telescreen in certain places, telescreen always finds in the homes of Party workers to supervise every Party worker from the crime of mind. After the telescreenfinds evidence of a crime of thought by Party members then the thought police will come to arrest you at night and the thought criminals will be evaporated and forgotten.

Whichever way you turned, the telescreen faced you(Orwell, 1961:110). The telescreen was giving forth an ear-splitting whistle which continued on the same note for thirty seconds. It was nought seven-fifteen, getting-up time for office workers(Orwell, 1961:31). It was always night the arrest invariably happened at night. The sudden jerk out of sleep, the rough hand shaking your shoulder, the lights glaring in your eyes, the ring of hard faces round the bed (Orwell, 1961:19). In the vast majority of cases there was no trial, no report of the arrest. People simply disappeared, always during the night. Your name was removed from the registers, every record of everything you had ever done was wiped out, your one-time existence was denied and then forgotten. You were abolished, annihilated: vaporized was the usual word (Orwell, 1961:19). Or perhaps what was likeliest of all the thing had simply happened because purges and vaporizations were a necessary part of the mechanics of government. The only clue lay in the words ―refs unperson‖,... (Orwell, 1961:45).

The trial of the Thoughtcrimesis done by the Ministry of Love. A place where there is no darkness, a place where one has not distinguished between day and night, a place where prisoners will wonder about time.

It was the place with no darkness: he saw now why O‘Brien had seemed to recognize the allusion. In the Ministry of Love there were no windows. His

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cell might be at the heart of the building, or against its outer wall; it might be ten floors below ground, or thirty above it(Orwell, 1961:229).

The court process is differentiated between Party workers and ordinary people. No one has known what exactly happened in theMinistry of Love.

One did know what happened inside the Ministry of Love, but it was possible to guess: tortures, drugs, delicate instruments that registered your nervous reactions, gradual wearing-down by sleeplessness and solitude and persistent questioning(Orwell, 1961:167). ..., but still noticing the astonishing difference in demeanour between the Party prisoners an the other. The Party prisoners were always silent and terrified, but the ordinary criminals seemed to care nothing for anybody. They yelled insults at the guards, fought back fiercely when their belongings were impounded, wrote obscene words on the floor, ate smuggled food which they produced from mysterious hiding places in their clothes, and even shouted down the telescreen when it tried to restore order (Orwell, 1961:226).

Ordinary prisoners‘ will get a little better treatment than the prisoners of the

Party workers. Party workers are usually forbidden to move and remain silent in the detention room, a little moving alone will get a telescreen cry.

On the other hand, some of them seemed to be on good terms with the guards, called them by nicknames, and tried to wheedle cigarettes through the spy-hole in the door. The guards, too, treated the common criminals with the certain forbearance, even when they had to handle them roughly (Orwell, 1961:227).

The Party continues to torture and manipulate the inmates of the Party workers, they did do everything,they can make the prisoner wrong, regret his actions and regenerate his love for Big Brother.

Once again, why was it? In the first place, because the confessions that they had made were obviously extorted and untrue. We do not make mistakes of that kind. All the confessions that are uttered here are true. We make them

40

true. And, above all, we do not allow the dead to rise up against us (Orwell, 1961:254).

If a Party prisoner insisted on his belief in the Party's lies, then the Party itself affected the prisoner in the name of self-pity that when the Party evaporated the prisoner, there will be no one to remember it, the banner of that Party will be the one who never existed Which was called "unperson" by the Party.

You must stop imagining that posterity will vindicate you, Winston. Posterity will never hear of you. You will be lifted clean out from the stream of history. We shall turn you into gas and pour you into the stratosphere. Nothing will remain of you: not a name in a register, not a memory in a living brain. You will be annihilated in the past as well as in the future. You will never have existed‖(Orwell, 1961:254).

After the torture take place, the inmates of the Party usually also received better treatment from the Tortures, but it is not for last long, because the torturers are in charge of interrogating, loving, convincing and making friends and opponents of the Party prisoners continued to harass the minds of prisoners of the

Party to prisoners It cannot longer think clearly.

.... O‘Brien would say: that the Party did not seek power for its own ends, but only for the good of the majority. That it sought power because men in the mass were frail, cowardly creatures who could not endure liberty or face the truth, and must be ruled over and systematically deceived by others who were stronger than themselves (Orwell, 1961:262).

Initially they said that the Party uses its power for the good and the interest of the majority, but at the last Party emphasizes that the majority of the intended concern of the Party's good and not the other to interested.

41

The choice for mankind lay between freedom and happiness we better. That the Party was the eternal guardian of the week, a dedicated sack doing evil that good might come, sacrificing its own happiness to that others(Orwell, 1961:262). It is this. The Party seeks power entirely for its own sake. We are not interested in the good of others; we are interested solely in power. Not wealth of luxury or long life or happiness; only power, pure power (Orwell, 1961:263).

It said that the Party will do anything to achieve its interests; the object of a thing is itself, as O'Brien said:

The object of persecution is persecution. The object of torture is torture. The object of power is power(Orwell, 1961:263).

Through the Party telescreen composed the past and the future, the past was what the Party wants. It did not hard for the Party to make their version past.

The mutability of the past is the central tenet of Ingsoc. ...., that the past is whatever the Party chooses to make it (Orwell, 1961:213).

There are so many uses to the Party, other than as a detector, recorder, telescreencan also broadcast the party's draft reports on the state of the

Oceania government in the form of an announcement.

Inside the flat a fruity voice was reading out a list of figures which had something to do with the production of pig iron. The voice came from an oblong metal plaque like a dulled mirror which formed part of the surface of the right-hand wall. Winston turned a switch and the voice sank somewhat, though the words were still distinguishable. The instrument (the telescreen, it was called) could be dimmed, but there was no way of shutting it off completely(Orwell, 1961:2). As though in confirmation of this, a trumpet is call floated from the telescreen just above their heads. However, it was not the proclamation of a

42

military victory this time, but merely an announcement from the Ministry of Plenty (Orwell, 1961:57)...... The remoter noises and was listening to the stuff that streamed out of the telescreen. It appeared that there had even been demonstrations to thank Big Brother for raising the chocolate ration to twenty grams a week. And only yesterday, he reflected, it had been announced that the ration was being reduced to twenty grams a week (Orwell, 1961:58).

In addition, totalitarian government systems also control the community to loved Big Brother and hatedof the Big Brother dissidents. The greatest enemy of the Party is , who is described as the greatest criminal who seeks to overthrow Big Brother from his power. To overcome that, the Party created the program in raising public support to believe that

Goldstein is country criminals. The Two Minutes Hate program itself features some evidences of Goldstein's crime, everything related to crime and criminal action are the action of Goldstein along with his underground movement called the Brotherhood.

As usual, the face of Emmanuel Goldstein, the enemy of the people, had flashed onto the screen. There were hisses here and there among the audience. The little sandy-haired woman gave a squeak of mingled fear and disgust (Orwell, 1961: 11). The program of the Two Minutes Hate varied from day to day, but there was none in which Goldstein was not the principal figure. He was the primal traitor, the earliest defiler of the party‘s purity. All subsequent crimes against the party, all treacheries, acts of sabotage, heresies, deviations, sprang directly out of his teaching (Orwell, 1961:12). It will be a world of terror as much as a world of triumph. The more the Party is powerful, the less it will be tolerant; we weaker the opposition, the tighter the despotism. Goldstein and his heresies will life forever. Every day, at every moment, they will be defeated, discredited, ridiculed, spat upon—and yet they will always survive (Orwell, 1961:268).

43

People's hatred of Goldstein (Brotherhood leader) will never fade, as each commemorates Two Minutes Hate, Goldstein has always been the main villain who is alive somewhere and continues to raise members for Big Brother.

Somewhere or other he was still alive and hatching his conspiracies: perhaps somewhere beyond the sea, under the protection of his foreign paymasters: perhaps even so it was occasionally rumored in some hiding place in Oceania itself. He was abusing Big Brother, he was denouncing the dictatorship of the Party, he was demanding the immediate conclusion of peace with Eurasia, he was advocating , freedom of the press, freedom of assembly, freedom of thought, (Orwell, 1961:12). The discontents produced by his bare, unsatisfying life are deliberately turned outwards and dissipated by such devices as the Two Minutes Hate, and the speculation which might possibly induce a skeptical or rebellious attitude are killed in advance by his early acquired inner discipline (Orwell, 1961:211-212).

The Two Minutes Hate program ran for 30 seconds with a public propaganda moderator is screaming together in cursing Goldstein and shouting hysterical revolution barks.

Before the Hate had proceeded for thirty second, uncontrollable exclamations of rage were breaking out from half the people in the room. The self-satisfied sheeplike face on the screen, and the terrifying power of the Eurasian behind it, were too much to be borne (Orwell, 1961: 13)...... Besides, the sight or even the thought of Goldstein produced fear and anger automatically. He was an object of hatred more constant than either Eurasia or Eastasia, since when Oceania was war with one of these powers it was generally at peace with the other (Orwell, 1961:13). .... He was crying hysterically that the Revolution had been betrayed and all this in rapid polysyllabic speech which was a sort of parody of the habitual style of the orators of the Party, and even contained Newspeak words: more Newspeak words, indeed, than any Party member would normally use in real life (Orwell, 1961:13). His voice, made metallic by the amplifiers, boomed forth and endless catalogue of atrocities, massacres, deportations, lootings, raping, torture of

44

prisoners, bombing of civilians, lying propaganda, unjust aggressions, broken treaties. It was almost impossible to listen to him without being first convinced and then maddened. At every few moments the fury at the crowd boiled over and the voice of the speaker was drowned by a wild beastlike roaring that rose uncontrollably from thousands of throats. The most savage yells of all came from the schoolchildren (Orwell, 1961:180-181).

Despite the uncertainty of Oceania's war do against Eastasia or Eurasia, the state of society in the Party, the overwhelming resentment of Goldstein without knowing Goldstein, the injustice of proliferation, the limitations of Party workers, the effects of the totalitarian system of government in the 1984 novel, little child.

Oceania was at war with Eastasia! The banners and posters with which the square was decorated were all wrong! It was sabotage! The agents of Goldstein had been working! (Orwell, 1961:181). Oceania was war with Eastasia: Oceania had always been at war with Eastasia. A large part of the political literature of five years was now completely obsolete. Reports and records of all kinds, newspapers, books, pamphlets, film, soundtracks, photographs all had to be rectified at lightning speed (Orwell, 1961:182).

People never know about how and with whom Oceania is fighting with

Eastasia or Eurasia. People don‘t not allowedtoknow more about Eurasia and

Eastasia. The Party forbids the public to learn the language of the two countries.

War prisoners apart, the average citizen of Oceania never sets eyes on a citizen of either Eurasia or Eastasia, and he is forbidden the knowledge of foreign languages. If he were allowed contact with foreigners he would discover that they are creatures similar to himself and that most of what he has been told about them is lies (Orwell, 1961:196).

45

The Party instilled a sense of nationalism of Oceania children with a deep love for Big Brother. A child is appointed a country hero when the child finds a villain of thought and a Party traitor.

―You‘re a traitor!‖ yelled the boy. ―You‘re a thought-criminal! You‘re a Eurasian spy! I‘ll shoot you, I‘ll vaporize you, I‘ll send you to the salt mines!‘‘ (Orwell, 1961:23). And with good reason, for hardly a week passed in which the Times did not carry a paragraph describing how some eavesdropping little sneak ―child hero‖ was the phrase generally used overheard some compromising remark and denounced his parents to the Thought Police (Orwell, 1961:24-25).

Moreover, the hanging of country criminals is considered an interesting spectacle of Oceania children. Early on the Party influenced the way children think, so the actions of Oceania children were in line with the wishes of the Party.

