La Fermentation De La Cellulose Par Clostridium Cellulolyticum : Métabolisme Modèle D’Un Clostridium Cellulolytique Mésophile Mickael Desvaux

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La Fermentation De La Cellulose Par Clostridium Cellulolyticum : Métabolisme Modèle D’Un Clostridium Cellulolytique Mésophile Mickael Desvaux La fermentation de la cellulose par Clostridium cellulolyticum : métabolisme modèle d’un Clostridium cellulolytique mésophile Mickael Desvaux To cite this version: Mickael Desvaux. La fermentation de la cellulose par Clostridium cellulolyticum : métabolisme modèle d’un Clostridium cellulolytique mésophile. Biochimie, Biologie Moléculaire. Université Henri Poincaré - Nancy 1, 2001. Français. NNT : 2001NAN10174. tel-01748175 HAL Id: tel-01748175 https://hal.univ-lorraine.fr/tel-01748175 Submitted on 29 Mar 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. AVERTISSEMENT Ce document est le fruit d'un long travail approuvé par le jury de soutenance et mis à disposition de l'ensemble de la communauté universitaire élargie. Il est soumis à la propriété intellectuelle de l'auteur. Ceci implique une obligation de citation et de référencement lors de l’utilisation de ce document. D'autre part, toute contrefaçon, plagiat, reproduction illicite encourt une poursuite pénale. Contact : [email protected] LIENS Code de la Propriété Intellectuelle. articles L 122. 4 Code de la Propriété Intellectuelle. articles L 335.2- L 335.10 http://www.cfcopies.com/V2/leg/leg_droi.php http://www.culture.gouv.fr/culture/infos-pratiques/droits/protection.htm S.C.D. ~ U.H,P. NANCY 1 BIBLIOTHÈOUE DE SCIENC S nUi;; du ,Jardin 8otaniqu(~ 54600 VILLERS-L -S-NANCY UNIVERSITÉ DE LORRAINE FACULTÉ DES SCIENCES U.F.R. Sciences et Techniques Biologiques Ecole Doctorale Biologie - Santé - Environnement THÈSE présentée pour l'obtention du titre de DOCTEUR DE L'UNIVERSITÉ HENRI POINCARÉ, NANCY 1 en Biologie Structurale, Moléculaire et Cellulaire par Mickaël DESVAUX La Fermentation de la Cellulose par C/ostridium ce//u/o/yticum : Métabolisme Modèle d'un C/ostridium Cellulolytique Mésophile. Soutenue le 2 Novembre 2001 devant la commission d'examen: Membres du jury: Président: G. BRANLANT Professeur d'Université, UHP, Nancy Rapporteurs: E. FORANO Chargée de Recherche, INRA, Clermont-Ferrand N.D. LINDLEY Directeur de Recherche, CNRS, Toulouse Examinateurs: R. MARCHAL Ingénieur de Recherche, IFP, Paris H. PETITDEMANGE Professeur d'Université, UHP, Nancy Laboratoire de Biochimie des Bactéries Gram +, E.A. 1122, Domaine Scientifique Victor Grignard, Faculté des Sciences, Université Henri Poincaré-Nancy 1, 54500 Vandoeuvre-lès-Nancy Cédex Je tiens tout d'abord à exprimer ma gratitude à M. le Professeur Henri Petitdemange pour m'avoir accueilli dans son laboratoire et avoir dirigé cette thèse ainsi que pour la grande autonomie qu'il m'a accordé dans mes recherches. Mes remerciements s'adressent également à Mme Evelyne Forano, Chargée de Recherche à l'Institut National de Recherche Agronomique, M. Nicholas-David Lindley, Directeur de Recherche au Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique et M. Rémy Marchal, Ingénieur de Recherche à l'Institut Français du Pétrole, qui m'ont fait l'honneur d'être examinateurs et rapporteurs de cette thèse. Je tiens également à remercier sincèrement M. Guy Branlant, Professeur à l'Université Henri Poincaré, pour avoir accepté de présider cette thèse. Ma gratitude s'adresse aussi à Mme Eliane Petitdemange pour m'avoir fait partager son expérience des bactéries cellulolytiques ainsi que pour son précieux travail de relecture du manuscrit. J'associe également mes remerciements à Guy Raval pour ses conseils pragmatiques et sa précieuse aide technique ainsi qu'à Emmanuel Guedon pour m'avoir mis le pied à l'étrier dès mon arrivée en DEA et pour son assistance continue durant ce travail. Je remercie M. Alain Kohler pour la réalisation des photographies en microscopie électronique ainsi que le Dr Edward McRae pour ses conseils en anglais lors de la rédaction des publications. Mes pensées vont tout particulièrement vers Laure Lenôtre pour son soutien et son implication constante tout au long de cette thèse. Je remercie aussi ma famille et mes amis proches pour leur appui. Enfin, ma reconnaissance s'adresse au personnel du Magasin de Chimie pour leur grande souplesse et efficacité, surtout lors des commandes urgentes de dernière minute. J'associe également à ces remerciements l'ensemble du personnel du Laboratoire de Maturation des ARN et d'Enzymologie Moléculaire pour leur disponibilité et leurs conseils judicieux en biologie moléculaire. SOMMAIRE Sommaire -: r, l".; "",, ; \ " .