Index

Abruptness Ad referendum sudden the worst that can be defined, 1 practiced, 219 virtue of in negotiation, 144

Absence Adams, Abigail the absent are always wrong, 1 usefulness of large-scale entertainment, 74 not at the table, you’re on the menu, 1 Adams, Henry Academics should not complain about lies, 68 diplomats and soldiers distinguished, 1 Adams, John Accession a bribe well placed, an intrigue of pleasure defined, 1 with a woman, 25 interests, not cultural affinities, determine Accords friendship, 90 defined, 1 Adams, John Quincy Accreditation America goes not abroad in search of defined, 1 monsters to destroy, 117

Acheson, Dean Adjustment amity not inevitable result of close conflict resolution awaits a ripe moment, 2 relations, 196 more conducive to justice than resort clearance process promotes vagueness, to force, 1 agreement by exhaustion, 41 possible only within context of agreed commercial restrictions cannot substitute for international order, 211 war, 203 tactical maneuvers only when order itself fumbles at summits leave the goal line challenged, 157 open, 220 © functionCopyright of diplomats to report and by affect theAdversaries Endowment of events, 63 knowledge of them invaluable, 2 memoranda of conversation, 199 mutual dependence of reflected in concepts, 2 themorality United necessary to inspire States trust between Instituteopportunities from domestic of difficulties Peace of, 2 states, 137 treaties with less durable than understandings negotiation, war by other means, 144 with friends, 233 perseverance in policy key to success, 165 planning most profitable investment Advocacy of time, 169 diplomatic, 2 prestige is shadow cast by power ideas don’t sell themselves, 2 sanctions unsuccessful means of interference policy recommendations to sovereigns, 2 in internal affairs, 111 problem of ‘localitis’, 127 summitry distracts policymakers from their task, 220 Aeschylus training makes diplomats cautious, not in war, truth is the first casualty, 184 innovative, 62 Aesop Acton, Lord , 16 balance of power described, 173 quarrels of friends benefit foes, 191 power corrupts, 175 Affability must be tempered with dignity, 219

273 274 Index

Agents Aid selection of, 3 advancing another power ruinous, 5 Agents, diplomatic can rent not buy allegiance, 5 defined, 3 dangers of dependence on, 5 indispensable, 3 foreign, 5 necessary at even the smallest courts, 71 friendship not the object of, 91 to assure loyalty of client states, 5 Agent-General to neighbors a sign of weakness, 176 defined, 3 utility of timely bribes, 25

Aggression Aide-mémoire cannot be condoned regardless of who is the defined, 5 attacker, 3 nation armed and bankrupt, dangerous, 3 Alcohol self-defense sometimes dictates, 21 drinking is a voluntary madness, 5 usually disguised as self-defense, 3 international conferences, 38 loosens self-control, 5 Agréation process of requesting and receiving agrément, 4 Alexander II (of ) unadulterated stupidity of diplomats, 248 Agreements agreeing to disagree, 15 Alignment constitute relationships, 145 defined, 5 durable treaties based on reciprocal advantage, 4 Allen, George Venable enforcement of, 4 foreign policy and propaganda go hand in enhancing confidence in, 231 hand, 186 implementation, 145 impossible without secrecy, 148 Alliance in principle fine because they entail no basis of, 6 commitments, 181 defined, 6 in principle not agreements, 3 purpose, 6 in principle, disagreements in practice, 181 © lastCopyright like roses and young girls, 4 by theAlliances Endowment of multilateral conferences, 38 based on sentiment, 7 must be tolerable to those who can wreck birth and death of, 7 them, 130 entangling with none, 34 themust United rest on real interests, States not trust, 109 Instituteevolution of in conflict, 6of Peace observed while in harmony with interests, 4 friends, enemies, 7 one-sided advantage fatal, 4 held together by fear, not love, 6 only agree to what you can do, 233 leadership of, 7 public scrutiny of vs. publicity about like all fraternizations, disintegrate, 6 negotiations, 147 like chains, weak links do not strengthen, 6 require compromise, which needs secrecy, 147 made by hate for the same thing, not love, 7 selecting negotiator to reach, 152 means by which states add to capacity to source of disagreements, 16 persuade, 84 the higher the the flimsier the, 221 means of buttressing against changing types concluded between states, 4 interest, 6 understanding must be precise, 177 never make them with the powerful, 6 only weakness dictates, 6 Agrément reinsure by negotiating with the other side, 6 defined, 4 to endure require care, respect, and shared advantages, 7 Ahimsa treaties of, 7 doctrine of avoidance of harm, 4 union of thieves, 6 weakness of, 7 with neighbors in war, 161 Index 275

Allies much depends on personality and ability of, close relations may not engender amity, 196 13 defined by their enemies, 8 must be men of strictest honor, 11 dependent, 8 necessity of, 75 distant are preferable, 8 never off duty, 13 fighting with and without, 8 obedience to instructions by, 13 no eternal, 110 one official the state cannot do without, 9 weak, 8 peace and war in their hands, 13 probity essential, 182 Ally qualifications of 10, 13, 14 defined, 8 qualities of effective, 14 selection of 14, 66 Almeida, Francisco de skill as orators required, 156 time comes when mystery about negotiations skilled work requires a skilled workman, 10 criminal, 147 spies, 14 spies with licenses, 14 Alternat titled spies, 14 defined, 8 to stand up for, you must stand up to, your government, 10 unwittingly mislead their hosts, 13 effective, 9 using them well, 15 honest man sent to lie abroad, 9 welfare of nations dependent on, 15 why do their work for them?, 75 Ambassador-at-large why people want to be one, 9 defined, 9 wives never off duty, 210

Ambassadors Ambiguity, creative accountability, 9 agreeing to disagree, 15 activities of American described, 9 advocacy, 2 Amiability age of, 9 sustains communication, 15 amateur, 10, 13, 18, 100 amateurism vs. professionalism, 10 Amity © appearance,Copyright 16 by thebonds Endowment across distance and cultural of chiefs of diplomatic missions, 12 differences, 15 contrasted with ministers of foreign affairs, 12 cordiality between nations based on contributions to policy formation by, 10 respect, 41 thecredibility United from their government, States 11 Institutemaintained only by mutual of respect, Peace 15 duties, 11 not inevitable result of close relations, 196 duty to aggrandize their own state, 11 empathetic advocates, 11 Analysis expected to take charge, 10 intelligence, 107 expertise on their host country, 12 worst case, 15 eyes and ears of states, 14 have no battleships, 15 Analysts how govern kingdom that know not how to statesmen, 16 use?, 9 indefatigable readers, 119 Anger initiative in absence of instructions, 105 contrary to wise deliberation, 16 innkeepers to itinerant officials, 12 indignation and rancor foreign to diplomacy, insights about their own country, 11 198 instructions, 105 man prone to ill-fitted to negotiation, 16 intelligence collectors, 10 never get angry except on purpose, 16 judgment is the controlling qualification, 12 moral duties of, 137 Annexation defined, 16 276 Index

Annihilation Arbitral award defined, 16 defined, 19

Anonymous [La embajada española] Arbitration ’ knowledge of their host country, better to lose in the courts than in the 12 foxholes, 19 diplomacy is deceit, 54 defense through resort to, 19 flattery generates goodwill, 83 defined, 19 substitution of burning for smoldering Antagonists issues, 19 learning from, 16 when to use, 19

Appearance Arguments an ambassador should be good-looking, 16 memoranda of conversation, 199 negotiation should never degenerate to, 19 Appeasement a power which begins to yield is finished, 16 Aristophanes acquiescence under insult no escape learning from enemies, 73 from war, 17 appeasers hope crocodiles will eat Aristotle them last, 17 civil confusions springs from trifles, 103 conciliating a tiger, 17 war must be regarded as only a means to defined, 16, 17 peace, 239 justification for, 17 only give up what you could hold, 17 Arms passive, 18 diplomacy without them, 20 revolutionary states, 214 stores up trouble, 24 Arms control stroking tigers won’t make them kittens, 17 defense conducted by other means, 20 unyielding stubbornness as risky as, 17 defined, 20 yield to all and end with nothing, 16 negotiations not a form of conflict resolution, 20 Appointees, political © bizarreCopyright American tradition, 18 by theArms salesEndowment of business experience as qualification for useful instrument of state policy, 20 ambassadorship, 13 distinguished credentials in other fields, 13 Aron, Raymond theingrates United and enemies, 18 States Institutediplomacy is convincing of without Peace resort to is stuffed mattress for political force, 58 acrobats, 171 strategy and diplomacy inseparable, 135 men with the most money and the fewest votes, 18 Arrests named for the good of the nominee, not the duties of consular officers, 20 country, 18 risk of appointment, 10 Arthasastra of Kautilya scum and refuse of the political puddle, 171 a king without power is conquered, 173 seek sinecures and luxurious enjoyment, 18 an assassin achieves more than full army, 21 skilled work requires a skilled workman, 10 benefits of peace or war, 24 some sent because needed, some not wanted duties of ambassadors, 11 at home, 18 Earth devours a king who is inclined to peace, travel at government expense and write a 159 book, 18 intelligence and science can overreach energy United Nations, 18 and might, 114 intelligence and statecraft can overcome Apprehensions power, 108 fear of danger justifies war, 19 inviolability of ambassadors, 182 Index 277

king ready to strike inspires awe, 51 Authority methods of dealing with contentious defined, 22 situations, 40 of ambassadors to question instructions, 10 miraculous results achieved by practice of legitimacy is proof of, 22 subversion, 219 only weakness calls for conciliation and Azo alliances, 6 messengers like magpies, 134 pursuit of wrong policy provokes enemies, 170 strength is power, success is happiness, 219 three components of power, 172 Background welfare of state depends on active foreign basis for discussion with journalists, 23 policy, 87 wise man can kill using intellect, 106 Background, deep basis for discussion with journalists, 23 Assassination an assassin achieves more than full army, 21 Bacon, Francis defined, 21 courtesy to strangers, 216 dealing with opponents in negotiations, 152 Assistance, foreign just fear of danger a lawful cause of war, 19 bribery, 25 selection of diplomatic agents, 3 can rent not buy allegiance, 5 transparent countenances reveal secret hearts, utility of devalued by time, 5 79

