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Security and Privacy for Outsourced Computations. Amrit Kumar

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Security and privacy for outsourced computations. Amrit Kumar To cite this version: Amrit Kumar. Security and privacy for outsourced computations.. Cryptography and Security [cs.CR]. Université Grenoble Alpes, 2016. English. NNT : 2016GREAM093. tel-01687732 HAL Id: tel-01687732 https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-01687732 Submitted on 18 Jan 2018 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. THESE` Pour obtenir le grade de DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITE´ DE GRENOBLE Specialit´ e´ : Informatique Arretˆ e´ ministerial´ : 7 aoutˆ 2006 Present´ ee´ par Amrit Kumar These` dirigee´ par Pascal Lafourcade et codirigee´ par Cedric´ Lauradoux prepar´ ee´ au sein d’Equipe´ Privatics, Inria, Grenoble-Rhoneˆ Alpes et de l’Ecole´ Doctorale MSTII Security and Privacy of Hash-Based Software Applications These` soutenue publiquement le 20 octobre, 2016, devant le jury compose´ de : Mr. Refik Molva Professeur, Eurecom, President´ Mr. Gildas Avoine Professeur, INSA Rennes, Rapporteur Mr. Sebastien´ Gambs Professeur, Universite´ du Quebec´ a` Montreal,´ Rapporteur Mr. Kasper B. Rasmussen Professeur associe,´ University of Oxford, Examinateur Ms. Reihaneh Safavi-Naini Professeur, University of Calgary, Examinatrice Mr. Pascal Lafourcade Maˆıtre de Conference,´ Universite´ d’Auvergne, Directeur de these` Mr. Cedric´ Lauradoux Charge´ de Recherche, Inria, Co-Directeur de these` Acknowledgments Firstly, I would like to express my sincere gratitude to my advisors Dr. Cédric Lauradoux and Dr. Pascal Lafourcade for their continuous support during my PhD study and for their patience and motivation. The research reported in this dissertation would not have been possible without their guidance and help. Besides research, I have found their advice and guidance about other issues in life to be invaluable as well. I could not have imagined having better and friendly advisors to complete this journey. I would like to thank Prof. Gildas Avoine and Prof. Sébastien Gambs for reviewing this dissertation. I also extend my thanks to the rest of my PhD committee: Prof. Refik Molva, Prof. Reihaneh Safavi-Naini and Prof. Kasper B. Rasmussen, for accepting to be a part of the jury. I am extremely grateful for the financial support provided by the Labex persyval-lab (anr-11-labx-0025-01) funded by the French program Investissement d’avenir and also to MITACS for funding me an internship at University of Calgary. My sincere thanks goes to Prof. Reihaneh Safavi-Naini, who provided me an opportunity to join her team as an intern during my PhD, and for providing access to the research facilities during my stay at University of Calgary. I thank my collaborators for the stimulating discussions, for the sleepless nights we were working together before deadlines, and for all the fun we have had in the last three years. Last but not the least, I would like to thank my family: my parents and to my brother and sister and my fiancée for supporting me spiritually throughout my PhDand my life in general. iii Abstract Hashing and hash-based data structures are ubiquitous. Apart from their role in the design of efficient algorithms, they particularly form the core to many sensitive software applications. Whether it be in authentication on the Internet, integrity/identification of files, payment using Bitcoins, web proxies, or anti-viruses, the use of hashing algorithms might only be internal but yet very pervasive. This dissertation studies the pitfalls of employing hashing and hash-based data struc- tures in software applications, with a focus on their security and privacy implications. The mainstay of this dissertation is the security and privacy analysis of software solutions built atop Bloom filters — a popular hash-based data structure, and Safe Browsing — a malicious website detection tool developed by Google that uses hash functions. The soft- ware solutions studied in this dissertation have billions of clients, which include software developers and end users. For Bloom filters and their privacy, we study a novel use case, where they forman essential tool to privately query leaked databases of personal data. While for security, we study Bloom filters in adversarial settings. The study encompasses both theory and practice. From a theoretical standpoint, we define adversary models that capture the dif- ferent access privileges of an adversary on Bloom filters. We put the theory into practice by identifying several security related software