The great purges involving thousands of people, with public trials of traitors and thought-criminals who made abject confession of their crimes and were afterwards executed, were special showpieces not occurring oftener than once in a couple of years (Orwell, 1961:44). Some Eurasian prisoners, guilty of war crimes, were to be hanged in the Park that evening, Winston remembered. This happened about once a month, and was a popular spectacle. Children always clamored to be taken to see it(Orwell, 1961:23). ―They do get noisy, ―she said. ― They‘re disappointed because they couldn‘t go to see the hanging, that‘s what it is. I‘m too busy to take them, and Tom won‘t be back from work in time.‖ ―Why can‘t we go and see the hanging?‖ roared the boy in his huge voice. ―Want to see the hanging! Want to see the hanging!‖ chanted the little girl, still capering round(Orwell, 1961:23).

The hatred of children did against country criminals is also mentioned by

Goldstein in his book that said it is natural in Oceania.

46

....., and such acts as raping, looting, the slaughter of children, and reprisals against prisoners, which extend even to boiling and burying alive, are looked upon as normal, and, when they are committed by one‘s own side and not by the enemy, meritorious(Orwell, 1961:186).

Nowadays, in Oceania, the great enemy of every parent is his own son, the one most vulnerable to reporting the family crime of the child of the family.

Parents will feel terrorized by their own children, the Party teaches parents to love their children, but instead the child is taught to report the crime of his parents to against the Party.

Nearly all children nowadays were horrible. What is the worst of all was that by means of such organizations as the Spies they were systematically turned into ungovernable little savages, and yet this produced in them no tendency whatever to rebel against the discipline of the Party(Orwell, 1961:24). He thought, that wretched woman must lead a life of terror. Another year, two years, and they would be watching her night and day for symptoms of unorthodoxy (Orwell, 1961:24). All their ferocity was turned outwards, against the enemies of the State, against the enemies foreigners, traitors, saboteurs, thought-criminals. It was almost normal for people over thirty to be frightened of their own children (Orwell, 1961:24).

Thus, in Oceania there are so many spies from schoolchildren.

The square was packed with several thousand people, including a book of about a thousand schoolchildren in the uniform of the spies. On a scarlet draped platform an orator of the Inner Party,.... (Orwell, 1961:180).

Parents who thoughtorthodox and always thought clearly to the Party will feel proud when his son became a party spy to become a country hero.

47

―Ah, well what I mean to say, shows the right spirit, doesn‘t it? Mischievous little beggars they are, both of them, but talk about keenness! All they think about is the Spies, and the war, of course (Orwell, 1961:57). D‘you know what that little girl of mine did last Saturday, when her troop was on a hike out Berkhampstead way? She got two other girls to go with her, slipped off from the hike, and spent the whole afternoon following a strange man. They kept on his tail for two hours, right through the woods, and then, when they got into Amersham, handed him over to the patrols‖(Orwell, 1961:57).

For orthodox thinking is the Party's demand for Party workers.

A Party member is required to have not only the right opinions, but the right instincts...... If he is a person naturally orthodox (in Newspeak, a goodthinker),.... (Orwell, 1961:211).

Similar to the Person's character in the 1984 novel, he is very proud of his two children who are spies by the Party.

―Did I ever tell you, old boy,‖ he said, chuckling round the stem of his pipe, ―about the time when those two nippers of mine set fire to the old market- woman‘s skirt because they saw her wrapping up sausages in a poster of B.B.? Sneaked up behind her and set fire to it with a box matches (Orwell, 1961:62). But keen as mustard! That‘s firs-rate training they give them in in the Spies nowadays better than in my day, even. What d‘you think‘s the latest thing they‘ve served them with? Ear trumpets for listening through keyholes! My little girl bought one home the other night (Orwelll, 1961: 63).

The real purposes of the Party don‘t not onlybreak the relationship between parents and their children, but also the relationship between women and men, there will be no trust in the family. All the delights are limited by the Party even to sexual pleasure in the limits; every family's life is reflected by the power of the

Party.

48

We have cut the links between child and parent, and between man and man, and between man and woman. No one dares trust a wife or a child or a friend any longer. But in the future there will be no wives and no friends. Children will be taken from their mothers at birth, as one takes eggs from a hen. The sex instinct will be eradicated. Procreation will be an annual formality like the renewal of a ration card. We shall abolish the orgasm (Orwell, 1961:267). The aim of the Party was not merely to prevent men and women from forming loyalties which it might it not be able to control. Its real, undeclared purpose was to remove all pleasure sexual act. Not love so much as eroticism was the enemy, inside marriage as well outside (Orwell, 1961:65). The family could not actually be abolished, and, indeed, people were encouraged to be fond of their children in almost the old-fashioned way. The children, on the other hand, were systematically turned against their parents and thought to spy on rheum and report their deviations. The family had become in effect an extension of the Thought Police. It was a device by means of which everyone could be surrounded night and day by informers who knew him intimately (Orwell, 1961:133).

However, the Party is very concerned about the lives of the Party workers themselves, the party workers are not entrusted to shopping in the free market, even the marriage of Partyworkers is arranged by the Party and according to the

Party's wishes.

A Party member lives from birth to death under the eye of the Thought Police. Even when he is alone he can never be sure he is alone. Wherever he may be, asleep or awake, working or resting, in his bath or in bed, he can be inspected. Nothing that he does is indifferent (Orwell, 1961:210). His friendship, his relaxations, his behavior toward his wife and children, the expression of his face when he is alone, the words he mutters in sleep, even the characteristic movements of his body, are all jealously scrutinized. Not only any actual misdemeanor, but any eccentricity, however small, any change of habits, any nervous mannerism that could possibly be the symptom of an inner struggle, is certain to be detected. He has no freedom of choice in any direction whatever (Orwell, 1961:210-211). Party members were supposed not to go into ordinary shops ―dealing on the free market,‖ it was called), but the rule was not strictly kept, because there were various things such as shoelaces and razor blades which it was impossible to get hold of in any other way (Orwell, 1961:6).

49

All marriages between Party members had to be approved by a committee appointed for the purpose, and thought the principle was never clearly stated permission of being physically attracted to one another. The only recognized purpose of marriage was to beget children for the service of the Party (Orwell, 1961:65).

All behaviour, conversations, emotions of Party workers are tapped and watched. There is not way for Party workers to be free from Party oversight.

A Party member is expected to have no private emotions and no respites from enthusiasm. He is supposed to live in a continuous frenzy of hatred of foreign enemies and internal traitors, triumph over victories, and self- abasement before the power and wisdom of the Party (Orwell, 1961:211).

After the marriage of the Party's fellow workers, the Party has forbidden divorce, but when the marriage does not produce a child, the Party will remove the two couples without divorce.

The Party did not permit divorce, but it rather encouraged separation in cases where there were no children (Orwell, 1961:66).

Differ from the proleter, when the Party focuses its attention on the Party workers, on the contrary the Party allowed the Proletaries to live free and at their want.

From the proletarians nothing is to be feared. Left to themselves, they will continue from generation to generation and from century to century, working, breeding, and dying, not only without any impulse to rebel, but without the power of grasping that the world could be other than it is. They could only become dangerous if they advance of industrial technique made it necessary to educate them more highly; but, since military and commercial rivalry are no longer important, the level of popular education is actually declining (Orwell, 1961:210).

50

In addition, to the freedom of life of the proletariat, the Party also does not oversee the proletarians with the telescreen. The prolesare allowed to live free of their want as long as they kept their morale and work for the Party.

The great majority of proles did not even have telescreen in their homes. Even the civil police interfered with them very little. There was a vast amount of criminality in London, a whole world-within-a-world of thieves, bandits, prostitutes, drug peddlers, and racketeers of every description; but since it all happened among the proles themselves, it was of no importance (Orwell, 1961:72).

Proletarian marriages take place at the wish of the people themselves. The

Party has not interest in governing the Proletaries. The party considers the proletarians as the animals; it said that "Proles and animal are free".

In all questions of morals they were allowed to follow their ancestral code. The sexual puritanism of the Party was not imposed upon them. Promiscuity went unpunished; divorce was permitted. For that matter, even religious worship would have been permitted. For that the proles had shown any sign of needing or wanting it. They were beneath suspicion. As the Party slogan put it: ―Proles and animal are free‖ (Orwell, 1961:72).

The crime that occurred in the vicinity of the Proletary is left unceremoniously of the Party, as long as it happened in the proletary's residence, it will not harm the Party.

One fell on a crowded film theatre in Stepney, burying several hundred victims among the ruins. The whole population of the neighbourhood turned out for a long, trailing funeral which went on for hours and was in effect an indignation meeting. Another bomb fell on a piece of waste ground which was used as a playground, and several dozen children were blown to pieces(Orwell, 1961:149).

51

There is only one thing that Party provided for the Proletarians. It is the

Lottery, Lottery with the lure of high prizes. It is provided for the Party's own sake, the proletariat is preoccupied with Lottery so that they cannot think critically about the situation in Oceania.

.... The running of the Lottery, which was managed by the Ministry of Plenty, but he was aware (indeed everyone in the Party was aware) that the prizes were largely imaginary. Only small sums were actually paid out, the winners of the prizes being nonexistent persons. In the absence of any real intercommunication between one part of Oceania and another, this was not difficult (Orwell, 1961:86). The Lottery, with its weekly payout of enormous prizes, was the one public event to which the proles paid serious attention. It was probable that there were some millions of proles for whom the Lottery was the principal if not the one reason for remaining alive. It was their delight, their folly, their anodyne, their intellectual stimulant. Where the Lottery was concerned, even people who could barely read and write seemed capable of intricate calculations and staggering feats of memory (Orwell, 1961:85).

The Proletarians' spirit of the Lottery is very high, with the intention of fulfilling the necessities of life; they are willing to spend money. Whereas the

Party workers know clearly that the promised gift does not really exist. The truth is that the rewards given to the proletary are in small quantities.

In a way, the world-view of the Party imposed itself most successfully on people incapable of understanding it. They could be made to accept the most flagrant violations of reality, because they never fully grasped the enormity of what was demanded of them, and were not sufficiently interested in public events to notice what happening (Orwell, 1961:156).

Goldstein has already mentioned in his book on the Party's situation in

Oceania that the Party forbade.It is circulated of the Party workers at the beginning of the twentieth century.

52

By the standards of the early twentieth century, even a member of the Inner Party lives an austere, laborious kind of life. Nevertheless, the few luxuries that he does enjoy his large, well-appointed flat, the better texture of his clothes, the better quality of his food and drink and tobacco, his two or three servants, his private motor-car or helicopter sets him in a different world from a member of the Outer Party, and the members of the Outer Party have a similar advantages in comparison with the submerged masses whom we call ―the proles‖(Orwell, 1961:191). It is precisely in the Inner Party that war hysteria and hatred of the enemy are strongest. In his capacity as an administrator, it is often necessary for a member of the Inner Party to know that this or that item of war news is untruthful, and he may often be aware that the entire war is spurious and is either not happening or is being waged for purposes quite other than the declared ones; but such knowledge is easily neutralized by the technique of doublethink (Orwell, 1961:192-193). Meanwhile, no Inner Party member wavers for an instant in his mystical belief that the war is real, and that it is bound to end victoriously, with Oceania the undisputed master of the entire world (Orwell, 1961:193). All members of the Inner Party believe in this coming conquest as an article of faith. It is to be achieved either by gradually acquiring more and more territory and so building up an overwhelming preponderance of power, or by the discovery of some new and unanswerable weapon (Orwell, 1961:193).

The Party's does hide truths in Goldstein's book above peel away the events in the Party's own power and the Party sought to destroy the Goldstein book,afterwards the Oceania people have no reason to fight the Party.