Asylum, political Bad defined, 21 choices, 29 difference between bad and worse, 23 Athenian ambassadors recourse to words following reverses in war, 47 Bagehot, Walter old diplomacy carried on in drawing rooms, Attaché 155 defined, 21 Bailey, Nathan Attachés, military threats without power like powder without © functionsCopyright of, 21 by the ball,Endowment 227 of synonym for spy, 21 Bailey, Thomas A. Attachés, press agreements in principle, disagreements in thevital United role of, 21 States Institutepractice, 181 of Peace arbitration preferable to war, 19 Attack distance weakens power, 172 attitudes toward preemptive determined by do not do in secrecy that which is shameful, geopolitics, 21 205 preemptive justified by imminent danger, 22 rattling the scabbard, 84 prevent a mischief before it occurs, 22 self-interest as the basis of foreign policy, 109 principles of, 22 self-defense sometimes dictates aggression, 22 Balance capabilities of, 23 Attrition fervor of, 81 defined, 22 Balancer Augustine, Saint defined, 23 charity not substitute for justice withheld, 118 purpose of all war is peace, 163 Balfour, Arthur James Austin, Warren peacemaking undercut by public statements, better diplomats be bored than young men 164 die, 60 278 Index

Balzac, Honoré de Bilateral gratitude expected only by fools, 94 defined, 24

Barbaro, Ermolao Bismarck, Otto von first duty of ambassadors, 11 a power which begins to yield is finished, 16 in politics there is no place for pity, 47 Bargaining no sentimental alliances!, 7 between states, 24 our generals save us from our diplomats, 25 contrasted with persuasion, 166 politeness even in war, 171 defined, 23 politics is the art of the possible, 172 large part of diplomacy as of all politics, 24 preventive war like committing suicide out of principle of diplomacy, 24 fear of death, 244 sentimental policy knows no reciprocity, 208 Bargaining power special interests must not override national, defined, 24 111 depends on apparent options, 24 tasks of statesmen, 216 victors’ diminishes with time, 236 Black, Eugene Bartoli, Domenico role and tasks of planning, 167 drawbacks of summit meetings, 222 Blaker, Michael Battle bargaining power defined, 24 means of untying knot that would not yield to domino effect in negotiations, 145 the tongue, 24 sham concessions, 36 right strategy can lose all battles but win war, 24 Blaker, Michael, citing others key to success in negotiations, 140 Battlefield results diplomacy can’t better, 24 Bloc defined, 25 Beaumarchais Vilify! Vilify! Some of it will stick, 184 Blockade defined, 25 ©Belisarius Copyright by the Endowment of most complete victory to compel enemy to Bluffing give up, 237 deadlines and ultimata, 25 fostering trust essential to carry out, 230 theBelligerency Institutemore effective, if believed, of than sincerePeace threat defined, 24 not believed, 25 threats and, 227 Benefits of peace or war, 24 Blunders bureaucratic, usual cause of quarrels, 25 Berle, Adolf A. generals rectify diplomatic misfortunes, 25 economics a means of peace, 71 , 187

Bierce, Ambrose Boerne, Ludwig alliances defined, 6 diplomacy to speak French, nothing, and battle unties knots that the tongue could falsehood, 55 not, 24 compromise means each gets what he ought Bohlen, Charles E. not to have, 36 diplomats’ primary business with consuls, definition of in American politics, 39 governments, 62 definition of diplomacy, 55 international arbitration, 19 Index 279

Bonham-Carter, Violet Brinkmanship politics is power of persuading others to going to the verge, but not into war, 26 accept ideas, 172 specialists not infallible policy advisers, 170 British government right to deal in a neutral language, 121 Borders not changed by conferences, 25 Broglie, Albert de diplomacy prevents force alone from Boren, James H. governing relations, 53 when in doubt, mumble, 26 Bryan, William Jennings Boswell, James nothing is final between friends, 89 politeness makes happiness, 171 Brzezinski, Zbigniew Boyce, Richard Fyfe force unguided by political ends makes compliments make new friends, 81 political messes, 83 diplomacy’s critics, 43 toothless diplomacy not persuasive, 88

Boycott Buddhist scripture political merits of, 203 rules of friendship, 91 Woodrow Wilson on power of, 203 true friends, 90

Bozeman, Adda Buffer cold wars are covert and protracted, 239 defined, 26 history foremost tool for political analysis, 98 Bülow, Bernard von Bragaccia, Gasparo diplomacy a first-class seat at theater diplomacy, making peace and coalitions for of life, 58 war, 51 Bülow, Heinrich von Braun, Konrad ’s duty to be active in society, 40 ambassadors must be eloquent, 71 diplomats should not be taken by surprise, 223 indignation and rancor foreign to ©Brevity Copyright by the diplomacy,Endowment 198 of virtues of in reporting, 198 Bundy, McGeorge Bribery being known to have strength, 218 thehumane United investment, 25 States Instituterelationship between policy of and Peacemilitary law of nations not concerned with, 25 power, 176 man may serve his country well with, 25 Bureaucracy Briggs, Ellis spirit of contrasted with spirit of policy, 169 always be in with the outs, 156 appeasement stores up trouble, 17 Bureaucrats criteria for , 194 distinguished from statesmen, 26 criteria for recognition of new governments, foreign ministry, 26 28 man on the spot wiser than, 62 modifying other countries’ institutions, 111 no old, bold bureaucrats, 26 political appointments for good of nominees, not the country, 18 Burke, Edmund protection of diplomats by host country, 182 definition of diplomacy, 55 something-for-something is good diplomacy, fear robs the mind of power and reasoning, 81 229 great empires and little minds go ill weak allies, 8 together, 73 hatred of nations, 74 heart of diplomacy to grant graciously, 36 280 Index

terrorist lies beneath surface of ideology, 102 lawyers make poor diplomats, 122 learning from enemies, 16 negotiators should be apt listeners, 150 power sets few limitations on itself, 173 no better investment than espionage, 75 use of force alone is but temporary, 84 objectives of diplomats, 64 powerful nations should make the first Burton, Richard move, 177 instructions to his wife on moving, 211 reciprocal advantage in agreements peace is the dream of the wise, 163 essential, 3 relationships of ambassadors with citizens Business abroad, 30 defined, 26 secrecy the soul of diplomacy, 205

Businessmen Calling cards as ambassadors, 14, 18 p.c., 159 p.f., 159 Busk, Douglas p.p.c., 159 helpfulness of rules of protocol, 187 p.r., 159

Caccia, Harold Calls to stand up for, you must stand up to your defined, 27 government, 10 Cambon, Jules Caesar, Julius ambassadors must be men of strictest bad precedents begin as justifiable honor, 11 measures, 177 ambassadors vs. foreign ministers, 12 conquerors may do as they please with the best instrument the words of a decent man, 74 vanquished, 236 comradeship among diplomatic colleagues, 32 human nature imbued with desire for diplomats should not succeed with a bang, 148 liberty, 125 foreign policy not a matter of sentiment, 87 inviolability of ambassadors sacred, 182 insincerity a grave defect in a public man, 104 moral influence most essential qualification of Caligula diplomats, 104 let them hate us as long as they fear us, 50 necessity of judgment in ambassadors, 12 © Copyright by thenegotiation Endowment confidential like a conversation, of Callières, Françoise de 147 a lie leaves a drop of poison, 68 nothing new, 153 alcohol in diplomacy, 5 no truly secret diplomacy, 147 theamateur United diplomatists seldom States succeed, 10 Institutesecrecy of negotiations forgivenof byPeace amateurs serve costly apprenticeship in posterity, 61 diplomacy, 61 the day secrecy is abolished, 205 cipher worth more than gold, 206 word of an honest man the best tool, 153 clarity and simplicity essential in reporting, 198 Cambon, Paul command of temper important in an ambassador is not a subaltern, 105 diplomacy, 15 cooks are excellent conciliators, 40 Camus, Albert dictation by the powerful is not charm, getting the answer yes, 29 negotiation, 143 diplomacy is a profession as exacting as Candid others, 183 meaning of, 27 diplomatic colleagues, 33 diplomats must control the urge to speak, 207 Candor dishonesty proof of smallness of mind, 68 diplomatic, 27 effects of good food and drink, 74 guileless speech, 27 essential qualities of ambassadors defined, 64 more likely than subtlety to achieve harmonizing real interests, 110 success, 27 Index 281

Canning, George allies in balance of power defined by Change enemies, 8 balance of power uncertain during, 174 difficulties of initiating new order, 156 Cao Cao nations are changed by time, 28 who wishes to fight must first reckon the cost, nations wax and wane, 28 244 perils of reform by evil governments, 195

Capabilities Change of government national purposes must be proportional to, 189 criteria for recognition, 28

Capabilities and intentions Character foreign policy must plan on basis of both, 27 indicated by company a man keeps, 28 reporting on, influencing, 27 Character, judging Capitals to understand a person, look at aspirations, 29 great capitals foster great delusions, 27 Chargé d’affaires Capitulation ad interim, defined, 29 defined, 27 defined, 29

Cartel Charity defined, 27 beware its recipients, 29 donor shouldn’t publicize, 29 Castlereagh, Viscount donor values more than recipient, 29 right of interference in internal affairs, 111 generosity captures the decent, antagonizes the mean, 29 Casus belli, defined, 28 Charm foederis, defined, 28 getting the answer without asking the question, 29 Catherine II (of Russia) power without nation’s confidence is Charter © Copyrightnothing, 175 by thedefined, Endowment 29 of Catlin, Wynn Chen Hao diplomacy saying ‘nice doggie’ till you truce proposal may be a plot, 230 the findUnited a rock, 54 States Institute of Peace Chesterfield, Lord Censorship never seem wiser than others, 100 defined, 28 Childs, J. Rives Ceremonies policy is substance, diplomacy is process, 169 get the formalities right, never mind moralities, 28 Choices, bad when all bad, worst not so dreadful, 29 Chamberlain, Austen conferences inhibit compromise and Choiseul agreement, 38 truth is artifice, 231

Champagne Churchill, Winston no government could survive without, 28 allies develop opinions of their own, 8 appeasement, 17 Chancery diplomatic relations a convenience, not a defined, 28 compliment, 197 head of, defined, 28 doctrine helps deal with surprises, 69 282 Index

evaluation of diplomatic reporting, 199 war is continuation of policy by other means, fighting with and without allies, 8 245 in victory, magnanimity; in peace, good will, 236 Clemency, Georges jaw-jaw better than war-war, 249 war too important to be left to the generals, longer look back, farther can look forward, 98 239 mistaken policies born in dishonest advice, 170 Cleverness problems of victory difficult, 237 if sufficiently clever, can outwit self, 30 secrets of statecraft found in history, 98 Client states Cicero defined, 30 aim of war to live unhurt in peace, 244 expect no real favors from other nations, 81 victory by nature insolent and haughty, 236 nothing so imperious as feebleness supported by force, 30 Circumstance passionate attachments for, 80 imprisons more than it helps, 29 Coaliton Citizens abroad defined, 30 ambassadors’ duties to, 29 arrests, 20 Coalitions entertainment by ambassadors, 30 at the mercy of most determined member, 31 useful sources of information, 30 celebrate victory by dividing into parts, 32 created out of fear not affection, 30 Civil wars fewer the objectives, more durable the intervention in, 30 cohesion, 32 for war, diplomacy and, 52 Civilians great states demand position of supreme war hath no fury like a non-combatant, 245 leadership, 31 interest in survival transcends ideology in, 103 Civility making and breaking, 31 be civil to all, 30 natural history of imperils status quo powers, 32 ©Clark, Copyright Eric by thereasons Endowment for dissolution, 31 of functions of military attachés, 21 require a single point of command and protocol enables orderly diplomacy, 187 control, 31 rise and fall of, 31 theClark, United Eric, citing others States Institute of Peace consuls the Cinderellas of the diplomatic Cobden, Richard service, 40 free trade breaks down barriers between information and , 58 nations, 228