~ .. ' . so MAl Abréviations 1 Préface 3 Chapitre 1 : Introduction 6 A. Le substrat carboné: la cellulose 6 1. La structure de la cellulose 6 II. La lignocellulose 9 11.1. Les hémicelluloses 9 11.2. Les pectines 11 II.3. La lignine 11 lIA. La paroi des cellules végétales 12 S.Les écosystèmes cellulosiques 14 1. La digestion anaérobie de la cellulose 14 1.1. La cellulolyse dans le rumen 17 1.2. La dégradation de la cellulose dans l'environnement 19 C. La dégradation bactérienne de la cellulose 20 1. Les bactéries cellulolytiques du genre C/ostridium 23 II. Les cellulases 27 11.1. Les stratégies d'hydrolyse anaérobie de la cellulose 30 II.2. Le cellulosome de C/ostridium thermoce//um 33 II.3. Le cellulosome chez les autres bactéries 35 D. La fermentation de la cellulose par les c10stridia 40 1. Les systèmes de transport du substrat carboné 40 1.1. Le système phosphotransférase phosphoénolpyruvate 42 1.2. Les systèmes de transport non-PTS 44 II. Les voies du catabolisme carboné chez les c10stridia 47 Sommaire 11.1. Le flux électronique 49 II.2. L'orientation du flux carboné 52 II.2.1. C/ostridium acetobuty/icum : modèle de la fermentation acétono-butylique 53 II.2.2. La fermentation de la cellulose par C/ostridium thermoce//um 56 E. La physiologie de C/ostridium ce//u/o/yticum 59 1. Les études en culture discontinue 59 II. Les études métaboliques en chémostat 62 F. La culture continue sur cellulose 67 1. Les réacteurs en continu utilisant des substrats insolubles 68 II. La culture continue à flux segmenté 72 G. Le contexte et les objectifs de l'étude 76 Chapitre 2 : Résultats 79 A. Le catabolisme du cellobiose par C/ostridium ce//u/o/yticum 79 1. Introduction 79 II. Résultats 80 Article 1 : Growth inhibition of C/ostridium ce//u/o/yticum by an inefficiently regulated carbon flow. Guedon E., Desvaux M., Pavot S. and Petitdemange H. 1999. Microbiology145 : 1831-1838. III. Discussion 89 B. La fermentation de la cellulose par C/ostridium ce//u/o/yticum en culture discontinue 91 1. Introduction 91 II. Résultats 92 Article 2: Cellulose catabolism by C/ostridium ce//u/o/yticum growing in batch culture on defined medium. Desvaux M., Guedon E. and Petitdemange H. 2000. Applied and Environmental Microbiology66 : 2461-2470. III. Discussion 103 C. L'influence de l'acidification sur la fermentation de la cellulose par C/ostridium ce//u/o/yticum 105 1. Introduction 105 II. Résultats 106 Article 3: Metabolic flux in cellulose batch and cellulose-fed continuous cultures of C/ostridium ce//u/o/yticum in response to acidic environment. Desvaux M., Guedon E. and Petitdemange H. 2001. Microbiology 147 : 1461-1471. III. Discussion 118 D. Etude du catabolisme de la cellulose par C/ostridium ce//u/o/yticum en chémostat : influence de la limitation en carbone sur la distribution du flux carboné 120 1. Introduction 120 Sommaire II. Résultats 121 Article 4 : Carbon flux distribution and kinetics of cellulose fermentation in steady-state continuous cultures of Clostridium ce//u/o/yticum on a chemically defined medium. Desvaux M., Guedon E. and Petitdemange H. 2001. Journal ofBacteriology 183 : 119-130. III. Discussion 134 E. Etude du catabolisme de la cellulose par Clostridium ce//u/o/yticum en culture continue: influence de la saturation en substrats sur la distribution des flux 136 1. Introduction 136 II. Résultats 137 Article 5 : Kinetics and metabolism of cellulose degradation at high substrate concentrations in steady-state continuous cultures of Clostridium ce//u/o/yticum on a chemically defined medium. Desvaux M., Guedon E. and Petitdemange H. 2001. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67 : 3837-3845. III. Discussion 147 F. Etude du catabolisme de la cellulose par Clostridium ce//u/o/yticum en chémostat : influence de la limitation en azote sur la distribution du flux carboné 149 1. Introduction 149 II. Résultats 150 Article 6: Flux analysis of the metabolism of Clostridium ce//u/o/yticum grown in cellulose-fed continuous culture on a chemically defined medium under ammonium-limited conditions. Desvaux M. and Petitdemange H. 2001. AppliedandEnvironmental Microbiology67 : 3846-3851. III. Discussion 157 Chapitre 3 : Conclusion et Perspectives 159 Bibliographie 168 Abréviations ABC ATP-binding cassette ADH alcool déshydrogénase ADP adénosine diphosphate AK acétate kinase ATCC american type culture collection ATP adénosine triphosphate C cytosine oC degré Celcius CBD cellulose-binding domain CBM carbohydrate-binding module CMC ca rboxyméthylcellulose CoA coenzyme A D taux de dilution Da dalton dO dockerin domain OTT dithiothré ito1 EC enzyme commission EDTA acide éthylène diamine tétraacétique eq équivalent Fd ferrédoxine FdH 2 ferrédoxine réduite G guanine GAPDH glycéraldéhyde 3-phosphate
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