Oceanic society rests ultimately on the belief that Big Brother is omnipotent and that the Party is infallible. But since in reality Big Brother is not omnipotent and the Party is not infallible, there is a need for an unwearyingly, moment-to-moment flexibility in the treatment of fact (Orwell, 1961:212). But by far the more important reason for the readjustment of the past is the need to safeguard the infallibility of the Party. It is not merely that speeches, statistics, and records of every kind must be constantly brought up to date in order to show that the of that Party were in all cases right(Orwell, 1961:213).

53

Furthermore to the Party's restrained on Party workers themselves, through the telescreen of Party‘s lies are done at all times, the Big Brother virtues are continuously announced every time, exposed and fixed daily. The lies about the existence of artificial figures are still done by the Ministry of Truth. Newspapers and circulars are always reprinted for perfection of Party goals.

There were occasions when Big Brother devoted his Order for the Day to commemorating some humble, rank-and-file Party member whose life and death, he held up as an example worthy to be followed. Today he should commemorate Comrade Ogilvy, but a few lines of print and a couple of faked photographs would soon bring him into existence (Orwell, 1961:46). Comrade Ogilvy, who had never existed in the present, now existed in the past, and when once the act of forgery was forgotten, he would exist just as authentically, and upon the same evidence, as Charlemagne or Julius Caesar (Orwell, 1961:48). Every record has been destroyed or falsified, every book has been rewritten, every picture has been repainted, every statue and street and every building has been renamed, every date has been altered. And that process is continuing day by day and minute by minute. History has stopped. Nothing exists except and endless present in which the Party is always right (Orwell, 1961:155).

Even through telescreen information is also presented in a changing, just a few hours. But strangely enough, people know exactly the inconsistency of Party information, but they believed in what the telescreen delivered.

If, for example, Eurasia or Eastasia (whichever it may be) is the enemy today, then that country must always have been the enemy, And if the facts say otherwise, then the facts must be altered. Thus history is continuously rewritten. This day-to-day falsification of the past, carried out by the Ministry of Truth, is as necessary to the stability of the regime as the work of repression and espionage carried out by the Ministry of Love (Orwell, 1961:213). Was it possible that they could swallow that, after only twenty-hours? Yes, they swallowed it. Parsons swallowed it easily, with the stupidity of an animal. The eyeless creature at the other table swallowed fanatically, passionately, with a furious desire to track down, denounce, and vaporize

54

anyone who should suggest that last week the ration had been thirty grams. Syme, too in some more complex way, involving doublethink Syme swallowed it(Orwell, 1961:58-59). There was, of course, no admission that any change had taken place. Merely it became known, with extreme suddenness and everywhere at once, that Eastasia not Eurasia was the enemy (Orwell, 1961:180). Although no directive was ever issued, it was known that the chiefs of the Department intended that within one week no reference to the war with Eurasia, or the alliance with Eastasia, should remain in existence anywhere (Orwell, 1961:182).

It is possible that some of the Oceania people want to to the Party, but helplessness and fear keep them mute and did do anything.

.... Not only to the lies that streamed out of the telescreen, but even to the ideals that the Party was trying to achieve (Orwell, 1961:73-74). Always in your stomach and in your skin there was a sort of protest, a feeling that you had been cheated of something that you had a right to. It was true that he had no memories of anything greatly different (Orwell, 1961:59). In any time that he could accurately remember, there had never been quite enough to eat, one had never had socks or underclothes that were no full of holes, furniture had always been battered and rickety, rooms underheated, Tube trains crowded, houses falling to pieces, bread dark-colored, tea a rarity, coffee fifty-tasting, cigarettes insufficient nothing cheap and plentiful except synthetic gin(Orwell, 1961:59). By lack of understanding they remained sane. They simply swallowed everything, and what they swallowed did them no harm, because it left no residue behind, just as a grain of corn will pass undigested through the body of a bird (Orwell, 1961:156).

With the Party's attempt to destroy the truth, and manipulated the news, it is an impossible for people find evidence of Party lies.

It was now impossible for any human being to prove by documentary evidence that the war with Eurasia had ever happened(Orwell, 1961:183).

55

To limit the criticism of the Oceania community, the Partyabolishes education in Oceania. InOceania, people do not know the term "Science". All that is educated and connected with the community's wretchedness is annihilated by the Party.

In Oceania at the present day, Science, in the old sense, has almost ceased to exist. In Newspeak there is no word for ―Science.‖ The empirical method of thought, on which all the scientific achievements of the past were founded, is opposed to the most fundamental principles of Ingsoc. And even technological progress only happens when its products can in some way be used for the diminution of human liberty (Orwell, 1961:193). The scientist of today is either a mixture of psychologist and inquisitor, studying with extraordinary minuteness the meaning of facial expressions, gestures, and tones of voice, and testing the truth producting effects of drugs, shock therapy, hypnosis, and physical torture; or he is a chemist, physicist, or biologist concerned only with such branches of his special subject as are relevant to the taking of life (Orwell, 1961:193-194).

Taken into consideration, the impact of the Party's totalitarian governance system in the state of society around Oceania appears to be the same before the time of war and beyond.

The social atmosphere is that of a besieged city, where the possession of a lump of horseflesh makes the difference between wealth and poverty. And at the same time the consciousness of being at war, and therefore in danger, makes the handing-over of all power to a small caste seem the natural, unavoidable condition of survival (Orwell, 1961:192).

It is also clear that in Oceania the social and economic differences arenot so much considered by the people, the Party is in control of all things and living in affluence, while on the other hand, there is a proletary society preoccupied with

Lottery, the spirit of work and power to support the Party. Human equality

56 issimply a transition of the Party to society. During the ruling party there will never be a human equality.

...., it was no longer necessary for them to live at different social or economic levels. Therefore, from the point of view of the new groups who were on the point of seizing power, human equality was no longer an idea to be striven after, but a danger to be averted (Orwell, 1961:204).

4.3 The Totalitarian Effects to the Characters The totalitarian government of the Party in the 1984 novel, in addition, its impact on the Oceania community, the system of government also greatly influences the individual lives of the characters in the novel. In the following discussion, the writer will explore some of the totalitarian effects on some characters in the 1984 novel.

4.3.1 Winston Smith

Winston, the main character in 1984 novel, heis also the Party worker most affected by the Party's injustices in his individual life. As an outside party worker,

Winston does not get a normal life as he shall. Every step, action and everything that concerns and overseen by the Party through a telescreen.

The telescreen received and transmitted simultaneously. Any sound that Winston made, above the of a very low whisper, would be picked up by it, moreover, so long as he remained within the field of vision which the metal plaque commanded, he could be seen as well as heard. There was of course no way of knowing whether you were being watched at any given moment (Orwell, 1961: 3).

Telescreen also remains Winston of all the Party duties, he is supposed to be working on.

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Winston dialled ―back numbers‖ on the telescreen and called for the appropriate issue of the Time, which slid out of the pneumatic tube after only a few minute‘s delay. The messages he had received referred to articles or news items which for one reason another it was thought necessary to alter, or, as the official phrase had it, to rectify (Orwell, 1961:38).

As a Party Worker in the Ministry of Truth, Winston either likes to or does not, he still keeps rewriting every Party story and fixing up any of the Times' erroneous News errors, and after correcting the news that Winston is required to remove evidence of previous Party errors.

For example, it appeared from the Times of the seventeenth of March that Big Brother, in his speech of the previous day, had predicted that the South Indian front would remain quiet but that a Eurasian offensive would shortly be launched in North Africa (Orwell, 1961:38).

Or again, the Times of the nineteenth of December had published the official forecast of the output of various classes of consumption goods in the fourth quarter of 1983, which was also the sixth quarter of the Ninth Three Year Plan. Today‘s issue contained a statement of the actual output, from which it appeared that the forecast were in every instance grossly wrong. Winston‘s job was to rectify the original figures by making them agree with the later ones (Orwell, 1961:39).

As short a time ago as February, the Ministry of Plenty had issued a promise (a ―categorical pledge‖ were the official words) that there would be no reduction of the chocolate ration during 1984. Actually, as Winston was aware, the chocolate ration was to be reduced from thirty grams to twenty at the end of the present week. All that was needed was to substitute for the original promise a warning that it would probably be necessary to reduce the ration at some time in April (Orwell, 1961:39).

As soon as Winston had dealt with each of the messages, he clipped his speakwritten corrections to the appropriate copy of the Times and pushed them into the pneumatic tube. Then, scions, he crumpled up the original message and any notes that he himself had made, and dropped them into the to be devoured by the flames (Orwell, 1961:39).

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During his duties at the Ministry of Truth, of course Winston knows a little more about the lies that the Party hides in the Oceania community at all times.

By the third day his eyes ached unbearably and his spectacles needed wiping every few minutes. It was like struggling with some crushing physical task, something which one had the right to refuse and which one was nevertheless neurotically anxious to accomplish (Orwell, 1961:183).

In so far as he had time to remember it, he was not troubled by the fact that every word he murmured into the speakwrite, every stroke of his ink pencil, was a deliberate lie. He was as anxious as anyone else in the Department that the forgery should be perfect (Orwell, 196:183).

Thus, the instinct of the rebel Winston emerges over the course of time. He begins to think that he will commit an offence against the Party, as well as to record the lie in a diary.

The thing that he was about to do was to open a diary. This was not illegal (nothing was illegal, since there were no longer any laws), but if detected it was reasonably certain that it would be punished by death, or at least by twenty-five years in a forced-labour camp (Orwell, 1961:6).

In a diary of Winston, hewrites his hatred of Big Brother, though he believes that the Thought policewill arrest him and most likely Winston will be wiped out but he cannot deny that he is actually against the rules of the Party.

Whether he wrote DOWN WITH BIG BROTHER, or whether he refrained from writing it, made no difference. Whether he went on with the diary, or whether he did not go on with, made no difference. The Thought Police would get him just the same. He had committed would still have committed, even if he had never set pen to paper the essential crime that contained all others in itself (Orwell, 1961:19).

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It makes no difference to Winston, when he decides to buy the diary and write DOWN WITH BIG BROTHER, he is ready with all future consequences for his offences. Having thoughts contrary to Big Brother is just as dead.

They’ll shoot me I don’t care they’ll shoot me in the back of the neck I don't care down with big brother they always shoot you in the back of the neck I don’t care down with big brother (Orwell, 1961:19). He was already dead, he reflected. It seemed to him that it was only now when he had begun to be able to formulate his thoughts, that he had taken the decisive step. The consequences of every act are included in the act itself. He wrote:

Thoughtcrime does not entail death: thoughtcrime IS death (Orwell, 1961:28).

After committing a crime of mind, Winston has an aspiration to join the

Goldstein underground army and retreat Big Brother.

Sometimes, too they talked of engaging in active rebellion against the Party, but with no notion of how to take the first step. Even if the fabulous Brotherhood was a reality, there still remained the difficulty of finding one‘s way into it (Orwell, 1961:152).

Winston's great hope to live free from the bondage of the Party rules,

Winston has a desire to live his wishes regardless of himself as a Party worker.

Winston wants to live and marry as he chooses not a Party option. He also wants to spend time with his loved ones in a place where there was no telescreen that always keeps an eye on his every move.

He wished that they were a married couple of ten years standing. He wished that he was walking through the streets with her just as they were doing now, but openly and without fear, talking of trivialities and buying odds and ends for the household (Orwell, 1961:139).

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One day Winston falling in love with one of the Party members named

Julia. Winston makes a steady relationship with Julia, although he realizes that his feelings for Julia were a mistake and the Party will not allow. He and Julia are lobbing over the character of Mr. Charrington as their permanent meeting place, although the risk of being captured by the Thought police was enormous.