Classification Coercion intended to determine degree of protection defined, 32 required, 30 Coexistence Clausewitz, Carl Maria von no promise of universal concord, 103 many intelligence reports contradictory during war, 108 Colleagues peace seldom reigns in Europe, never collegiality of the diplomatic profession, 32 throughout the world, 161 corporate spirit and comradeship between, 32 pursue one great decisive aim with determination, 189 Colleagues, diplomatic the weak must be armed so as not to be selecting which to cultivate, 33 overwhelmed, 179 sources of information, 33 victory defined 236 utility of collegiality of , 41 Index 283

Colton, Charles Caleb Compellence grant what you cannot refuse, conciliate who defined, 35 you cannot conquer, 83 more demanding than deterrence, 35

Command, leadership Compromise defined, 33 each gets what he ought not to have, 35 give-and-take essential, 36 Command presence impossible for moral claims, 101 ambassadors and heads of delegation must inability to make can strengthen a negotiator, have, 33 149 liabilities of doctrine emphasizing, 144 Commerce ambassadors are chief trade promotion Concessions officers, 34 difficulties of democracies making, 49 contrasted with diplomacy, 33 good diplomacy cedes few, 36 diplomacy especially concerned with, 48 he who would preserve everything, preserves establishes a Community of Interests, 33 nothing, 218 free trade breaks barriers between nations, 229 heart of diplomacy to grant graciously, 36 imperialism from, 34 necessary, 36 natural effect is peace, 34 sham, 36 peace, commerce, and honest friendship with the more made in negotiation the more all, 34 expected, 36 rivalries a source of war, 34 trade promotion by ambassadors, 34 Conciliation unprincipled, 34 defined, 36 first conciliate, then crush, 37 Commines, Philippe de only weakness calls for, 6 two great princes should never meet face-to- face, 220 Conciliators motivations of, 36 Commitments agreements in principle are fine as they entail Concord none, 181 defined, 37 © fidelityCopyright to those of negotiators, 34 by the Endowment of treaties must be observed, 34 Concordat defined, 37 Common sense thenothing United more loathesome thanStates a man InstituteCondescension of Peace lacking, 12 Neither argument nor seductive dance, 37

Communication Conference among diplomats a two-way street, 35 defined, 37

Communications Conferences secrecy of, 206 borders not changed by, 25 security of, 35 chance to get sore, scare up a war, 38 strategic, 35 conditions for successful diplomacy at, 37 criteria for success of, 38 Communiqué factors in success of, 37 defined, 35 liver damage consequent to, 38 name-calling at, left to the foreign ministers, Community 37 defined, 35 only succeed when results arranged beforehand, 37 Compact poor places to reach agreements, 37 defined, 35 preclude compromise and agreement, 37 284 Index

promote obstinacy rather than solutions, 37 Convention defined, 40 Confidences keeping confidences central to diplomacy, 38 Conversation intimate talk made unthreatening by Conflict resolution diplomats, 40 arms control not a form of, 20 when negotiation is necessary to achieve, 139 Conviction advantages of having, 69 Conquest the cruel working of political madness and Cooper, J. Fenimore abused power, 38 commercial imperialism, 34

Consent Coordination defined, 38 clearance process promotes vagueness and agreement by exhaustion, 41 Consistency vacillation inconsistent with success and Cordial dignity, 38 meaning of, 41

Constancy Cordiality no disgrace in disregarding promises made between negotiators, 149 under duress, 184 rests on mutual respect, 41 of republics more reliable than princes, 38 Cornford, F. M. Constitution propaganda, 184 defined, 39 Corps Constructive consular, defined, 41 defined, 39 dean of diplomatic, defined, 45 diplomatic, defined, 41 general defined, 39 Counsel © Copyright by theappear Endowment to be reminding, not correcting, 1 of Consular agent defined, 39 Counselor of embassy, defined, 41 theConsular United relations States Institutequalifications of good, 41of Peace defined, 196 Coup d’état defined, 41 defined, 39 Courage Consulate general political victory from military defeat, 41 defined, 40 Courier Consuls diplomatic, defined, 41 arrested citizens, 20 Cinderellas of the , 40 powers and responsibilities, 40 Courtesy Contacts defined, 42 be wary of those most eager for, 40 keeps doors open, 42 diplomat’s duty to work on human flesh, 40 seldom costs anything and demonstrates confident strength, 42 Contentious situation should mark international intercourse, 42 methods of dealing, 40 Index 285

Couve de Murville, Maurice-Jacques existing situation may give peacemaker one does not negotiate to conclude something, leverage, 131 143 grand strategy does not wait for right conditions, 217 Covenant joint mediation, 131 defined, 42 knowledge demanded of peacemakers, 131 leverage from others in peacemaking, 131 Craig, Gordon A. and George, Alexander L. need for secure reporting channels, defined and described, 52 confidentiality, 35 deterrence defined, 51 peacemakers must respect parties and their concerns, 134 Cramb, J. A. peacemaking may require action to ripen the peace a truce on the battlefield of time, 160 conflict, 132 power and leverage of mediators, 133 Creaghe, John St. G., citing others proposals for settlement from the mediator in humor helps solve problems, 100 peacemaking, 134 management of delegations at conferences, 142 reframing questions to induce negotiation, 179 role of mediators vis-à-vis the parties, 133 Credentials smart statecraft results when wits, wallets and defined, 42 muscle pull together, 213 smart statecraft uses hard power intelligently, Credibility 175 cannot be enhanced by a reputation for strategy for prenegotiation phase, 179 failure, 42 third parties as source of leverage in he don’t believe you, you don’t believe him, 42 peacemaking, 131 like virginity, can’t be recovered once breached, 42 Cromwell, Oliver interest keeps peace, 162 Crimes, war man-of-war best ambassador, 176 threat to charge adds to resistance, 42 Culbertson, Ely Crisis, response power politics, law of the jungle, 176 better to be adequate at once than perfect © Copyrightwhen too late, 43 by theCustoms Endowment of ignorance of a source of war, 44 Crises men prefer their own usages, 33 deflate by talking it to death, 43 never export your nation’s but learn your thefrighten United the weak but inspire States the strong, 42 Institutehosts’, 44 of Peace let women run things, 43 never treat cold, only hot, 42 Damage, battle responses of bureaucrats, statesmen to, 26 defined, 45 usual response of international organizations to, 43 Damage, collateral provides motivation to fight on, not surrender, Criticism 45 avoid joining natives in toward their own country, 43 Danès, Bishop conceal nothing in reporting, 198

Crocker, Chester A. Dargent, Joseph bias not an obstacle to success in champagne and diplomats, 28 peacemaking, 132 borrowed leverage in mediation, 130 Davies, John Paton creating formulae for peacemaking, 130 successful diplomacy is unpublicized, 220 effectiveness in foreign policy, 86 end games in peacemaking, 165 286 Index

Dawes, Charles G. negation of diplomacy, 230 diplomacy easy on the brain but hell on the reverses lead to diplomacy, 47 feet, 231 supreme stimulus for a nation of spirit, 237 wars ended by losers, not victors, 246 De Gaulle, Charles diplomats useful only in fair weather, 67 Defeat, strategic graveyards full of indispensable men, 103 failure to achieve war aims, 47 state has no friends, only interests, 89 treaties are like roses and young girls, 4 Defeatism man who believes he will be beaten a bad Deadlines diplomat, 47 focus resistance and must be enforced, 45 Defense, destruction Dean cannot save something by provoking others to diplomatic corps, defined, 45 destroy, 48

Debrah, Kojo Defense, retreat radios, TVs, and jet planes in diplomacy, 225 best to retreat to stronger less vulnerable position, 48 Decadence when good intentions exceed power to fulfill, Definitions of diplomacy 45 academic, 54 art of convincing without resort to force, 58 Deceit art of resolving difficulties peacefully, 56 countering in time-honored ways, 46 art of taking the possible beyond its local deception central to most techniques of dimensions, 54 statecraft, 46 bargaining from interests without diplomacy an honored mode of, 54 sentimentality, 53 diplomats deceive after dumbness causes continuation of war by other means, 56 war, 45 diplomats’ method of perpetuating their diplomats have no cause to complain about, 68 profession, 52 dishonesty is proof of smallness of mind, 68 entire fabric of foreign relations, 59 dissembling excusable in public business, 69 expression of national strength in discourse, © laudableCopyright in war, 45 by the 55Endowment of not a qualification of a modern diplomat, 45 honored mode of deceit, 54 only rulers should have privilege of, 45 letting someone else have your way, 55 Palmerston’s ‘Eleventh Commandment’, 46 lie and deny, 54 theself-defeating, United 45 States Institutemanaging by measures shortof of war,Peace 56 managing relations through negotiation, 55 Deception means of adjusting quarrels, quelling deceive diplomatists by speaking truth, 46 controversies, 53 likely to succeed if concealed from enemy obscure art hidden in deceit and cloaked in until execution, 46 mystery, 56 most necessary when press is free to report, 46 parliamentary diplomacy, factors in, 57 with force, governs international relations, 46 patriotic art of lying, 55 peaceable coercion, 57 Deception, military policy and conduct of relations distinguished, using force is matter of, 46 55 political rape disguised as seduction, 59 Declaration say ‘nice doggie’ till you find a rock, 55 defined, 47 say nastiest things nicely, 57 science of negotiation, 57 Defeat skill in conduct of international intercourse, 55 alternative ways of coping with, 47 software of national security policy, 59 in politics there is no place for pity, 47 speaking French, nothing, and falsehood, 55 instruction from, 47 the police in grand costume, 51 Index 287