solutions (employing Bloom filters) that are vulnerable to our attacks. This includes: a web crawler, a web proxy, a malware filter, forensic tools and an intrusion detection system. Our attacks are similar to traditional denial-of-service attacks capable of bringing the concerned infrastructures to knees. As for Safe Browsing, we study vulnerabilities in the architecture that an adversary can exploit. We show several attacks that can simultaneously increase traffic towards both the Safe Browsing server and the client. Our attacks are highly feasible as they essentially require inverting hash digests of 32 bits. We also study the privacy achieved by the service by analyzing the possibility of re-identifying websites visited by a client. Our analysis and experimental results show that Safe Browsing can potentially be used as a tool to track specific classes of individuals. This dissertation highlights the misunderstandings related to the use of hashing and hash-based data structures in a security and privacy context. These misunderstandings are the geneses of several malpractices that include the use of insecure hash functions, digest truncation among others. Motivated by our findings, we further explore several countermeasures to mitigate the ensuing security and privacy risks. Keywords: Hashing, Bloom filters, Safe Browsing, Security, Privacy, Denial-of-service. v Résumé Les fonctions de hachage et les structures de données qui leur sont associées sont om- niprésentes dans le monde numérique. En dehors de leurs rôles dans la conception d’algo- rithmes efficaces, elles sont aussi essentielles dans le domaine de sécurité et de protection de la vie privée. Elles permettent de protéger les mots de passe stockés sur les serveurs d’au- thentification ou protéger l’intégrité lors d’échange de fichiers. Elles sont omniprésentes dans tous les protocoles cryptographiques comme ceux de signature électronique. L’objective de cette thèse est d’analyser la sécurité et la protection de la vie privée des logiciels basés sur des fonctions de hachage. Dans ce contexte, nous nous intéressons plus particulièrement à deux applications. La première concerne les logiciels basés sur des filtres de Bloom — une structure de données basée sur le hachage. La deuxième est le service de “Safe Browsing”. Ce service, développé par Google, fournit une méthode sécurisée pour naviguer sur Internet tout en détectant les sites malveillants (sites de phishing ou malwares). Les deux applications sont très populaires, ayant des milliards d’utilisateurs. Pour des filtres de Bloom, nous étudions un nouveau cas d’utilisation, où ils constituent un outil essentiel pour interroger une base de données en respectant la vie privée. Nous analysons aussi la sécurité associée aux utilisations des filtres de Bloom dans un logiciel sensible. Notre étude aborde aussi bien les aspects théoriques que pratique. D’un point de vue théorique, nous définissons des modèles d’adversaire qui captent les différents accèsau filtre pour un adversaire. Nous mettons la théorie en pratique en identifiant la vulnérabilité de plusieurs logiciels basés sur des filtres de Bloom. Cela comprend: un robot web, un proxy, un filtre de malware, les outils de forensique et un système de détection d’intrusion. Nos attaques ressemblent aux attaques par déni de service. En ce qui concerne le service de “Safe Browsing”, nous étudions les vulnérabilités dans l’architecture qu’un adversaire puisse exploiter. Nous montrons plusieurs attaques qui peuvent simultanément augmenter le trafic vers le serveur et le client. Nous étudions également le niveau de la vie privée assuré par le service en analysant la possibilité de ré- indentifier des visites aux certains sites web. Notre analyse et les résultats expérimentaux montrent que le service de “Safe Browsing” pourrait être potentiellement utile comme un outil pour tracer certaines classes des individus sur Internet. Cette thèse met en lumière les idées fausses liées à l’utilisation de hachage et les structures de données basées sur le hachage dans le contexte de sécurité et de protection de la vie privée. Motivés par nos résultats, nous explorons en outre plusieurs contre- mesures pour augmenter le niveau de sécurité et de protection de la vie privée. Mots-clés: Hachage, Filtres de Bloom, Safe Browsing, Sécurité, Vie privée, Déni de service vii Contents Acknowledgments iii Abstract v Résumé vii 1 Introduction 1 1.1 Motivation 1 1.2 Problematics and Adopted Methodology 3 1.3 Contributions and Outline 5 1.3.1 Hash Functions for Privacy 5 1.3.2 Security and Privacy of Bloom Filters 5 1.3.3 Security
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