He wished above all that they had some places where they could be alone together without feeling the obligation to make love every time they met. It was not actually at that moment, but at some time on the following day, that the idea of renting Mr. Charrington‘s room had occurred to him. When he suggested it to Julia she had agreed with unexpected readiness (Orwell, 1961:139-140).

At one time while he is spending time with Julia, in the attic of Mr.

Charrington, they are both arrested and ambushed by Thought police. At that point

Winston is hot, afraid of being beaten and tortured to death.

A sudden hot sweat had broken out all over Winston‘s body. His face remained completely inscrutable. Never show dismay! Never show resentment! A single flicker of the eyes could give you away (Orwell, 1961:36).

But unlike Winston's fear, Thought policedoes lead Winston to the Ministry of Love without hitting him. He is housed in a prison compound consisting of four telescreen in each corner.

He did not know where he was. Presumably he was in the Ministry of Love; but there was no way of making certain. He was in a high-ceilinged windowless cell walls of glittering white porcelain. Concealed lamps flooded it which he supposed had something to do with the air supply. A bench, only by the door and, at the end opposite the door, a lavatory pan with no wooden seat. There were four telescreen, one in each wall (Orwell, 1961:225).

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During his time in the Ministry of Love prison, Winston does not know the difference between day and night and he does not know clearly how long he had been there, which he obviously knows that while he is in prison.He is never fed and thus, he also makes sure that he is being more than a day there because his stomach now feels sliced hanger.

There was a dull aching in his belly. It had been there ever since they had bundled him into the closed van and driven him away. Him. But he was also hungry, with a gnawing, unwholesome kind of hunger. It might be twenty- four since he had eaten, it might be thirty-six. He still did not know, probably never would know, whether it had been morning or evening when they arrested. Since he was arrested, he had not been fed (Orwell, 1961:225).

As it moves and sounds just a little, the telescreenwould yell at him to keep it quiet and stoop in the corner of the room.

―Smith!‖ yelled the voice from the telescreen. ―6079 Smith, W! Uncover your face. No faces covered in the cell‖ (Orwell, 1961:234).

In the Ministry of Love prison, often Winston is beaten until he has no longer able to calculate how often he has tortured. Treated like an animal by some guards, trampled until unconscious on the floor. The Party's torture of Winston does not stop there, but the evil thoughts Winston makes him tormented until

Winston accepted his crimes.

There were times when it went on and on until the cruel, wicked, unforgivable thing seemed to him not that the guards continued to beat him but that he could not force himself into losing consciousness. There were times when his nerve so forsook him that he began shouting for mercy even before the beating began, when the mere sight of a fist drawn back for a

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blow was enough to make him pour forth a confession of real and imaginary crimes (Orwell, 1961:240).

Sometimes he was beaten till he could hardly stand, then flung like a sack of potatoes onto the stone floor of a cell, left to recuperate for a few hours, and then taken out and beaten again. There were also longer periods of recovery (Orwell, 1961:241).

However, Winston feels that he is on the right side, Big Brother and the

Party are wrong. No matter how painful Winston he is, he convinces himself not to admit his crimes. He will confess, but not at this moment, perhaps later in the day when he has not long bear the torture of the Party.

There were other times when he started out with the resolve of confessing nothing, when every word had to be forced out of him between gasps of pain, and there were times when he feebly tried to compromise, when he said to himself: ―I will confess, but not yet. I must hold out till the pain becomes unbearable. Three more kicks, two more kicks, and then I will tell them what they want‖ (Orwell, 1961:240-241).

How many times he had been beaten, how long the beatings had continued, he could not remember. Always there were five or six men in black uniforms at him simultaneously. Sometimes it was fists, sometimes it was truncheons, sometimes it was steel rods, sometimes it was boots (Orwell, 1961:240).

There were times when he rolled about the floor, as shameless as an animal, writhing his body this way and that in an endless, hopeless effort to dodge the kicks, and simply inviting more and yet more kicks, in his ribs, in his belly, on his elbows, on his shins, in his groin, in his testicles, on the bone at the base of his spine (Orwell, 1961:240).

When in the interrogation of approximately ten or twelve hours, any answer that is not in accordance with the wishes of the Party will get the punishment of torture.

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The beatings grew less frequent, and became mainly a threat, a horror to which he could be sent back at any moment when his answers were unsatisfactory. His questioners now were not ruffians in black uniforms, but Party intellectuals, little rotund men with quick movements and flashing spectacles, who worked on him in relays over periods which lasted—he thought, he could not be sure__ten or twelve hours at a stretch (Orwell, 1961:241).

These other questioners saw to it that he was in constant slight pain, but it was not chiefly pain that they relied on. They slapped his face, wrung his ears, pulled his hair, made him stand on the leg, refused him leave to urinate, shone glaring lights in his face until his eyes ran with water; but the aim of this was simply to humiliate him and destroy his power of arguing and reasoning (Orwell, 1961: 241).

Interrogation sessions are the hardest and most overwhelming thing that

Winston had ever experienced. Every question he has to answer quickly, without lies, let alone doubt.

Their real weapon was the merciless questioning that went on and on hour after hour, tripping him up, laying traps for him, twisting everything that he said, convicting him at every step of lies and self-contradiction, until he began weeping as much from shame as from nervous fatigue. Sometimes he would weep half a dozen times in a single session (Orwell, 1961:241-242).

If you tell me any lies, or attempt to prevaricate in any way, or even fall below your usual level of intelligence. You will cry out with pain, instantly.

―Yes,‖ said Winston (Orwell, 1961:245)

In this session, usually Winston will get an injection and current without a signal and even he does not make a mistake beyond the desire interrogator does to him.

Without any warning except a slight movement of O‘Brien‘s hand, a wave of pain flooded his body. It was a frightening pain, because he could not see

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what was happening, and he had felt that some mortal injury was being done to him. He had not known whether the thing was really happening, or whether the effect was electrically produced, but his body was being wrenched out of shape, the joints were being slowly torn apart (Orwell, 1961:244-245).

At certain moments, Winston feels tired, screamed in pain and even cries when beaten by guards, but there are times when the guards spoke in a gentle tone to him even calling him a comrade.

Most of the time they screamed abuse at him and threatened at every hesitation on delivering him over to the guards again; but sometimes they would suddenly change their tune, call him comrade, appeal to him in the name of Ingsoc and Big Brother, and ask him sorrowfully whether even now he had not enough loyalty to the Party left to make him wish to undo the evil he had done. When his nerves were in rags after hours of questioning, even this appeal could reduce him to snivelling tears (Orwell, 1961:242).

But after that, in the end he will still be treated harshly.

In the end the nagging voices broke him down more completely than the boots and fists of the guards. He became simply a mouth that uttered, a hand that signed whatever was demanded of him (Orwell, 1961:242).

After experiencing how long the endless torture, amidst the pain of Winston consciously or not confessing his crime, saying all the things about himself in the form of names, occupations, offences committed, and other things that occurred in his thinking then.

His sole concern was to find out what they wanted him to confess, and then confess it quickly, before the bullying started anew. He confessed to the assassination of eminent Party members, the distribution of seditious pamphlets, embezzlement of public funds, sale of military secrets, sabotage

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of every kind. He confessed that he had been a spy in the pay of the Eastasian government as far back as 1968. He confessed that he was a religious believer, an admirer of capitalism, and a sexual pervert. He confessed that he had murdered his wife, although he knew, and his questioners must have known, that his wife was still alive. He confessed that for years he had been in personal touch with Goldstein and had been a member of an underground organization which had included almost every human being he had ever known (Orwell, 1961:242).

Until the time comes he acknowledges everything, all the abuses he does.

Announce the crime that the interrogator already knows.

He was confessing everything, even the things he had succeeded in holding back under the torture. He was relating the entire history of his life to an audience who knew it already (Orwell, 1961:243).

During the Winston interrogation period, he does not really recognize who the figure who interrogator because of the condition of the room, where the lights highlight on Winston's face. But in the midst of his awareness he fells recognize the voice of his interrogation.

All through his interrogation, although he had never seen him, he had had the feeling that O‘Brien at his elbow, just out of sight. It was O‘Brien who is directing everything. It was he who set the guards on to Winston and who prevented them from killing him (Orwell, 1961:243).

Winston's allegation against the figure of the interrogator is actually

O'Brien. It turns out O'Brien, whom he believes to be the one who is bringing the

Party's resistance and he is a member of the Brotherhood. He has not longer an interrogator. In fact, this is O'Brien, He is the figure of tormentor, protector, inquisioner, as well as friend.

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It was he who decided when Winston should scream with pain, when he should have a respite, when he should be fed, when he should sleep, when the drugs should be pumped into his arm. It was he who asked the questions and suggested the answer. He was the tormentor, he was the protector, he was the incision, he was the friend (Orwell, 1961:244).

It is true O'Brien said that he and Winston will meet in a place where there is no darkness and the place he means to be Winston's ally in the effort to bring down Big Brother isthe Ministry of Love.

― I told you,‖ said O‘Brien, ―that if we met again it would be here.‖

―Yes,‖ said Winston (Orwell, 1961: 245)

During Winston's period of torture, the Party is also provided a doctor to treat his injuries after the period of the interrogation.

He had the air of a doctor, a teacher, even a priest, anxious to explain and persuade rather than to punish (Orwell, 1961:245).

O'Brien penetrates Winston's mind like a teacher that is talking to a child.

Teaching Winston's fault and saying that any punishment Winston received is not the Party's fault but his own fault.

O‘Brien was looking down at him speculatively. More than even ever he had the air of a teacher taking pains with a wayward but promising child.

You know perfectly well what is the matter with you. You have known it for years, though you have fought against the knowledge. You are unable to remember real events, and you persuade yourself that you remember other events which never happened. Fortunately, it is curable. You have never cured yourself of it, because you did not choose to. There was a small effort of the will that you were not ready to make. Even now, I am aware, you are

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clinging to your disease under the impression that it is a virtue (Orwell, 1961:245-246).

―On the contrary,‖ he said, ―you have not controlled it. That is what has brought you here. You are here because you have failed in humility, in self- discipline. You would not make the act of submission which is the price of sanity. You preferred to be a lunatic, a minority of one (Orwell, 1961:248- 249).

For unreasonable reasons, Winston is taken to the Ministry of Love to save him. The Party believes that Winston commits the offence caused by a problem with his way of thinking. Winston is considered insane. At the Ministry of Love

Party treatment over Winston takes place.

Shall I tell you why we have brought you here? To cure you! To make you sane! Will you understand, Winston, that no one whom we bring to this place ever leaves our hands uncured? We are not interested in the overt act: the thought is all we care about. We do not merely destroy our enemies: we change them. Do you understand what I mean by that? (Orwell, 1961:253).

The improper thought of Winston, lies in the memories of the past before the party in power, with the Winston begin to think critically about the present situation in which the party control in Oceania.

Men were dying because they would not abandon their true beliefs. Naturally, all the glory belonged to the victim and all the shame to the Inquisitor who burned him (Orwell, 1961:253).

In a conscious state Winston will never forget the evidence of Party's lies he has found while working in the Ministry of Truth, believing he stands for the truth.

The most powerful way to get Winston's mind wrong and to return purely to the

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Party will is to thoroughly torture the physical, lowly treatment of self-esteem and ego.

Winston shrank back upon the bed. Whatever he said, the swift answer crushed him like a bludgeon. And yet he knew, he knew, that he was in the right (Orwell, 1961:266).

O‘Brien smiled slightly. ―You are a flaw in the pattern, Winston. You are a stain that must be wiped out. Did I not tell you just now that we are different from the persecutors of the past? We are not content with negative obedience, nor even with the most object submissions. When finally you surrender to us, it must be of your own free will (Orwell, 1961:255).

O'Brien is installed the Party's rule in Winston's soul during the torture, forcing Winston to follow his words. Provide direction, questions and answers significantly. So sometimes Winston cannot think over what answer he has given

"yes" or "no".