Defoe, Daniel Détente intelligence the soul of public business, 107 defined, 50 must be seen in facts, 51 Delay fact-finding missions, 79 Deterrence incompetence as means of achieving, 48 components of, 51 negotiating to gain time, 48 defined, 52 offers to talk, 225 failure of, 51 time is useful product of foreign ministries, 48 let them hate as long as they fear, 51 until others wane, 48 one sword keeps another in the sheath, 51 potent and credible threats, 52 Demagoguery preparation for war effective in preserving needs an enemy and will find one, 48 peace, 52 speak softly and carry a big stick, 51 Demands strategy contrasted, 217 exactions undermine relationships, 76 to secure peace be ready always for war, 193 world in awe of the king ready to strike, 51 Demands, public don’t make unless have reason, 48 Dialogue keep friends close, enemies closer, 52 Démarche defined, 48 Dialogue, diplomatic tool for dealing with difficult countries, 52 Démarches level of determines impact, 48 Differences among friends perils of embellishing, 49 small ones not damage great friendships, 52

Demeanor Dining act as friend or foe as circumstance requires, social bonding, 52 49 soul of diplomacy, 74

Democracies Diodorus, the Athenian crowd psychology a source of war, 50 precipitation and anger contrary to wise © difficultiesCopyright in making concessions byto the deliberation,Endowment 16 of foreigners, 49 dilatory diplomacy, 49 Diplomacy passionate diplomacy, 50 abuse of in ideological warfare, 53 thepopular United passion for war, 240States Institutealternative to force alone of governing Peace propensity for impulse rather than prudence, relations, 53 50 application of intelligence and tact to conduct war and peace, 50 of relations, 52 as dangerous to the morals as local politics, 58 Demosthenes aspect of politics, requires confidentiality, 206 accountability of ambassadors, 9 backed by power, 58 ambassadors have no battleships, 15 beginnings of, 53 diplomacy in democracies, 49 best leaves other side reasonably satisfied, 56 better for diplomats to be bored than for men Deniability, plausible to die, 60 covert action incurs costs of overt action, 50 by conference, 37 changeless for good reason, 59 Desperation coercive, defined, 53 if choices disastrous, worst for opponent is coercive, strategy of, 54 best, 50 communication with accuracy, imagination, tact, good sense, 54 Detainee contrasted with law, 54 defined, 50 critics of, 43 288 Index

defense not a substitute, 73 Diplomacy, breakout defined, 54 like maneuver warfare, 53 enables nation to avoid perishing heroically, 60 Diplomacy, combat engage opponents in web of common unarmed combat between states, 54 interests, 59 first-class seat at theater of life, 58 Diplomacy, democratic fomenting feuds between enemies, 57 requires empathy which is hard for form of national security policy in normal democracies, 56 times, 170 function of identifying common interests, 110 Diplomacy, language hard trade with many demands, 183 words that prevent reaching for swords, 56 helps form and restrain foreign policy, 85 is not policy but its effectuation, 170 Diplomacy, peace know one’s own mind, let others know it, 60 can bring gift of peace, 57 less costly and hazardous than war, 58 like dance, calls for sureness of footing, 60 Diplomacy, public like good bookkeeping, 42 defined, 59 limits of when force has abdicated, 83 governed by foreign policy needs, 59 logic of no use in, 127 making peace and coalitions for war, 52 Diplomacy, shuttle must be judged by what it prevents, 54 defined, 59 must be kept separate from domestic politics, 56 Diplomacy, tactics necessity of, 57 measures short of war, 60 of mediation, 132 of women like that of eunuchs, 60 Diplomacy, war open a contradiction in terms, 57 complements not substitutes for military parliamentary, defined, 57 measures, 60 personal diplomacy ephemeral, 57 plot and counterplot, 58 Diplomatic agents practice of relies on confidence and credit, 58 defined, 3 practice of ways and means, not grand why have a dog and bark yourself?, 3 © Copyrightdesigns, 58 by theyou Endowment don’t buy a canary and sing yourself, 75 of process by which policy carried out, 170 purpose not to outwit opponents, 59 Diplomatic corps revolutionary regimes and, 59 distinct society of professionals, 64 thesecret United nothing more than establishedStates Institutenot a school of virtue, 137 of Peace method, 59 utility of collegiality of, 33 servant of statecraft, 213 sewer through which flows the scum, 171 Diplomatic life sincere no more possible than dry water, 250 easy on the brain, hell on the feet, 60 strategy and, 217 made up of protocol, Geritol, alcohol, 60 subject matter of, 59 sudden success very costly in, 219 Diplomatic work too portentous for politicians, too political affects the life of the nation, 61 for generals, 59 triumphs leave resentment and suspicion Diplomats behind, 58 amateur serve apprenticeship damaging to ultima ratio of its war, 56 their trust. 62 war strategy and, 247 approach every problem with an open mouth, with women, 60 61 best interested in what they find at post, 62 Diplomacy, amateur can cut neighbor’s throat without him noticing like world’s oldest profession, undermined by it, 61 amateurs, 53 Index 289

can tell you to go to hell so you look forward training makes them cautious rather than to it, 61 innovative, 62 chameleons, 62 training of, 66 chief purpose the transaction of business with try to solve problems made by other governments, 62 diplomats, 61 communication among a two-way street, 35 unadulterated stupidity compared to soldiers, critics of, 43 248 difference from military men, 67 use ears, not mouth, 64 distinctive business of, 61 useful only in fair weather, 67 empathy which comes from experience, 72 warriors and, 248 envoys, reporters, representatives, 64 warriors without weapons, 67 essential qualities for effectiveness, 86 winners called statesmen, 66 essential to starting wars, 67 work of practical intercourse with men, 66 estrangement from compatriots, 63 function of relations with party in power, 63 Disagreements, resolving function of to observe, report, affect events, 63 focus on active disputes, 67 icons of their nation, 63, 66 implement policies of statesmen by peaceful Disarmament means, 212 defined, 67 insults, 64 difficulty of, 68 irony a serious fault in, 115 journalists contrasted with, 64 Disasters leads parade when run out of town, 61 protection of resident nationals, 30 lessen tensions and promote understanding, 61 Discourtesy magpies, 134 manifests arrogance, envy, belligerence, 68 man on the spot wiser than bureaucrats in capital, 62 Discretion missionaries, fanatics and lawyers, 62 apprentice diplomats must learn, 66 moral influence essential qualification of, 104 avoid hornet sting by not intruding on nest, 68 most civilized portion of the human race, 184 evidence of reliability, 68 most useful qualities of, 65 more to regret from words than silence, 68 must tend the international system, 63 protection of confidences by other states, 206 © negotiatorsCopyright and protectors of compatriots by the Endowment of abroad, 64 Dishonesty not enough to be an ass, 171 a lie leaves a drop of poison, 68 not fussed over by historians, 62 diplomats have no cause to complain about, 68 theobjectives United for, 64 States Instituteno occasion can justify, 126of Peace presence on scene a unique asset, 66 proof of smallness of mind, 68 professional brothers to warriors, 67 reputation for trickiness will dog a diplomat, qualifications of good, 64 68 qualities for successful, 65 telling chiefs what they want to hear makes qualities of, 65 bad policies, 170 qualities of good reporting officers, 107 qualities of the perfect enumerated, 65 Disillusionment responsibilities to statesmen, 215 happens only if develop illusions, 68 selection of, 66 self-image vs. popular image, 63 Dispatch share responsibility for foreign policy with defined, 69 home governments, 65 should not be taken by surprise, 223 Displaced person standards for recruitment, 65 defined, 69 task of to make up for misunderstanding, ignorance, 94 Disraeli, Benjamin thinks twice before saying nothing, 61 importance of knowing when to forego advantage, 83 290 Index

in politics nothing contemptible, 172 prevent a mischief betimes rather than public opinion generally means public revenge it too late, 22 sentiment, 187 weak government eager to resort to strong Drink measures, 94 effects of at conferences, 38 how to, 5 Dissembling excusable in public business, 69 Dryden, John peace is war in masquerade, 160 Dissent duty and limits of by ambassadors, 69 Du Mu manner of graceful and effective, 2 employ the wise, brave, covetous, and stupid, often taken for insult, 69 166 victory without pain uncelebrated, 237 Distance war may be defined as punishment, 245 makes no enmity but enmity makes distance, 15 Dulles, Allen qualities of good reporting officers, 108 Divide and rule aggravate differences between smaller parties, Dulles, John Foster 69 brinkmanship defined, 26 cannot condone aggression, 3 Documents friendship not a foreign policy objective, 91 preservation of in negotiations, 145 no nation’s policy can be ascertained from official statements, 213 Doctrine transform intelligence into effective action, 69 Duplicity diplomacy not a science of, 70 Doctrine, rules young men know rules, older men know Durant, Will exceptions, 70 diplomacy is art of saying nothing when speaking, 103 Dolcet, Etienne statesman cannot afford to be a moralist, 137 © ambassadorsCopyright should be good-looking, by 16 the Endowment of Eagerness Domestic politics a liability in negotiation, 71 autistic delusions from, 70 thedo Unitednot excuse foreign disasters, States 70 InstituteEarle, Edward Mead of Peace suffering of diplomats from, 70 grand strategy defined, 217 strategy defined, 216 Douglas-Home, Alexander don’t buy a canary and sing yourself, 75 Eayrs, James credibility of propaganda rests on gullibility, Doyenne 185 defined, 70 deception central to most techniques of statecraft, 46 Drafting paradox of power works to advantage of small never place an adjective before a noun, 70 states, 209 telegrams, 199 power consists in having things your way, 223 the shorter the greater the impact, 199 scratch a diplomat, find a frustrated planner, 168 Drafts statesman incapable of statecraft should find a advantageous to provide first draft of new job, 86 agreement, 70 Eban, Abba Drake, Francis authority of negotiators, 149 Index 291

bluff that is believed, 25 war is sterile of positive result, 247 breaking relations, 196 diplomacy in wartime, 248 Ekvall, Robert B. if power factors change rapidly, character and qualities needed by interpreters, miscalculation, 173 113 international organizations as police, 112 interpreter is faithful echo, 114 judge diplomacy by what it prevents, 54 loss of nuance in simultaneous interpreting, media attention inhibits success in 113 negotiations, 147 translation of meaningless statements, 229 media disrupts diplomacy, 147 negotiations endangered by premature Elizabeth I publicity, 148 do not tell secrets to those not tested, 205 oratory at international organizations, 112 monarchs ought to put to death instigators of semantic obsessions of diplomats, 210 war, 241 wisdom occurs when other alternatives exhausted, 249 Eloquence ambassadors must be good orators, 156 Economic power prudence and learning avail little without, 71 string one can pull not push, 71 Embassies Economic section locally hired employees, 71 defined, 71 morale, 136 necessary at even the smallest courts, 71 Economics staffing levels, 211 burden of sanctions falls where you do not wish, 203 Embassy economic balance like strategic balance, 71 defined, 71 money is not the sinews of war, 175 not an end in itself, 71 Emerson, Ralph Waldo of war, 240 flattery confirms our importance to us, 82 strike at a king, you must kill him, 243 Eden, Anthony to have a friend, be one, 90 diplomacy is strategy’s twin, 217 © goodCopyright diplomacy to resist a score, 56by theEmissary Endowment of nothing more dangerous than unrealistic defined, 71 foreign policy, 85 technology cuts distance, sharpens shock, 225 Empathy the United States Instituteattention to the judgment of of others Peace important, Egan, Maurice Francis 71 man on the spot wiser than bureaucrats in contrasted with sympathy in negotiation, 223 foreign offices, 62 diplomacy more effective with, 71 fingerspitzengefühl comes from experience, 71 Einstein, Albert perils of with home government, 71 importance of ambassadors of small states, problem of ‘localitis’, 127 209 utility of in negotiation, 71

Eisenhower, Dwight D. Empire, duration a people that values privilege above principles, all claim to be eternal, none are, 72 181 Empire, hegemonic destroying from within what trying to defend enlist universal resistance, 72 from without, 89 manufacture general war scare to achieve Empires political aims, 81 great and little minds go ill together, 73 plans are useless but planning indispensable, 167 Enemies premature disclosures bar agreements, 188 allies of tomorrow, 73 292 Index

be known by your, 73 Erasmus befriend, check, or fight, 73 only those with no experience delight in war, choosing, 73 239 contact with, 73 war begets war; equity, equity, 247 enemies of enemies are friends, 73 worst peace better than most just war, 161 hatred of, 73 hatred of affects judgement, 73 Escalation learning from, 73 defined, 75 make enemy to make friends, 73 neighbors are natural, 73 Escalation, grand strategy no perpetual, 110 opposite of, 75 observe them to find out faults, 73 support the weaker against the stronger, 73 Espionage threats from, 228 foreknowledge needs spies, 76 use to catch a snake, 73 imperative to know what to do, 75 intelligence the soul of public business, 107 Enemy demands money opens the most secret cabinets, 75 don’t discount course of action that coincides money well spent, 75 with, 74 necessity for, 75 scruples about, 76 Enmity sixth sense of the state, 75 indictments against a whole people, 74 turncoats help honest men know the truth, 75 poor basis for policy, 74 Esprit Entente energy charged with enthusiasm, 76 defined, 74 rapprochement, 193 Euphemism smoothes path to agreement, lays basis for Entertainment misunderstanding, 76 ambassadors must be liberal and magnificent, 74 Ethics citizens abroad, 29 ambassadors must tend the international cooks are excellent conciliators, 41 system, 63 © cultivateCopyright relationships with influential by people, the Endowment of 74 Evasion dining is the soul of diplomacy, 74 neither confirm nor deny, 76 farewell parties, 79 the prudent man’s exit from trouble, 76 thegive United good dinners and pay States attention to the Institute of Peace women, 52 Ex gratia management of ambassador’s residence, 200 defined, 76 more can be accomplished at one party, 74 receptions like mousetraps, 194 Exactions incessant . . . breed indifference, 76 defined, 74 defined, 77 Envoys necessity for, 75 Exiles Envoys, special folly of relying on as instruments of influence, you don’t buy a canary and sing yourself, 75 77 Expertise Equilibrium sail in wake of one who knows the ports, 77 defined, 75 Experts never trust, 77 Index 293

Expressions Fear, politics of transparent countenances and secret hearts, keep populace alarmed, 81 77 Felice, Fortune Barthélemy de Exterritorial all life is continual negotiation, 143 defined, 77 convincing through insinuation, 104 how to influence men to act, 104 Extradition negotiations an antidote to weakness for the defined, 77 astute, 144 qualities of public negotiators outlined, 151 Extraterritorial sincerity greatly facilitates the conduct of defined, 77 affairs, 208 to dominate others’ emotions we must master Eye for an eye our own, 207 leaves everyone blind, 77 Fénelon Face insults are arguments for those who are defined, 79 wrong, 106 prevent excessive aggrandizement of Fact-finding missions neighbors, 173 means of delay, 79 Final act Facts defined, 81 do not cease to exist because ignored, 79 diplomatist and general need grasp of, 79 Final offer not inevitably the last proposal, 81 Failure no struggle that can’t be lost, 79 Finance weapon of diplomacy, 81 Failure, intelligence only two possibilities, 79 Fingerspitzengefühl grows with experience, 72 Failure, reinforcing © neverCopyright reinforce, 80 by theFisher, Endowment Roger of must know what you want to get it, 155 Farquhar, George strike while the iron is hot, 156 Flattery the United States Instituteall right, if you don’t inhale, of 82 Peace Faults call even a dog ‘Sir’ to get what you need, 82 avoid exemplifying your nation’s, 80 diplomats must know how to inspire delusions of grandeur in others, 81 Faure, Guy Olivier disintegrating influence of, 82 on mediation, 131 flatterers also slander, 81 gaining influence through, 82 Favoritism kiss the hand you cannot bite, 82 no real favors from nation to nation, 80 magnet of goodwill, 83 mark of importance, 82 Favors negotiating ploy, 83 to receive one is to sell your liberty, 81 pleases very generally, 82 praise from enemies is suspicious, 82 Fear those who object to it, 82 robs mind of powers and reasoning, 81 will make new friends, 82

Fear-mongering Fletcher, Henry Prather manufacture general war scare to achieve retort to ‘diplomacy easy on the brain, hell on political aims, 81 the feet’, 60 294 Index

Flexibility Foreign affairs first, conciliate; failing that, crush, 37 annoyance to large nations but unavoidable, grant what you cannot refuse, conciliate who 84 you cannot conquer, 83 temptation of . . . to rulers, 85 will not conform to our whim, 84 Fog factories international organizations, 111 Foreign leaders intelligence on their views, 108 Folly highest wisdom to simulate, 83 Foreign policy acid test of is domestic support, 86 Foolproof aims of, 85 nothing foolproof to sufficiently talented fool, amoral, revolutionary described, 86 83 bureaucratic, 85 commitments and power must balance, 176 Forbearance contrasted with domestic policy and importance of knowing when to forego administration, 169 advantage, 83 costs of, 85 diplomacy and war in, 86 Force diplomacy free foreign policy works no and deception govern international relations, better, 85 46 diplomatic dialog helps form and restrain, 85 effects of temporary, 84 effectiveness from power harnessed to never take what others may give, 245 strategy, 86 rattle the scabbard, don’t draw the sword, 84 legislated, 124 renunciation of use of favors status quo, measuring success in, 87 slights justice, 161 military power and, 176 resort to necessary to start negotiations, 84 moral rules of different than those for stupid to seize what others may give, 83 individuals, 137 submission to, 84 morality in . . . necessary to inspire trust, 137 unguided by political ends makes political no chance of success without domestic messes, 83 support, 87 use of by alliances, 84 no more effective than force that backs it, 88 © useCopyright of, when strategem has failed, by84 thenot Endowmenta matter of sentiment but unchanging of violence to spoil or to mend different, 84 interests, 88 weapons not the tools of the enlightened, 84 not based on clearly understood interests is futile, 110 theForce, United language of States Institutenothing more dangerous of than onePeace based on defined, 83 unreality, 85 objective to avoid loss, 84 Force, political results one man’s is another’s domestic issue, 86 military defeats enemy but doesn’t create politicization and criminalization of, 87 lasting political results, 83 popular participation no cure for war, 50 process defies simple description, 87 Force, show of propaganda goes hand in hand, 186 defined, 84 purpose not sentiment but to shape events, 87 purposes of, 87 Force, strategy resist unjust demands and unreasonable more problems without strategy, 84 views of foreigners, 85 sources of innovation in, 86 Ford, Gerald strategy of diplomacy, 85 friendly relations with opponent negotiators, success in influenced by skill of negotiators, 87 149 toothless is not persuasive, 88 unlike domestic policy can be fatal, 86 without strength behind it aimless, 88 Index 295

Foreign relations Friedrich, Carl J. benefits of uninterrupted, 88 ultima ratio of diplomacy is war, 56 endless, solution of one problem leads to another, 88 Friendly nuisance filled with anxieties and frustrations, meaning of, 89 88 Friends Foreign Service choose by reference to power, not sentiment, American views of U.S., 88 89 should represent national diversity but ability come and go, 89 primary, 199 foolish, 89 friendship seldom lasts except between Foresight equals, 89 no thought to distant opportunities, stumble friendships cannot survive mutability of into misfortunes nearer, 88 interests, 89 may become enemies, 89 Formalities negotiations between, 89 get them right, never mind the moralities, 28 not with me, against me, 89 nothing final between, 89 Frank state has none, only interests, 89 meaning of, 89 support from, 90 tending, 90 Frankel, Joseph true, 90 parliaments upset diplomacy, 124 unlike men, nations linked only by interests, 91 Frankfurter, Felix who won’t help, same as enemies who do no not true that war never settles anything, 239 harm, 89

Franklin, Benjamin Friendship be civil to all, 30 becoming one with another people, 91 diplomats should have tact, calmness, and interests not cultural affinities determine, 90 patience, 65 not a foreign policy objective, 91 forewarned, forearmed, 107 not alliancem 90 © neverCopyright a good war nor a bad peace, by161 therules Endowment of, 91 of to make a friend, be one, 90 Freedom, defense of tool to be used or abandoned according to thedestroying United from within, 89States Institutecircumstances, 90 of Peace Frederick the Great Friendship between nations advantage of knowing adversaries, 107 invaluable asset, 90 diplomacy without arms, 20 passionate attachment to a foreign nation he would preserve everything, preserves corrupts, 80 nothing, 218 making and breaking coalitions, 30 Full powers religion as a weapon, 197 defined, 91

Freedom Future, predicting self-fulfillment in absence of control and predict the future by creating it, 91 humiliation, 89 Gaffe, political Freeman, Chas. W., Jr. politically embarrassing blunder, 93 logic of fundamental national interests in mediation, 130 Galbraith, John Kenneth mediation is different from negotiation, 130 great leaders willing to confront major anxiety of people, 123 ‘useful’ as a characterization of talks, 234 296 Index