―There is a Party slogan dealing with the control of the past,‖ he said. ―Repeat it, if you please.‖

―‗Who controls the past controls the future; who controls the present controls the past,‘ ‖ repeated Winston obediently.

―Who controls the present controls the past,‘ ‖ said O‘Brien nods his head with slow approval. ―Is it your opinion, Winston, that the past has real existence?‖

Again the feeling of helplessness descended upon Winston. His eyes fitted toward the dial. He not only did not know whether ―yes‖ or ―no‖ was the answer that would save him free of pain; did not even know which answer he believes to be the true one. (Orwell, 1961:247-248).

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Even if the Party really wants the annihilation of the thought villain, then beforehand he will clear up all the mistakes in the thinking of each criminal mind, making it part of the Party before killing him.

We convert him, we capture his inner mind, we reshape him. We burn all evil and all illusion out of him; we bring him over to our side, not in appearance, but genuinely, heart and soul. We make him one of ourselves before we kill him (Orwell, 1961:255).

The command of the old despotisms was ‗ Thou shalt not.‘ The command of the totalitarians was ‗ Thou shalt.‘ Our command is ‗Thou art.’ No one whom we bring to this place ever stands out against us. Everyone is washed clean (Orwell, 1961:255).

Even if the thought criminals die in the Ministry of Love, then it is certain they die when his mind is clean so that his love for Big Brother is still there.

There was nothing left in them except sorrow for what they had done, and love of Big Brother. It was touching to see how they love him. They begged to be shot quickly, so that they could die while their minds were still clean‖ (Orwell, 1961:255).

The changes of O‘Brien giving to Winston are used to asking about Julia

(his lover).

―What have you done with Julia?‖ said Winston. O‘Brien smiled again. ―She betrayed you, Winston. Immediately‒ unreservedly. I have seldom seen anyone come over to us so promptly. You would hardly recognize her if you saw her (Orwell, 1961:259).

There is no information that Winston can get from O'Brien about Julia but

"She betrayed you". The conversation between O'Brien and Winston go on to

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Winston's next question which he really has to ask some questions, because

Winston wants to know the truth.

―You tortured her.‖

O‘Brien left this unanswered. ―Next question,‖ he said.

―Does Big Brother exist?‖

―Of course he exists. The Party exists. Big Brother is the embodiment of the Party.‖

―Does he exist in the same way as I exist?‖

―You do not exist,‖ said O‘Brien (Orwell, 1961:259).

In O'Brien's supervision in every Winston's interrogation, Winston's realistic thinking skills gradually weakened. O'Brien says that the truth lies with the Party not on individual memory. When the Party says 2 + 2 = 5, then that's the truth, at certain moments Winston really cannot tell the difference between Four and Five.

But I tell you, Winston, that reality is not external. Reality exists in the human mind, and nowhere else. Not in the individual mind, which can make mistakes, and in any case soon perishes; only in the mind of the Party, which is collective and immortal. Whatever the Party holds to be truth is truth. It is impossible to see reality except by looking through the eyes of the Party. That is the fact that you have got to relearn, Winston. It needs an act of self-destruction, an effort of the will. You must humble yourself before you can become sane‖ (Orwell, 1961: 249).

Perhaps the needle was at eighty—ninety. Winston could only intermittently remember why the pain was happening. Behind his screwed-up eyelids a forest of fingers seemed to be moving in a sort of dance, weaving in and out, disappearing behind one and another and reappearing again. He was trying to count them, he could not remember why. He knew only that it was impossible to count them, and that this was somehow due to the mysterious identity between five and four (Orwell, 1961: 251)

―From how many fingers am I holding up, Winston?‖

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― I don‘t know. I don‘t know. You will kill me if you do that again. Four, five, six —in all honestly, I don‘t know.‖

―Better,‖ said O‘Brien (Orwell, 1961:252).

Afterwards Winston's system of declining thinking, selfish self-esteem and

Winston's self-pity appeared. When, he sees the physical reflection of his body from the mirror, that shown the actual age then the sense comes by itself.

―Go on,‖ said O‘Brien. ―Stand between the wings of the mirror. You shall see the side view as well.‖

He has stopped because he was frightened. A bowel, gray colored, skeletonlike thing was coming toward him. Its actual appearance was frightening, and not merely the fact that knew it to be himself. He moved closer to the glass. The creature‘s face seemed to be protruded, because of its bent carriage. A forlorn, jailbird‘s with nobby forehead running back into a bald scalp, a crooked nose and battered-looking cheekbones above which the eyes were fierce and watchful. The cheeks were seamed, the mouth had a drawn-in look (Orwell, 1961:271).

Strange emotions and feelings raced through Winston's face when he sees that, a once strong body now living a fleshy bone. Today his powerlessness is as weak as Winston's thought process.

The emotions it registered would be different from ones he felt. He had gone partially bald. For the first moment he had thought that he had gray as well, but it was only the scalp that was gray. Except for his hand and a circle of his face, his body was gray all over with ancient, ingrained dirt. Here and there under the dirt there were the red scars of wounds, and near the ankle the varicose under was an inflamed mass with flakes of skin peeling off it (Orwell, 1961:271).

But the truly frightening thing was the emaciation of his body. The barrel of the ribs was as narrow as that a skeleton; the legs had shrunk so that the knees were thicker than the thighs. He saw know what O‘Brien had meant

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about seeing the side view. The curvature of the spine was astonishing. The thin shoulders were hunched forward so as to make a cavity of the chest; the scraggy neck seemed to be bending double under the weight of the skull. At a guess he would have said that it was the body of a man of sixty, suffering from some malignant disease (Orwell, 1961:271-272).

In the Ministry of Love, Winston lost everything. He is losing his pride, losing his self-esteem, losing his love, losing his way of thinking and losing his weight.

Do you know that you have lost twenty-five kilograms since you have been in our hands? Even your hair is coming out in handfuls. Look!‖ he plucked at Winston‘s head and brought away a tuft of hair. ―Open your mouth. Nine, ten, eleven teeth left. How many had you when you came to us? And the few you have left are dropping out of your head. Look here!‖ (Orwell, 1961:272).

With all the tortures he gained, irregular lifestyle, inadequate eating and drinking make Winston like a sixty-years-old man. Even the core Party workers who are so old are far more human than they are.

―You have thought sometime,‖ said O‘Brien, ―that my face—the face of a member of the Inner Party—looks old and worn. What do you think of your own face?‖

He seized Winston‘s shoulder and spun him round so that he was facing him.

―Look at the condition you are in!‖ he said. ―Look at this filthy grime all over your body. Look at the dirt between your toes. Look at that disgusting running sore on your leg. Do you know that you stink like a goat? Probably you have ceased to notice it. Look at your emaciation. Do you see? I can make my thumb and forefinger meet around your biceps. I could snap your neck like a carrot (Orwell, 1961:272).

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With all the reality of his weakening body, Winston cried for himself, pity for his body is greater than the spirit of violation of the known truth.

Then suddenly as he fixed the miserable rags round himself a feeling of pity for his ruined body overcame him. Before he knew what he was doing, he had collapsed into a small stool that stood beside the bed and burst into tears. He was aware of his ugliness, his gracelessness, a bundle of bones in fifty underclothes sitting weeping in the harsh white light; but he could not stop himself (Orwell, 1961:272-273).

Utilizing Winston's regret for his condition, O'Brien kindly offered a solution to remove Winston from the guilt.

O‘Brien laid his hand on his shoulder, almost kindly.

―It will not last forever,‖ he said. ―You can escape from it whenever you choose. Everything depends on yourself.‖

―You did it!‖ sobbed Winston. ―You reduced me to this state..‖

I do not think there can be much pride left in you. You have been kicked and flogged and insulted, you have screamed with pain, you have rolled on the floor in your own blood and vomit. You have whimpered from mercy, you have betrayed everybody and everything (Orwell, 1961:273).

The solution O'Brien is offered, of course, a solution to stand on the side of the Party, to love Big Brother again, and to wipe Winston's desire to live freely as he had before.

―No, Winston, you reduced yourself to it. This is what you accepted when you set yourself up against the Party (Orwell, 1961:273).

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Sabotage of O'Brien against Winston puts Winston's defines to the ground, everything that hinged on the most loved men (Julia) he bowed to the Party.

Whatever Winston knew about Julia as small as she was, she told the Party.

He had told them everything he knew about her, her habbits, her character, her past life; he had confessed in the most trivial detail everything that had happened at their meetings, all that he had said to her and she to him, their blackmarket meals, their adulteries, their vague plootings against the Party—everything. And yet, in the sense in which he intended the word, he had not betrayed her. He had not stopped loving her; his feeling toward her had remained the same (Orwell, 1961:274).

After long torture, the Party let Winston live for a while at the Ministry of

Love before actually releasing him. But the treatment guards and interrogators are now a bit human. Winston has been given enough food, clean clothes, gradually the pain that had once disappeared. After all, Winston is content with what he is doing now, nothing else to do but eat, sleep, and have a wonderful dream. No more resistance came to mind when he woke from his sleep.

Such thoughts as he had when he was awake were mostly about his dream. He seemed to have lost the power of intellectual effort, now that the stimulus of pain had been removed. He was bored; he had no desire for conversation or distraction. Merely to be alone, not to be beaten or questioned, to have enough to eat, and to be clean all over, was completely satisfying (Orwell, 1961:275).

All he cared for was to lie quiet and feel the strength gathering in his body. He would finger himself here and there, trying to make sure that it was not an illusion that his muscles were growing rounder and his skin tauter. Finally, it was established beyond a doubt that he was growing fatter; his thighs were now definitely ticker than his knees (Orwell, 1961:275).

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Winston's body is gradually improving, with the nutrition and treatment the

Party provided. But the Party will never let Winston go, the oversight of Thought

Police has been long, it is unlikely that the Party will release Winston unless the

Party really feels that Winston is not longer a threat but a friend.

He knew that for seven years the Thought Police had watched him like a beetle under a magnifying glass. There was no physical act, no word spoken aloud, that they had not noticed, no train of thought that they had not been able to infer. Even the speck of whitish dust on the cover of his diary they had carefully replaced. They had played sound tracks to him, shown him photographs. Some of them were photographs of Julia and himself (Orwell, 1961:276-277).

In addition the Party must also ensure that Winston's love of the Big Brother is inherent in his heart, mind and actions.

—Tell me, what are your true feeling toward Big Brother?‖

―I hate him.‖

―You hate him. Good. Then the time has come for you to take the last step. You must love Big Brother. It is not enough to obey him; you must love him‖ (Orwell, 1961: 283).

To be free from all forms of torture, Winston installed in the brain all the informationhe gets from O'Brien. Everything that O'Brien has delivered to him becomes self-evident in Winston's memory. When it is given a blank paper and pens without hesitation Winston rewrote the words again.

The pencil, felt thick and awkward in his finger. He began to write down the thoughts that came into his head. He wrote first in large, clumsy capitals:

FREEDOM IS SLAVERY.

Then, almost without a pause he wrote beneath it:

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TWO AND TWO MAKE FIVE (Orwell, 1961:277).

Winston accepted everything O'Brien tells to him and thought that are true, he believed that O'Brien is omniscient and he is the wrong one.

He accepted everything. The past was alterable. The past never had been altered. Oceania was at war with Eastasia. Oceania had always been at been at war with Eastasia. Jones, Aaronson, and Rutherford were guilty of the crimes they were charged with. He had never seen the photograph that disproved their guilt. It had never existed; he had invented it. He remembered remembering contrary things, but those were false memories, products of self-deception (Orwell, 1961:277).