Gibson, Hugh Gambetta, Léon secret diplomacy is unpublicized negotiation, defeat the supreme stimulus, 237 59 victory and defeat negate diplomacy, 230 Game of nations alternative is war, 85 Gifts ambassadors should refuse unless departing, 94 Gandhi, Indira distinguished from bribery, 93 cannot shake hands with clenched fist, 143 Giraud, Charles J. B. Gandhi, Mohandas definition of the balance of power, 173 avoidance of harm, 4 eye for an eye, 77 Glory, war soldiers compensate with lives for politicians, Generals, attrition 94 ending wars with different ones, 93 Goeth, Johann Wolfgang von Genius who seizes right moment is right man, 156 seeing the obvious before everyone else, 93 Goldberg, Arthur Geography diplomats approach problems with an open as destiny, 93 mouth, 61 more permanent than politics, 93 Good deeds Geopolitics no good deed goes unpunished, 94 defined, 93 suspicion of friendly gestures, 93 determines activism or passivity of states, 93 situation determines attitude toward Good faith preemptive attack, 21 requires patient and constant effort, 94 who rules the world-island commands the world, 93 Good offices defined, 94 George, Alexander L. © appeasementCopyright defined, 17 by theGovernment Endowment of appeasement of revolutionary states, 214 defined, 94 coercive diplomacy, 54 deterrence, criteria for, 53 Government, weak thedeterrence, United failure of, 51 States Instituteeager to resort to strong ofmeasures, Peace 94 entente defined, 74 foreign policy in democracies, 67 Governments, foreign-installed intelligence resisted by policymakers, 140 regimes planted by bayonets don’t take root, paranoids suspect friendly gestures, 125 94 passive appeasement, 18 rapprochement defined, 249 Gracián, Baltasar avoid the defects of your country, 80 George, Alexander L. and Craig, Gordon A. know the meaning of evasion, 76 deterrence defined, 18 making policy recommendations, 2

Germonius, Bishop Gratitude ambassadors must be indefatigable readers, difference between dog and man, 95 118 donor loves recipient more than the reverse, 29 legitimate factor in foreign policy, 95 Gestures nations show less than benefactors expect, 95 friendly, viewed with suspicion, 93 word only fools use, 94 Index 297

Grew, Joseph C. legislative process at UN not a substitute for diplomacy weak and ineffective without diplomacy, 233 preparedness, 179 publicity freezes positions in negotiations, 148 no profession in which wives more important than in diplomacy, 211 Han Feizi influence through flattery, 83 Grey of Fallodon, Lord no state is forever strong or eternally weak, much in foreign affairs that cannot be 218 disclosed, 206 persuading rulers of your views, 166 right of retaliation in war, 246 rulers overly tempted to focus on foreign affairs, 84 Grotius, Hugo war unjustified to curb growth of dangerous Hankey, Lord power, 241 case for summit meetings, 221 elements of diplomacy by conference, 37 Gruber, Karl communication among diplomats a two-way Harlow, Bryce street, 35 agree only to what you can deliver, 233 the higher the summit the flimsier the agreements, 221 Harriman, W. Averell courtesy and name-calling at conferences, 38 Guarantee to reach agreement pick agreeable negotiator, defined, 95 152 understanding must be very precise, 177 Guests duties, 95 Harrison, Benjamin vacillation incompatible with national Guicciardini, Francesco dignity, 39 ambassadors the eyes and ears, 14 Haste Guizot, F. mother of pratfalls, 97 diplomats are a distinct society, 64 Hatred ©Habib, Copyright Philip by thecure Endowment is brave act of love, 97 of why everybody wants to be an ambassador, 9 foremost art of kings is to endure, 97 springs from fear and envy, 97 Hamilton, Alexander thealmost United as many popular asStates royal wars, 245 InstituteHauser, H. of Peace legislatures lack qualifications to set foreign popular participation in foreign policy no cure policy, 124 for war, 50 neutrality needs strong government too, 152 no tranquility at home if not respected abroad, Hay, John 219 diplomacy as dangerous to the morals as local politics?, 58 Hamilton, Ian legation is stuffed mattress for political propaganda draws nourishment form sins of acrobats, 171 enemies, 185 Head of government Hamilton, Keith and Langhorne, R. T. B. defined, 97 beginnings of diplomacy, 53 diplomacy defined, 55 Healing wounds heal, humiliation festers, 97 Hammarskjöld, Dag contributions of public debate at the UN, 234 Hedging diplomacy, not speeches or votes, makes guard against loss by limiting upside gain, 97 peace, 164 298 Index

Hegemony Hitler, Adolf absence of implies insecurity of states, 103 big lies more potent than small ones, 185 cannot produce lasting peace, 97 confusion, contradiction, indecisiveness, drive for absolute security, 207 panic, 171 revolutionary powers seek absolute diplomacy avoids nation perishing heroically, security, 212 60 Henderson, G. F. R. mankind will only perish in eternal peace, 162 diplomacy, politics and military strategy, 135 negotiation unbacked by power ridiculous and fruitless, 146 Herbert, George propaganda must be focused and persistent, life of spies to know, not be known, 210 185 one sword keeps another in the sheath, 51 Hitopadesa Herodotus ambassadors are spies, 14 on ethnocentrism, 43 Hobbes, Thomas Herz, Martin F. enforcement of agreements, 4 insight grows with empathy born of counsel, 41 experience, 71 right of independent commonwealths, 210 three principal causes of quarrel, 239 Hill, David J. diplomacy less costly, hazardous than war, 58 Hochhuth, Rolf importance of , 98 unlike men, nations not linked in friendship, necessity of diplomacy, 57 91 subject matter of diplomatic theory and practice, 59 Homecoming for diplomats the future knows no guide but history, 98 no home at all since between two countries, 99

Historians Honesty invent past so statesmen can invent future, 97 best policy in public as in private life, 99 viewpoint of, 98 in reporting, 215 sincerity greatly facilitates conduct of History affairs, 208 © distortsCopyright interpretation of the present, by 99 thewise, Endowment 99 of foremost tool for political analysis, 98 if people always understood there would have Honor been no history, 98 acquiescence under insult no escape thelessons United from, 98 States Institutefrom war, 17 of Peace the future knows no other guide, 98 considerations of honor determine policy, 99 utility of diplomatic, 98 national honor is national property, 99 policy of . . . also policy of peace, 99 History, prediction war better than loss of national, 99 everything that happens resembles ancient times, 98 Hostage longer look back, farther can look forward, 98 defined, 99

History, statecraft Hotman de Villiers secrets of statecraft found in, 98 management of ambassadors’ residences, 200 money opens the most secret cabinetsm 75 History, war moral responsibilities of ambassadors, 137 probable not inevitable, war can be avoided, 98 refuse gifts unless departing, 94 style of speech appropriate to ambassadors, History, wrong side of 156 time for strategic retreat when history against you, 99 Huainanzi courtesy defined, 42 Index 299

survival dependent on policy, 223 Ideas, talk lofty talk can substitute when ideas fail, 101 Hübner, Count what a hard trade is the diplomatist’s!, 183 Ideas, words words come in handy when ideas fail, 101 Huddleston, Sisley dangers of dependence on foreign aid, 5 Ideology diplomacy as the servant of statecraft, 213 accords awkwardly with, 101 diplomacy defined, 55 defined, 101 weakness of alliances, 8 disruptive of international order, 101 moral claims cannot be compromised, 101 Hufbauer, Gary Clyde, et al. sanctions often accompanied by other Ideology, intelligence measures, 203 provides mental filter for interpretation, 102 sanctions provide drama, 204 Ideology, perils of Hughes, Charles Evans mature power less affected by universal duty, new diplomacy, new conditions, 153 102

Hull, Cordell Ideology, terrorism don’t get between dogs and lamp-posts, 153 terrorist lies beneath surface of, 102

Human rights Ignorance See ideology mother of suspicion, 223 of other’s ways a cause of war, 44 Humility in negotiations, 99 Ignorance, democracies never seem wiser or more learned, 100 knowledge governs ignorance, 102

Humor Ignorance, understanding helpful in solving problems, 100 irresponsible to understand and fail to act, 102

Humor, sense of Iklé, Fred C. © betterCopyright to have than no sense at all, by100 thebringing Endowment the enemy to terms, 242 of how wars end is decisive, 241 Huxley, Aldous military vs. diplomatic influence in war, 242 facts do not cease to exist because ignored, 79 negotiation rests on common interests and thepropaganda United is emotional engineering,States 185 Instituteissues of conflict, 142 of Peace statesmen cannot foresee results of political outcome of war, not battles, crucial, 244 action, 168 qualifications of negotiators, 149

Hypocrisy Illusion ambassador out to make the world safe for, belief in own magic is downfall of magician, 100 102 little fact sustains a lot, 102 Idealism risks defeat with its own weapons, 101 Illusion, dangerous most dangerous is belief that one has none, Ideas, guns 102 concepts more fatal than, 101 Image, changing Ideas, false do something that surprise others into precise, false ideas have more power than reconsideration, 102 true, complex ones, 101 Immunities See Privileges and immunities 300 Index

Immunity, sovereign Insecurity defined, 102 price of independence, 103 Insincerity Impact grave defect in a public man, 104 extent to which application of a capability felt by opponent, 103 Insinuation art of more useful than direct persuasion, 104 Impotence root of rage, 103 Inspectors defined, 105 Inanity diplomacy is art of saying nothing when Instructions speaking, 103 ambassador must not wait for, 105 authority of ambassadors to question 10, 105 Incidents bureaucratic, 105 confusion springs from trifles but decides initial tend to be inflexible, 106 great issues, 103 reaction by ambassadors to foreign policy should govern, not be governed counterproductive, 105 by, 103 well-formulated diplomatic, 105

Independence Insults most important state interest is survival, 103 arise from insolence or self-deception, 106 diplomats, 64 Indispensable men serve as arguments for those in the wrong, 106 graveyards full of them, 103 Insurgency Inevitability defined, 106 believing that conflict is inevitable makes it so, 103 Insurrection irregular warfare more intellectual than Influence bayonet charge, 106 diplomatic virtues that engender, 104 rebellion must have base, 106 insidious foreign, 80 © insinuationCopyright more useful than direct by theInsurrection, Endowment defeating of persuasion, 104 defined, 106 men are moved by feelings alone, 103 moral is most essential qualification in Intellect, power of the diplomacy,United 104 States Institutewise man can kill using ofintellect, Peace 106 persuasive effect of attractive leadership, 103 Intellectuals, advocates Influence, ideas intellectuals entertain and praise every to lead, need ideas worth following, 104 preposterous policy, 106