Winston understood that if he wants to be free from all the tortures of guards or O'Brien, then he has to accept and believe what O'Brien had told him, and he shall be able to repeat what O'Brien has taught him. Actually, Winston is not hard to do that, but sometimes when the awareness is over him, he usually thinks back to believe an O'Brien's statement about the Party's "the Party ice heavier than water".

The mind should develop a blind spot whenever a dangerous thought presented itself. The process should be automatic, instinctive. Crimestop, they called it in Newspeak (Orwell, 1961:278).

He set to work to exercise himself in crimestop. He presented himself with propositions—―the Party says the earth is flat,‖ ―the Party that ice is heavier than water‖ —and trained himself in not seeing or not understanding the arguments that contradicted them. It was not easy. It needed great powers of reasoning and improvisation (Orwell, 1961:278).

He hardly knew why he had ever rebelled. Everything was easy, except—! (Orwell, 1961:278).

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The proof of the Party for the control of life in Oceania is real; Winston recalls something called human nature, a very different concept to the humanity

Party.

―We control life, Winston, at all its levels. You are imagining that there is something called human nature which will be outraged what we do and will turn against us. But we create human nature. Men are infinitely malleable. Or perhaps you have returned to your old idea that the proletarians or the slaves will arise and overthrow us. Put it out of your mind. They are helpless, like the animals. Humanity is the Party. The others are outside— irrelevant‖ (Orwell, 1961:269).

All forms of the Coherent humanity Party with the power of Big Brother,

O'Brien with difficulty and his sabotage must ensure at Winston's love of Big

Brother attached to his soul. In this case Winston has not feel the love, except for the circumstances that compelled him.

He released Winston with a little push toward the guards.

―Room 101,‖ he said (Orwell, 1961:282).

Room 101 is a very scary court room for mind criminals, no one knows the contents of room 101, but it is certain that after the thought criminals enter the room 101, they will surrender and ask for anything against their offences against the Party.

―You asked me once,‖ said O‘Brien, ―what was in Room 101. I told you that you knew the answer already. Everyone knows it. The thing that is in Room 101 is the worst thing in the world‖ (Orwell, 1961:283).

―In your case,‖ said O‘Brien, ―the worst thing in the world happens to be rats‖(Orwell, 1961:283).

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The Thought police who has watched Winston all along is well aware of the great fear of Winston. A human being positioned in a state where he feels threatened will do anything to maintain the existence of his existence even though the thing he does betrayal.

O‘Brien picked up the cage, and, as he did so, pressed something in it. There was a sharp click. Winston made a frantic effort to tear himself loose from the chair. It was hopeless: every part of him, even his head, was held immovably. O‘Brien moved the cage nearer. It was less than a meter from Winston‘s face (Orwell, 1961:285).

―I have pressed the first lever,‖ said O‘Brien. ―You understand the construction of this cage. The mask will fit over your head, leaving no exit. When I press this other lever, the door of the cage will slide up. These starving brutes will shoot out of it like bullets. Have you ever seen a rat leap through the air? They will leap onto your face and bore straight into it. Sometimes they attack the eyes first. Sometimes they burrow through the cheeks and devour the tongue‖ (Orwell, 1961:285).

When confronted with his fear of mice, Winston thought of a way to save himself.

There was one and only one way to save himself. He must interpose another human being, the body of another human being, between himself and the rats (Orwell, 1961:286).

And at that moment, Winston thought of replacing his position with others.

Who should accept the misfortune or the misfortune it should be someone other than himself. Suddenly his promise to Julia to keep each other, trust he forgot, he said that he does not care about Julia as long as he survives.

He had grown fatter since they released him, and had regained his old colour—indeed, more than regained it. His features had thickened, the skin

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on nose and cheekbones was coarsely red, even the bald scalp was too deep a pink (Orwell, 1961:288).

―Do it to Julia! Do it to Julia! Not me! Julia! I don‘t care what you do to her. Tear her face off, strip her to the bones. Not me! Julia! Not me!‖ (Orwell, 1961:286).

After the Party is convinced that Winston has no longer a threat to him,

Winston is freed. Winston is given a meaningless job in the Ministry of Truth.

Occasionally, perhaps twice a week, he went to a dusty, forgotten-looking office in the Ministry of Truth and did a little work, or what was called work. He had been appointed to a sub-committee of a sub-committee, which had sprouted from one of the innumerable committees dealing with minor difficulties that arose in the compilation of the Eleventh Edition of the Newspeak dictionary (Orwell, 1961:294).

Now, nobody cares about Winston anymore, not even telescreen. One time in March Winston saw Julia somewhere, but there was no longer his desire to return to Julia. Winston‘s love for Julia is now completely gone, but the guilt of his betrayal is still there.

No one cared what he did any longer, no whistle woke him, no telescreen admonished him (Orwell, 1961:294).

It was in the Park, on a vile, biting day in March, when the earth was like iron and all the grass seemed dead and there was not a bud anywhere except a few crocuses which had pushed themselves up to be dismembered by the wind. He was hurrying along with frozen hands and watering eyes when he saw her not ten meters away from him. It struck him at once that she had changed in some ill-defined way. They almost passed one another without a sign: then he turned and followed her, not very eagerly (Orwell, 1961:291).

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Now, Winston does not have another rebellious soul, all the forms of struggle he has done vanished, it takes him forty years to learn his past mistakes.

Now he really loves Big Brother.

He gazed up at the enormous face. Forty years it had taken him to learn what kind of smile was hidden beneath the dark moustache. O cruel, needless misunderstanding! O stubborn, self-willed exile from the loving breast! Two gin-scented tears trickled down the sides of his nose. But it was all right, everything was all right, the struggle was finished. He had won the victory over himself. He loved Big Brother (Orwell, 1961:297-298).

4.3.2 Syme

Syme is one of the Party‘s worker, this one Winston's friend also has critical thinking like Winston's thought. He even expressed his criticism of Newspeak. He said:

―Don‘t you see that the whole aim of Newspeak is to narrow the rangeof thought? In the end, we shall make thought crime literally impossible, because there will be no words in to express. Every concept that can ever be needed will be expressed by exactly one word, with its meaning rigidly defined and all its subsidiary meanings rubbed out and forgotten (Orwell, 1961:52).

―There is a word in Newspeak,‖ said Syme, ―I don‘t know whether you know it: duckspeak, to quack like a duck. It is one of those interesting words that have contradictory meanings. Applied to an opponent, it is abuse; applied to someone you agree with, it is praise‖(Orwell, 1961:54).

In addition, Syme's criticism of the Party's treatment of the prole is expressed in public.

― The prole are not human being,‖ he said carelessly.‖ By 2050 earlier, probably all real knowledge of Oldspeak will have disappeared. The whole literature of the past will have been destroyed (Orwell, 1961:52-53).

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According to Syme states that slogan and all rules of the Party will be replaced like, "freedom is slavery ''.

Even the literature of the Party will change. Even the slogans will change. How could you have a slogan like ‗freedom is slavery‘ when the concept of freedom has been abolished? The whole climate of thought will be different. In fact, there will be no thought, as we understand it now. Orthodoxy means no thinking not needing to think. Orthodoxy is unconsciousness‖ (Orwell, 1961:53).

Seeing the treatment of his friend, Winston thought that one day Syme would be eliminated. The thought is too clever, he reads too much, he hangs around the Chestnut Tree Café too often, it's said that the place is where the rebels often appear, what Syme thinks and speaks are not wrong, but his revelation clearly makes him the target of Thought police.

One of these days, thought Winston with sudden deep conviction, Syme will be vaporized. He is too intelligent. He sees too clearly and speaks too plainly. The Party does not like such people. One day he will disappear. It is written in his face (Orwell, 1961:53).

He said things that would have been better unsaid, he had read too many books, he frequents the Chestnut Tree Café, yet the place was somehow ill- omened. The old, discredited leaders of the Party had been used to gather there before they were finally purged. Goldstein himself, it was said, he sometimes been seen there, tears and decades ago (Orwell, 1961:55).

Apparently Winston's alleges disappearance of Syme really proved, one day

Syme disappeared and now no one is talking about Syme. The party makes Syme never existed, everything related to Syme has been destroyed.

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Syme had vanished. A morning came, and he was missing from work; a few thoughtless people commented on his absence. On the next day nobody mentioned him (Orwell, 1961:147).

On the third day Winston went into the vestibule of the Records Department to look at notice board. One of the notices carried a printed list of the members of the Chess Committee, of whom Syme had been one. It looked almost exactly as it had looked before nothing had been crossed out but it was one name shorter. It was enough. Syme had ceased to exist; he had never existed (Orwell, 1961:147).

4.3.3 Julia Likewise with Winston and Syme, Julia is also a Party worker, Julia has free thinking and violates the rules of the Party, but the offences are included in the small category. She busies himself at every Party event so that it is not obvious to commit a foul. She believes that as long as you follow the rules you will remain safe.

―..... I‘m good at games. I was a troopleader in Spiess. I do voluntary work three evenings a week for the Junior Anti-Sex League. Hours and hours I‘ve spent pasting their bloody rot all over London. I always carry one end of a banner in the processions. I always look cheerful and I never shirk anything. Always yell with the crowd, that‘s what I say. It‘s the only way to be safe‖ (Orwell, 1961:121-122). ...., the sub-section of the Fiction Department which turned out cheap pornography for distribution among the proles. It was nicknamed Muck House by the people who worked in it, she remarked. There she had remained for a year, helping to produce booklets in sealed packets with titles like Spanking Stories or One Night in a Girls’ School, to be bought furtively by proletarian youths who were under the impression that they were buying something illegal (Orwell, 1961:130). It paid, she said; it was camouflage. If you kept the small rules you could break the big ones (Orwell, 1961:129).

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Party events are followed by Julia in order to save herself, when her Two

Minutes Hate performance looked very excited and stood in the front row. The expression of hatred emanated on his face and the screams of Goldstein sounded very clear and loud.

Times beyond number, at Party rallies and spontaneous demonstrations, she had shouted at the top of her voice for the execution of people whose name she had never heard and in whose supposed crimes she had not the faintest belief (Orwell, 1961: 152). When public trials were happening she had taken her place in the detachments from the Youth League who surrounded the courts from morning to night, chanting at intervals ―Death to the traitors!‖ During the Two Minutes Hate she always excelled all others in shouting insults at Goldstein. Yet she had only the dimmest idea of who Goldstein was and what doctrines he was supposed to represent (Orwell, 1961:152-153). She also stirred a sort of envy in him by telling him that during the Two Minutes Hate her great difficulty was to avoid bursting out laughing. But she only questioned the teachings of Party when they in some way touched upon her own life (Orwell, 1961:153).

According to Julia, the Party will stop all your pleasures, you want happiness, but the Party otherwise, and therefore breaking the Party rules are bit of a form of action in achieving that pleasure.

Life as she saw it was quite simple. You wanted a good time; ―they,‖ meaning the Party, want to stop you having it; you broke the rules as the best you could. She seemed to think it just natural that ―they‖ should want to rob you of your pleasures as that you should want to avoid being caught (Orwell, 1961:131).

Speaking of a violation of the Party, Julia is acting alone and according to her instinct, Julia does not believe in fellowship among dissidents, she never engaged anyone in the long term. Winston is his only crime partner in a long time.

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She had never heard of the Brotherhood, and refused to believe in its existence. Any kind of recognized revolt against the Party, which was bound to be a failure, struck her as stupid. The clever thing was to break the rules and stay alive all the same (Orwell, 1961:131). But she refused to believe that widespread, organized opposition existed or could exist. The tales about Goldstein and his underground army, she said, were simply a lot of rubbish which the Party had invented for its own purposes and which you had pretended to believe in (Orwell, 1961:152).

During her relationship with Winston, Julia cleverly arranged the meetings in a fleeting manner in order not to invite the Party's attention.

There were evenings when they reached their rendezvous and then had to walk past one another without a sign, because a patrol had just come round the corner or a helicopter was hovering overhead. Even if it had been less dangerous, it would still have been difficult to find time to meet. (Orwell, 1961:129). We can come here once again, ―said Julia. ―It‘s generally safe to use any hide-out twice. But not for another month or two, of course‖ (Orwell, 1961:126).

On every occasion Winston and Julia a planned meeting, in different places to establish romance, the same place is only visited by them twice but the attic above Charrington's character.

She had named a place where they could meet after work, four evenings hence. It was an open market which has generally crowded and noisy. She would be hanging about among the stalls, pretending to be in search of shoelaces of sewing thread (Orwell, 1961:127). If she judged that the coast was clear she would blow her nose when he approached; otherwise he was to walk past her without recognition. But with luck, in the middle of the crowd, it would be safe to talk for a quarter of an hour and arrange another meeting (Orwell, 1961:127).

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Julia understood very well that when she turned a steady relationship with

Winston it will be lead to death, sooner or later. But there is no time for him to retreat, his relationship with Winston is very far away.

....., that from the moment of declaring war on the Party it was better to think of yourself as corpse. ―We are the dead,‖ he said. ―We‘re not dead yet,‖ said Julia prosaically. ―Not physically. Six months, a year five years, conceivably (Orwell, 1961:136).

Not only Julia, but also Winston feels that they will die just waiting for the time when the Thought Police holds her.

We are the dead,‖ he said. ―We are the dead,‖ echoed Julia dutifully. ―You are the dead,‖ said an iron voice behind them. ―You are the dead,‖ repeated the iron voice. ―It was behind the pictures,‖ breathed Julia. ―It was behind the picture,‖ said the voice. ―Remain exactly where you are. Make no movement until you are ordered‖ (Orwell, 1961:221)

What Julia and Winston has in mind proved to be, in the attic above

Charrington's lord, suddenly Thought police comes to ambush them. Guards also blow felt Julia at the time.

One of the men had smashed his fist into Julia‘s solar plexus, doubling her up like a pocket ruler, She was thrashing about on the floor, fighting for breath (Orwell, 1961:223).

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After going through a long process of punishment for Julia's offence against the Party, Julia appears to a person, very different from before. The once energetic and eccentric Julia turns helpless, all her filthy thoughts and behaviour disappear along with the suffering of her torture.

All her rebelliousness, her deceit, her folly, her dirty mindedness— everything has been burned out of her. It was a perfect conversion, a textbook case‘‘ (Orwell, 1961:259).

4.3.4 Ampleforth

Ampleforth is the next person to accept the injustice of Party rule. As a figure who works to make poetry, Ampleforth makes a small mistake to be tried inthe Ministry of Love.

The poet Ampleforth shambled into the cell (Orwell, 1961:230). ―Ampleforth,‖ he said. There was no yell from the telescreen. Ampleforth paused, mildly startled. His eyes focused themselves slowly on Winston. ―Ah, Smith!‖ he said. ―You, too!‖ ―What are you in for?‖ ―To tell you the truth —‖ He sat down awkwardly on the bench opposite Winston. ―There is only one offense, is there not?‖ he said. ―And have you committed it?‖ ―Apparently I have‖ (Orwell, 1961:230).

The states of Ampleforth when inserted in the cell is very alarming, in contrast to the generous and intelligent Ampleforth figures that Winston sees him.

He was shoeless; large, dirty toes were sticking out of the holes in his socks. He was also several days away from a shave. A scrubby beard covered his

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face to the cheekbones, giving him an air of ruffianism that went oddly with his large weak frame and nervous movements (Orwell, 1961:230).

The mistake that ensnares Amploforth to prison lies in the mistake of writing the word "God" at the end of the line of the poem that should be the word

"rod", Ampleforth's belief in the word "God" that makes him think that what he did was not wrong. The right word to fill the line is "God" instead of "rod". That is action that makes the Party have to process Ampleforth to re-think clearly as the

Party wishes.

We were producing a definitive edition of the poems of Kipling. I allowed the word ‗God‘ to remain at the end of the line. I could not help it!‖ he added almost indignantly, raising his face to look at Winston. ―It was impossible to change the line. The rhyme was ‗rod.‘ Do you realize that there are only twelve rhymes to ‗rod‘ in the entire language? For days I had racked my brains. There was no other rhyme‖ (Orwell, 1961:230-231). The expression on his face changed. The annoyance passed out of it and for a moment he looked almost pleased. A sort of intellectual warmth, the joy of the pedant who has found out some useless fact,...(Orwell, 1961:231).

At that moment he realized the strangeness of Newspeak language in

Oceania, in fact, in the power of the Party that the language lacks the freedom of the rhymes.

―Has it ever occurred to you,‖ he said, ―that the whole history of English poetry has been determined by the fact that the English language lacks rhymes?‖ (Orwell, 1961:231).

4.3.5 Person

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Moments later, Winston meets the figure of Person who he believes will not get the Party punishment. The figure on Winston's latest list of predictions will be wipe out because of his stewardship of the Party.

Person walked into the cell. He was wearing khaki shorts and a sports shirt. (Orwell, 1961:232). ―What are you in for?‖ said Winston. ―Thoughtcrime!‖ said Person, almost blubbering. The tone of his voice implied at once a complete admission of his guilt and a sort of incredulous horror that such a word could be applied to himself (Orwell, 1961:232).

With a guilty face Person admits his crime to Winston. He tellsWinston all the chronological things that plunged him into prison lies in his unconscious, having uttered his hatred of Big Brother asleep.

Do you know how it got hold of me? In my sleep! Yes, that‘s a fact. There I was, working away, trying to do my bit —never knew I had any bad stuff in my mind at all. And then I started talking in my sleep. Do you know what they heard me saying?‖ ― ‗Down with Big Brother!‘ Yes, I said that! Said it over and over again, it seems. Between you and me, old man, I‘m glad they got me before it went any further. Do you know what I‘m going to say to them when I go up before the tribunal? ‗Thank you,‘ I‘m going to say, ‗thank you for saving me before it was too late‘ ‖ (Orwell, 1961:233).

The most frightening thing happened, in fact the one who reported the

Person for his crime is his daughter. This is certainly unforgivable by the parents except the Person who is not intelligent and tends to be stupid.

―Who denounced you?‖ said Winston. ―It was my little daughter,‖ said Person with a sort of doleful pride. ―She listened at the keyhole. Heard what I was saying and nipped off to patrols the very next day. Pretty smart for nipped of seven, eh? I don‘t bear her any

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grudge for it. In fact, I‘m proud of her. It shows I brought her up in the right spirit, anyway‖ (Orwell, 1961:233).

4.3.6 Mr. Charrington Mr. Charrington initially has a high tolerance for one's privacy. According to all people have privacy that shall not be disturbed by others, even Party has not the right to disturb to him.

Mr. Charrington had made no difficulty about letting the room. Nor did he seem shocked or become offensively knowing when it was made clear that Winston wanted the room for the purpose of the love affair (Orwell, 1961:137). Privacy, he said, wasa veryvaluable thing. Everyone wanted a place where they could be alone common occasionally. And when they had such a place, it was only common courtesy in anyone lese who knew of it to keep his knowledge to himself (Orwell, 1961:137).

But Mr. Charrington does not last long, because with the Party's control and effort during the ambush of Winston and Julia in his own attic, Mr. Charrington appeared in a completely different style and appearance.

A man stooped to obey. The cockney accent had disappeared; Winston suddenly realized whose voice it was that he had heard a few moments ago on the telescreen. Mr. Charrington was still wearing his old velvet jacket, but his hair, which had been almost white, had turned back. Also, he was not wearing his spectacles. He gave Winston a single sharp glance, as though verifying his identity, and then paid no more attention to him (Orwell, 1961:224).

With such a thoroughly changing look, it makes Winston confuse to recognize Mr. Charrington, last of Winston realizes that Mr. Charrington is nothing but a Thought police.

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He was still recognizable, but he was not the same person any longer. His body had straightened, and seemed to have grown bigger. His face had undergone only formation. The black eyebrows were less bushy, the wrinkles were gone, the whole lines of the face seemed to have altered; even the nose seemed shorter. It was the alert, cold face of a the first time in his life he was looking, with knowledge, at a member of Thought Police (Orwell, 1961:224).

4.3.7 The Prole

The prole is the only characters who never taste the prisoner cell in the

Ministry of Love. The injustice suffered by prole is freed to live by the Party like animals.

....The Party taught that the proles were natural inferiors who must be kept in subjection, like animals, by the application of a few simple rules. In reality very little was known about the proles. It was not necessary to know much. So long as they continued to work and breed, their other activities were without importance (Orwell, 1961:71).

The free life given by the Party does not mean completely free, but Party control is still working on the prole. It is very easy for the Party to control the prole.

To keep them in control was not difficult. A few of the Thought Police moved always among them, spreading false rumours and marking down and eliminating the few individuals who were judged capable of becoming dangerous; but not attempt was made to indoctrinate them with the ideology of the Party (Orwell, 1961:71).

The Party's ingenuity in sabotaging the situation among the prole makes the prole bowed and indifferent to the state of the oppressed. The Party does not prepare the education for the people and continue to employ them on a scale at

91 any given time. Thus, the thought of the prole will not advance so by the prole it is impossible to happen.

It was desirable that the proles should have strong political feeling. All that was required of them was primitive patriotism which could be appealed to whenever it was necessary to make them accept longer working hours or shorter rations. And even when they became discontented, as they sometimes did, their discontent led nowhere, because, being without general ideas, they could only focus it on petty specific grievances. The larger evils invariably escaped their notice (Orwell, 1961:71).

In addition to being designed for work, the prole is also useful in terms of patriotism towards the state. The prole will takes part when war information is circulating in Oceania.

The proles, normally apathetic about the war, were being lashed into one of their periodical prenzies of the patriotism. As though to harmonize with the general mood,...( Orwell, 1961:149).

The part included here is nothing but the spirit of the proletarians' own demonstrations. The hatred of the proletarians against Goldstein, Eurasia or

Eastasia is real when seen from the demonstrations by them.

There were further angry demonstration, Goldstein was burned in effigy, hundreds of copies of the poster of the Eurasian soldier were torn down and added to the flame, and a number of shops were looted in the turmoil; then a rumour flew round that spies were directing the rocket bombs by means of wireless waves, and an old couple who were suspected of being of foreign extraction had their house set on fire and perished of suffocation (Orwell, 1961:149).

As long as Oceania still in controlled by the Party then there is no future for the proletes. Not those who do not want to fight, but the circumstances that keep them subject and work according to the Party's wishes.

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The proletarians will never revolt, not in a thousand years or a million. They cannot. I do not have to tell you the reason; you know it already. If you have ever cherished any dreams of violent insurrection, you must abandon them. There is no way in which the Party can be overthrown. The rule of the Party is forever. Make that the starting point of your thoughts‖ (Orwell, 1961: 261-262).

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CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS

This chapter presents the conclusions, suggestions and the summary of the findings that are discussedin the previous chapter.

5.1 Conclusion

As a social critic novel, Nineteen Eighty Four presents some of the social facts that often encounter in everyday life. George Orwell describes the societal disparities that occured with the background of life of the Oceania community in

London. In Orwell's 1984 novel spill disagreement with government systems such as the German Nazi and Russian Communist which are a bit more totalitarian. By noting the narrative of the 1984 novel, the equation of social structure of society in each country is illustrated.

The writer believes in any country, the class is divided into three classes: high class, middle class and low class. The upper classes are the Party (which runs the government), the middle class (the Party assistant apparatus in running the government), and then last the lower classes (proletaries or unskilled workers outside the government). Thus, the social gap is clearly different between the three classes of society.