Influence, sphere of Intelligence defined, 104 advantage from knowledge of adversary, 107 analysis, 107 Informality as component of statecraft, 213 sign of self-confidence, 104 best, essential to best policy, 108 capacity of to overwhelm the more powerful Information and spirited, 108 is power, 107 essential to know character of enemy, 107 right to . . . asserted most by political forewarned, forearmed, 107 opponents, 35 history is the foremost tool for political analysis, 98 Innovation, strategic information is power, 107 no repetition of a winning move, 104 needed on adversaries to decide actions, 75 Index 301

on capabilities and intentions, 27 Interests, foreign overt and covert collection, 108 diplomatic success rests on, 110 predictions project the specious present, 108 resistance of policymakers to, 108 Interests section sensory apparatus of the state, 107 defined, 111 statesmen must decide without knowledge of the future, 213 Internal affairs the soul of public business, 107 conquest, not sanctions, required to change true statesman does not despise for its rulers, 204 origins, 107 interference in cause for expulsion, 111 modifying institutions of other countries, 111 Intelligence, analysis vs. operations no nation has a right to intervene in, 152 requires different character traits in right of interference in, 111 practitioners, 107 right of interference in delimited, 111 sanctions as a means of interference with, 111 Intelligence agencies negotiators and, 150 International organizations deciding how to vote, 238 Intelligence reports, wartime diplomatic fog factories, 111 many reports contradictory during war, 108 no brotherhood that laughs at boundaries, 112 oratory at, 112 Interdependence parliamentary diplomacy defined, 57 defined, 108 peacemaking, 112 phases of response to crises, 43 Interest, national quiet use of facilities effective, 112 defined, 108 value of public debate at, 234

Interest, strategic Internuncio defined, 108 defined, 113

Interest, vital Interpretation defined, 108 nuances lost in simultaneous, 113 ©Interests Copyright by theInterpreters Endowment of agreements must rest on, 109 advice for statesmen on how to use, 113 coincide with moral duties, 110 briefing before meetings, 113 connect states and guarantee their faithful echo of the statesman, 114 the existence,United 109 States Institutemust know as much as statesmen,of Peace 113 determine longevity of treaties, 4 qualities of effective, 113 diplomats place them first, 109 use in negotiations, 114 eternal and perpetual, 110 failure to define and rank cripples Intervention diplomacy, 110 defined, 114 harmonizing is secret of negotiation, 110 military, 114 identification of common is function of rules of intervention in civil wars, 30 diplomacy, 110 in democracies, 110 Intolerable nations determine policies in terms of, 110 means no idea what to do, 114 no perfect congruity between allies, 109 not values basis for joint action, 233 Intrigue policies not built on, 109 with intelligence and science a king can defeat political interests guarantee state the mighty, 114 existence, 110 sentiment changes, interests persist, 109 Invasion, withdrawal special must not override national, 110 takes less time to invade than withdraw, 114 trust no nation not bound by, 109 302 Index

Invincibility intelligence essential to policy, 108 reputation for invincibility is deterrent to secrecy essential to intelligence work, 105 aggression, 114 Johnson, Samuel Invitations flattery pleases, 82 never fish for them, dining out wastes friendship lasting only between equals, 89 time, 114 Jokes Irony rarely translate effectively, 117 mistake in diplomacy, 115 Jokes, confidences Irrational enjoy a joke is to share a confidence, 117 defined, 115 Jokes, friendship Irresistibility shared laughter is step toward friendship, 117 defined, 115 Jomini, Antoine Henri Irritation ignorance of adversaries paralyzes decision, man who shows ill-fitted to diplomacy, 16 75 negotiator should not show, 115 never get angry except on purpose, 16 Journalism predisposition to take offense catalyzes background, defined, 23 hostilities, 115 deep background, defined, 23 soft answer turneth away wrath, 250 off the record, defined, 194 on the record, defined, 195 Irving, Washington best when diplomats, reporters allied, 180 readiness to take offense, not acts, spark wars, news contrasted with diplomatic reporting, 115 115 treaties bind not at all, 230 Journalists Ishii, Kikujiro diplomats contrasted with, 64, 188 compromise is essential, 36 Judgment ©Isolation Copyright by thefailure Endowment to give an evasion of responsibility, 117of deprives one of influence, 115 regimes depend on isolation for political Judgment, strategic the survival,United 115 States Instituteroads one does not follow, of 117 Peace Jackson, Geoffrey Jusserand, J. J. diplomacy defined, 52 ambassadors should be neither old nor preparation the better part of summitry, 222 immature, 9 diplomatic service represents aspiration to Jefferson, Thomas suppress wars, 163 acquiescence under insult no escape from war, knowledge of foreign nations needs time, 119 17 enlightened self-interest described, 208 Jusserand, J. J., citing others gratitude should bear on national conduct, 95 after Pandora’s box opened, ambassador a national interests and moral duties coincide, necessity, 75 110 ambassadors must be indefatigable readers, peace, commerce, and honest friendship, 34 119 selfish, unpatriotic spirit of commerce, 34 ambassadors should refuse gifts unless departing, 94 Johnson, Hugh S. an ambassador should be good-looking, 16 war springs from commercial rivalries, 34 dissembling is excusable in public business, 69 initiative by ambassadors without Johnson, Lyndon B. instructions, 105 Index 303

management of ambassadors’ residences, 200 Kennedy, A. L. money opens the most secret cabinets, 75 conferences only succeed when results moral duties of ambassadors to sovereigns, arranged beforehand, 38 137 qualities of the perfect diplomat probity essential in ambassadors, 182 enumerated, 65 prudence and learning avail little without eloquence, 71 Kennedy, John F. reporting must conceal nothing, 198 domestic mistakes not fatal, foreign policy can standards for recruiting apprentice diplomats, be, 86 66 every nation determines policies in terms of style of speech appropriate to ambassadors, interests, 110 156 mere absence of war is not peace, 160 training of diplomats in discretion, 66 purpose of foreign policy not sentiment, 87 welfare of nations in hands of ambassadors, 15 Kennedy, Paul Justice vital role of diplomacy in grand strategy, 217 America goes not abroad in search of monsters to destroy, 117 Kertesz, Stephen D. better served by diplomatic adjustment than skill of negotiators influences history, 87 force, 2 charity not substitute for justice withheld, 118 Khrushchev, Nikita S. enters human affairs only when backed by war, not conference, alters borders, 25 power, 118 may be slighted in peace, 162 Kirk, Alexander vengeance imposed by judge, 117 never do anything abrupt. It never pays, 1 when decision is in your favor, 117 without force is impotent, 118 Kirkpatrick, Ivone defeatism makes a bad diplomat, 47 Kampelman, Max M. conduct of negotiations, 145 Kissinger, Henry A. absolute security for one, absolute insecurity Kautilya for others, 207 See Arthasastra of Kautilya, 182 achieve war aims while at war, 163 © Copyright by theacid Endowment test of foreign policy domestic support, 86of Kelly, David advantages and disadvantages of summit open diplomacy a contradiction in terms, 57 meetings, 220 qualifications of good diplomats, 64 bargaining power depends on perceived the United States Instituteoptions, 24 of Peace Kennan, George F. circumstance imprisons statesmen, 29 breaking relations, 196 coalitions at the mercy of most determined conditions favoring international law, 209 members, 31 control personnel and control policy, 165 conditions for balance of power, 174 diplomats suffer from domestic political creation of moral consensus to preserve status distractions, 70 quo, 216 diplomats view propaganda with distaste and criteria for effective strategy, 217 scepticism, 185 dangers of coalitions between status quo and domestic political imperatives no excuse for acquisitive powers, 32 failure, 70 dedication to peace empowers the ruthless, economic protectionism ignominious, 186 161 every government a problem for others, 191 defeat and occupation, 47 leadership requires self-mastery, 123 deterrence dependent on combination of methodology of foreign policy, 87 factors, 51 personal diplomacy risks ephemeral results, dilemmas of negotiation by democracies, 144 57 eagerness a liability in negotiations, 71 purposes of foreign policy, 87 foreign policy needs domestic support to subject matter, scope of diplomacy, 59 succeed, 87 304 Index

guerrilla wars not about compromise, 241 unprecedented is a suspect term, 234 guerrilla wins if he does not lose, 241 vulnerability of established order, 157 hegemonic empires enlist universal resistance, will may play as great a role as power, 249 72 hubris in negotiators, 150 Kitahara, Hideo ideas do not sell themselves, 2 ambassadors’ duty to sustain international legitimizing principle of order defines justice, system, 63 adjustment, 156 leverage from declarations of neutrality, Knowledge concern, 152 ambassadors must be indefatigable readers, limits of diplomacy when force has abdicated, 119 83 of foreign nations needs time, 119 logics of war, peace contrasted, 244 of host country by resident ambassadors, 12 management of balance of power, 174 of self required in negotiators, 208 mediocrity in statecraft, 213 military men ill-suited to negotiation of peace, Komura, Jutaro 248 diplomats should use ears, not mouth, 64 moral claims cannot be compromised as beyond expediency, 101 Laberius moral dilemmas of statesmen, 138 friends and enemies interchangeable, 89 morality vs. pragmatism in decision-making, 138 Langhorne, R. T. B. and Hamilton, Keith nature of adjustment when international order beginnings of diplomacy, 53 challenged, 157 diplomacy defined, 55 negotiation with revolutionary powers, 144 negotiations at summits, 222 Language never treat crises when cold, only when hot, 43 a dialect with army and navy, 121 no power can negotiate about its existence, 139 all nations have a right to treat with others in a perception of trends vital to statesmen, 230 neutral, 191 planning a waste of time unless, 167 know a man’s to know his soul, 121 planning must consider capabilities as well as to speak a foreign one is to wear a disguise, intentions, 27 121 power is the ultimate aphrodisiac, 173 window into the world, 121 © prerequisitesCopyright for limited war, 242 by the Endowment of public relations a substitute for sense of Language and culture direction, 188 applied arts in diplomacy, 121 purpose of alliance, 6 thereconciliation United with defeated States enemies, 164 InstituteLanguage, body of Peace relating states by agreement rather than force body speaks before mouth reliance on power with insufficient means is innocent gestures can be insults, 98 suicide, 177 revolutionary movements, 201 Languages revolutionary powers seek absolute security, diplomatic, 121 212 spirits of policy, bureaucracy, contrasted, 169 Law stability derived from consensus on contrasted with diplomacy, 54 international order, 211 defects of legal reasoning in diplomacy, 66 stable order grounded in relative security, depends on tolerant society of nations, 209 insecurity, 157 international contrasted to domestic, 122 success of war, victory; of peace, stability, 244 limitations of international, 112 summit meetings without specific purpose condemned, 222 Lawyers three main functions of negotiation, 143 contrasted with diplomats, 122 to gain time offer to talk, 225 poor diplomats, 122 translating victory into political terms, 237 unilateral gestures in negotiations, 149 Index 305