Afteranalyzing this novel by measuring the focus on the Party government system, the writer conclude that the system of government that Orwell attempted to describe in this novel is a totalitarian system of government, in which the ultimate power is in the hands of the Party and the extermination of freedom for society and individuals. All interests are Party's interests, all goals are the goals of

94 the Party and all truth is the Party. In the explanatory chapter illustrated clearly how the Oceania people are subject to the rule of the Party, dissident individuals are tried in accordance with the Party's rules and forcibly participate in the rule circle of the Party Government.

5.2 Suggestions

Based on the conclusions from the results of the above research, the writer gives some suggestions that can be used as consideration, among others:

1. The research 1984novel by George Orwell is still limited to the

depiction of social criticism in the conflict of totalitarian party government

systems and the totalitarian impact on society and its characters, such as

Winston Smith, Julia, Big Brother, O'Brien and etc.

2. As a matter of consideration, the writer suggested for further research

on 1984 novels to discuss political authority, physical, and the

psychological.

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APPENDICES

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Appendix I Synopsis of 1984 novel

Winston Smith is a low-ranking member of the ruling Party in London, in the nation of Oceania. He works in the Records Department in the Ministry of

Truth, rewriting and distorting history. Everywhere Winston goes, even his own home, the Party watches him through telescreens; everywhere he looks he sees the face of the Party‘s seemingly omniscient leader, a figure known only as Big

Brother.

Winston works in the Ministry of Truth, where he alters historical records to fit the needs of the Party. He notices a co-worker, a beautiful dark-haired girl, staring at him, and worries that she is an informant who will turn him in for his thoughtcrime. He is troubled by the Party‘s control of history: the Party claims that Oceania has always been allied with Eastasia in a war against Eurasia, but

Winston seems to recall a time when this was not true. The Party also claims that

Emmanuel Goldstein, the alleged leader of the Brotherhood, is the most dangerous man alive, but this does not seem plausible to Winston. Winston spends his evenings wandering through the poorest neighbourhoods in London, where the proletarians, or proles, live squalid lives, relatively free of Party monitoring.

In Oceania, The Party controls everything in Oceania, even the people‘s history and language. Currently, the Party is forcing the implementation of an invented language called Newspeak, which attempts to prevent political rebellion by eliminating all words related to it. Even thinking rebellious thoughts are illegal.

Such thoughtcrime is it, in fact, the worst of all crimes. As the novel opens,

Winston feels frustrated by the oppression and rigid control of the Party, which

99 prohibits free thought, sex, and any expression of individuality. Winston dislikes the party and has illegally purchased a diary in which to write his criminal thoughts. He has also become fixated on a powerful Party member named O‘Brien, whom Winston believes is a secret member of the Brotherhood— the mysterious, legendary group that works to overthrow the Party.

One day, Winston receives a note from the dark-haired girl that reads ―I love you.‖ She tells him her name, Julia, and they begin a covert affair, always on the lookout for signs of Party monitoring. Eventually they rent a room above the second-hand store in the prole district where Winston bought the diary. This relationship lasts for some time. Winston is sure that they will be caught and punished sooner or later (the fatalistic Winston knows that he has been doomed since he wrote his first diary entry). As Winston‘s affair with Julia progresses, his hatred for the Party grows more and more intense. At last, he receives the message that he has been waiting for: O‘Brien wants to see him.

Winston and Julia travel to O‘Brien‘s luxurious apartment. As a member of the powerful Inner Party (Winston belongs to the Outer Party), O‘Brien leads a life of luxury that Winston can only imagine. O‘Brien confirms to Winston and

Julia that, like them, he hates the Party, and says that he works against it as a member of the Brotherhood and gives Winston a copy of Emmanuel Goldstein‘s book, the manifesto of the Brotherhood. Winston reads the book—an amalgam of several forms of class-based twentieth-century . Meanwhile, there is

Julia in the room above the store. Suddenly, soldiers barge in and seize them. Mr.

Charrington, the proprietor of the store, is revealed as having been a member of

100 the Thought Police all along.

Torn away from Julia and taken to a place called the Ministry of Love,

Winston finds that O‘Brien, too, is a Party spy who simply pretended to be a member of the Brotherhood in order to trap Winston into committing an open act of rebellion against the Party. O‘Brien spends months torturing and

Winston, who struggles to resist. At last, O‘Brien sends him to the dreaded Room

101, the final destination for anyone who opposes the Party. Here, O‘Brien tells

Winston that he will be forced to confront his worst fear. Throughout the novel,

Winston has had recurring nightmares about rats; O‘Brien is now strapping a cage full of rats onto the Winston‘s head and prepares to allow the rats to eat his face.

Winston snaps, pleading with O‘Brien to do it to Julia, not to him.

Giving up Julia is what O‘Brien wanted from Winston all along. His spirit broken, Winston is released to the outside world. He meets Julia but no longer feels anything for her. He has accepted the Party entirely and has learned to love

Big Brother.

As a member of the Outer Party, Winston thinks to escape Big

Brothe‘styranny, at least in his own mind, Winston begins a diary — an act punishable by death. Winston is determined to remain human under inhuman circumstances. Yet telescreens are placed everywhere — in his home, in his cubicle at work, in the cafeteria where he eats, even in the bathroom stalls. His every move is watched. No place is safe.

Alone in the countryside, Winston and Julia make love and begin their allegiance against the Party and Big Brother. Winston is able to secure a room

101 above a shop where he and Julia can go for their romantic trysts. Winston and

Julia fall in love, and, while they know that they will someday be caught, they believe that the love and loyalty they feel for each other can never be taken from them, even under the worst circumstances.

Winston gets the book at a war rally and takes it to the secure room where he reads it with Julia napping by his side. The two are disturbed by a noise behind a painting in the room and discover a telescreen. They are dragged away and separated. Winston finds himself deep inside the Ministry of Love, a kind of prison with no windows, where he sits for days alone. Finally, O'Brien comes.

Initially Winston believes that O'Brien has also been caught, but he soon realizes that O'Brien is there to torture him and break his spirit. The Party had been aware of Winston's "crimes" all along; in fact, O'Brien has been watching Winston for the past seven years.

O'Brien spends the next few months torturing Winston in order to change his way of thinking — to employ the concept of doublethink, or the ability to simultaneously hold two opposing ideas in one's mind and believe in them both.

Winston believes that the human mind must be free, and to remain free, one must be allowed to believe in an objective truth, such as 2 + 2 = 4. O'Brien wants

Winston to believe that 2 + 2 = 5, but Winston is resistant.

Finally, O'Brien takes Winston to Room 101, the most dreaded room of all in the Ministry of Love, the place where prisoners meet their greatest fear.

Winston's greatest fear is rats. O'Brien is placed over Winston's head a mask made of wire mesh and threatens to open the door to release rats on Winston's face.

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When Winston screams, "Do it to Julia!" he relinquishes his last vestige of humanity. Winston is a changed man. He sits in the Chestnut Tree Café, watching the telescreens and agonizing over the results of daily battles on the front lines.

He has seen Julia again. She, too, is changed, seeming older and less attractive.

She admits that she also betrayed him. In the end, there is no doubt, Winston loves

Big Brother (Source: Orwell, 1984)

Appendix II Biography of the Author Related in 1984

Biography is a biography when Orwell wrote 1984 novel. This biography contains about author‘s experiences at that time.

Eric Arthur Blair was born on 25 June 1903 in Motihari, India. Blair is known by his pen name George Orwell. Initially Blair offers three nicknames to agents book publishers, they are Knneth Miles, George Orwell and H. Lewis

Allways. But in fact, he was more fond of the name George Orwell. Orwell himself was the name of a river in Suffolk which is located to the right of his parents ' home.

At the age of 4th, he and his parents go to England, at the age of 8th,

Orwell entered private school in Sussex until 13 years old. After graduating, he entered the service of the Police Department for 5 years. In 1928 he left the task of the police force in Burma and went travelling to Paris, but in there, two of his novel manuscript lost. For 10 weeks in Paris, he worked as a dishwasher, in Paris known dishes he was exposed to Pneumonia. Orwell returned to the England in

1929. In England, he did a variety of jobs, such as working on a character of the

103 book, writing articles in various newspapers and magazines while teaching to support his life.

In the 20th century, he wrote literary criticism, poetry, fiction and polemical journalism. His first work was ―Down and Out in Paris and London‖

(1933), This work contained his life experiences. The next work published in

America under the title ―Burmese Days‖. In the United Kingdom publishers refused to publish the work, because of worries they will come the angry

Buddhists in Burma when reading the novel. As for the next novel A Clergyman‘s

Daughter(1935), Keep the Aspidistra Flying(1936).

Orwell was married to his first wife Eileen O'shanghnessy. As for the work of Orwell as a writer makes it politically England was The Road to Wigan

Pier. The book contained about Orwell attacked against the position of the

England‘s socialist orthodoxy. Next he travelled to Spain, when he was coming back from Spain, he wrote,Homage to Catalonia(1938). After that, his health condition increasingly worsened, Orwell got attacked Tuberculosis disease.

However, it did not make him to stop working. The next book he wrote entitled

―Coming Up of Air‖. From the years 1941 until 1943, he worked at the BBC as the sexy Indian poet. His mother died in 1943. After his mother died, Orwell worked as editor of culture "Tribune".

The most interesting book of Orwell until now is Animal Farm(1945), originally, that book was rejected by several publishers citing political considerations. Towards the end of the war in Europe, Orwell explores France,

Germany and Australia as a journalist. But in the year that his wife died.

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In 1946, he lived with her youngest sister, his eldest brother died in that year as well. Misfortunes left by the mother, his wife and her sister were the heaviest blow to Orwell. Health body plummeted, his Tuberculosis disease relapse in 1947. However, he amid the pain of suffering, he uses his time to write novel

1984. That novel became his famous novels, it was phenomenal and retranslate to some languages other than Animal Farm.

After the decline, eventually the novel Animal Farm success stems, so that the burden of its economy. In September 1949 Orwell hospitalized in London.

In there, he met Sonia Brownell and married in October. After getting married, it may not necessarily be made Orwelll improved from the pain. Until around month

Jauary 1950 Eric Arthur Bliar or George Orwell died. (Nadaek, 1984: 38-39)

As a literary critic, Orwell poured his critic accordance with a feeling of pity at once furious to England when he returned from abroad. In his work The

Road to Wigan Pier, Orwell acted opposite to the system and ideology of the

England at the time. As for the quote The Road to Wigan Pier said "I feel the need to escape not only from imperialism, but from every form of human mastery over man. I wanted to drown myself, infiltrate deep into the oppressed are juxtaposed, being one of them, in people who fight against tyrants ... ""They're the symbol of the victims of injustice, the same role it plays in England as well as the people of

Burma played their role in Burma".

The quote above, showed deep concern Orwell to the lower classes for the first time in his work. At that time, Orwell did a few meetings with the social worker class (Proleter), his emotions involved in pushing it. Compassion and

105 snarled that arise in Orwell himself makes him want to participate in the struggle with the Proles in England. Orwell refered to the Socialist thought, but in addition, in the novel 1984 he wrote, he describes that the people who create the gods always watch every their action to destroy all negative thoughts those who are not in line with the party.

Orwell considers that the State of the community the year 1984 was tantamount to the year 1948, it was reflected clearly in his novel about the State of the past before totalitarian, there were Nazi Germany, Russian Communist, and

China. The influence of three of those systems were not much different with a totalitarian seems the stifling class workers' community (Proleter). The 1984 novel not only reflects on what will happen in the 1984, but it was instead learning that the old human will disappear, the existence of the establishment by the rulers. If human not immediately realized it would actually happen in the middle of the power of the tyrant. (Nadaek, 1984: 40)

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