Leaders, incompetent enemy Liberalism, bellicose nature of finish poorly-led enemy fast, 123 not a philosophy of innocence, 125 Leaders, vulnerabilities of Liberty defined, 123 human nature imbued with desire for, 125 preferred by few, majority seek fair masters, Leadership 125 elements of, 123 right to do what laws permit, 125 essence of, 123 requires self-mastery, 123 Liddell Hart, Basil team leader requires being team player, 123 advice to statesmen, 214 turning unexpected to advantage, 123 strategy for victory, 218 victory implies peace better after war than Leaks, motivations for before, 237 defined, 123 war must be conducted with a view to the peace you desire, 245 Legal adviser abominable no-man, 124 Lie, Trygve diplomat can cut neighbor’s throat, 61 Legate defined, 124 Lies diplomacy is to lie and deny, 14 Legation habitual liars need good memories, 125 defined, 124 inadmissible in diplomacy, 98 little inaccuracy saves tons of explanation, 126 Legislation no occasion can justify, 126 application to diplomacy counterproductive, only rulers should have privilege of, 45 124 rulers alone may lie, 45 contrary to diplomacy, 124 truth not for everyone, 126

Legislative process Lies, rulers contrary to diplomacy, 233 duty of rulers to remember men lie, 126

Legislatures Life, diplomatic © belligerentCopyright nationalism of, 124 by theeasy Endowment on the brain, hell on the feet, 60 of cannot exercise initiative, 124 protocol, Geritol and alcohol, 60 intervention in diplomacy almost always unfortunate, 125 Linguists thelack United qualities to make foreign States policy, 124 Institutespeaking is not thinking, of 126 Peace policy made by breeds war, 125 Linkage Legitimacy defined, 126 defined, 125 elixir of political power, 125 Lippmann, Walter alliances like chains, weak links do not Lenin, V.I. strengthen, 6 promises made to be broken, 184 difference between statesmen and politicians, 215 Leo X, Pope mass opinion a dangerous master of decisions, reinsure by negotiating with the other side, 6 187 mature power less affected by universal duty, Lescalopier de Nourar 102 welfare of nations in hands of ambassadors, 15 policy formed when commitments balance power, 176 Leverage public opinion is always wrong, 188 defined, 125 statesman who wants peace cannot ignore, 173 306 Index

Listening Loyalty gather information, conceal your own basic quality for diplomat, 127 views, 126 requires discreet dissent, 127 have to listen to lead, hard to do when screaming, 126 Luard, Evan in negotiations, 126 unyielding stubbornness vs. appeasement, 17 persuasion through, 126 to what is not said, 126 Luce, Clare Booth no good deed goes unpunished, 94 Listening, diplomatic listening agreeably without agreeing is central Luke to diplomacy, 126 not with me, against me, 89

Liu Ji Luttwak, Edward N. ally with neighbors to make war, 239 arms control not a form of conflict resolution, delay until others wane, 48 20 logic of strategy described, 218 Livingston, Edward prepared ability to fight assures peace in two political appointees seek sinecures and ways, 180 luxurious enjoyment, 18 statecraft subject to logic of strategy, 216

Livy Lyons, Lord certain peace better than anticipated victory, distinctive function of diplomatists, 61 237 Mably, Abbot Lloyd George, David virtue stripped of force reveals its own fatuity of military political judgment, 248 weakness, 159 government cannot act in advance of public opinion, 187 MacArthur, Douglas quarrels should not become policy, 74 fatal to enter war without will to win it, 243 statesman who haggle should be horse politics should not handicap men in war, 247 dealers, 214 Machiavelli, Niccolò ©Localitis Copyright by theadvancing Endowment other powers ruins one’s own, 5 of avoid admiration or disparagement of host appeasement ill advised, 17 country, 178 army, not money, sole reliable defense, 176 guard against, 127 deceit laudable in war, 45 theproblem United of, 127 States Institutedilemma of peace and war,of 163 Peace disregarding promises made under duress no Lodge, Henry Cabot disgrace, 184 nation armed and bankrupt most economics of wars of conquest, 240 dangerous, 3 everything that happens resembles ancient times, 98 Lodge, John D. exiles vain and unreliable instruments of ambassador man with most money, fewest influence, 77 votes, 18 hatred springs from fear and envy, 97 highest wisdom may be to simulate folly, 83 Logic imitate the fox and the lion, 213 of no use in diplomacy, 127 insulting language, 106 judging a man’s character, 28 Lomax, John never ally with the more powerful, 6 the fewer the staff the better the performance, nothing more difficult than initiating a new 211 order, 156 power measured by attitudes of neighbors, 175 Louis XIV purposes of violence, 84 open negotiations promote obstinacy, 38 Index 307

republics more faithful to treaties than Maggi, Ottaviano princes, 39 qualifications of ambassadors, 14 sacrifice of certain good for uncertain better, 106 Magnanimity threats and insulting words, 217 can conquer great enmities, 129 where to fight a war, 242 in victory . . ., in peace, good will, 236

Mackinder, Halford Mahabharata who rules the world-island commands the if enemies fight deceitfully repay them in world, 93 kind, 200 might is above right, right proceeds from Macmillan, Harold might, 134 alliances held together by fear, not love, 6 statesmen poised between cliché and Mail indiscretion, 197 delivered by diplomats, 49 delivering the, 15 Macomber, William ability to give a good toast, 218 Malmesbury, Lord avoid admiration or disparagement of host eagermost contacts on arrival suspicious, 40 country, 178 hold onto official documents in negotiations, avoid disputes over principle, 181 145 avoid indiscretion in dealing with the press, listen, don’t talk, 126 180 neither confirm nor deny indiscreet brevity a virtue in reporting, 198 assertions, 76 definition of diplomacy, 55 opening position in negotiations, 146 discretion quality of reliability, 68 sacrifice your national prejudices to your duty of diplomats to work for negotiability, hosts’, 44 184 good negotiators are good at assessment of Manners opponents, 149 learned from those who have none, 129 loyalty requires discreet dissent, 127 putting others at ease, 129 negotiation should produce results that last, 141 Manu, Laws of © negotiationsCopyright at the summit violate byprecepts ofthe peace Endowment and war depend on ambassadors, 13 of good negotiation, 221 opening and fallback in negotiations, 142 Mao Zedong opportunities to make a difference through attack principles, 22 the diplomaticUnited career, 183 States Institutepolitics is warfare without of bloodshed, Peace 172 perils of uncontrolled empathy in reporting, power comes from guns, 177 71 policy not supported by power inoperative, Market economies, freedom 176 not easy to keep open markets and ideas problem of ‘localitis’ dissected, 127 constrained, 129 profession of diplomacy honorable, even exalted, 183 Marshall, George C. virtues of ad referendum negotiations, 144 don’t ask me to agree in principle, 3

Madison, James Martens, Charles de attention to judgments of other nations, 155 definition of diplomacy, 57 knowledge governs ignorance, 102 necessity of tact in diplomacy, 225 war is enemy to public liberty, 214 Martens, G. F. de Magalhães, José Calvet de gifts distinguished from bribery, 93 instruments of foreign policy diplomacy and war, 86 308 Index

Mass Mediocrity preponderance, concentration of capability, in statecraft, 213 129 Meir, Golda Matthew only alternative to war is peace, 146 blessed are the peacemakers, 164 Melville, Herman Mayer, Martin amity only maintained by mutual respect, 15 diplomacy is the profession par excellence, 184 war is hell for soldiers, unemployment for Memoranda of conversation diplomats, 247 no one ever lost an argument in his own, 199

McClintock, Robert Memory, attention definition of diplomacy, 55 true art of memory is art of attention, 134 influence of diplomats on policy, 66 Mencius Mediation men do not submit to force in their hearts, 84 adjustments need intolerable situation, deadlock, 133 Mencken, H. L. better between enemies than friends 168 no nation ever gained by being unready to borrowed leverage, 130 defend itself, 193 changes structure of negotiation, 130 aim of practical politics to keep populace conciliator must help parties perceive ripe alarmed, 81 moment, 132 creating formulae for peacemaking, 130 Merchant, Livingston defined, 129 a year required to become effective at new defining the agenda, 130 post, 228 end games, 164 diplomats’ role indispensable, 66 formulae for settlement proposed by negotiator must know absolute minimum mediators, 131 acceptable, 146 interest in issues and outcome not an obstacle to, 131 Messengers joint with others considered, 131 beginnings of diplomacy, 53 © knowledgeCopyright required by peacemakers, by 131 theif don’tEndowment trust messenger, then don’t trust of may require action to ripen the conflict, 132 message, 134 mediator’s role, 134 magpies, 134 price of defense of international stability, 132 thereinforcing United conflict to produce States compromise, InstituteMetternich of Peace 129 command and control of coalitions, 31 richest source of leverage may be built into interests connect states and guarantee their situation, 131 existence, 109 secrecy in, 35 interests guarantee existence of states, 110 success in, 133 no peace possible with a revolutionary system, stick with logic of national interests, 130 212 using third parties and institutions as principle of solidarity and equilibrium, 109 leverage, 131 revolutions and the restoration of order, 156 to despise public opinion like despising moral Mediators principles, 188 credibility of, 133 must respect parties and their concerns, 134 Might power and leverage of vis-à-vis the parties, is above right, 134 133 transform strength into right, 134 role of in defining process and agenda for where is no . . . right loses itself, 134 settlement, 134 seek to become channels for communication between parties, 134 Index 309

Militarism Modesty belief that more force accomplishes what it in negotiators, 150 failed to do before, 135 necessary in counseling sovereigns, 2

Military matters Modus vivendi if you believe the soldiers, nothing is safe, 207 defined, 137 only military men should be listened to, 135 should be left to military men, 135 Mohieddin, Zakaria objectives of the ‘game of nations’, 85 Military science statesmen must study, 215 Moltke, Helmuth von (‘The Elder’) Military strength, power eternal peace a dream, and not beautiful, 162 element of power not synonym, 135 leadership of diplomacy and military strategy, 248 Milton, John war strategy and diplomacy, relationship, 247 amity transcends cultural differences, 15 Monat, Pawel Minister term military attaché a synonym for spy, 21 defined, 135 head of legation, 124 Money solvent and softener of principles, 137 Minister-Counselor defined, 135 Monnet, Jean détente must represent facts, 51 Ministers ambassador should know their passions and Monroe, James interests, 135 leave military matters to the military, 135 meetings at the level of, 135 national honor, 99 should listen to experts in negotiations, 135 preparation for war stimulates suspicion, ill will, 180 Ministers for foreign affairs defined, 135 Montague, C. E. dilemmas of in public remarks, 197 war hath no fury like a non-combatant, 244 © name-callingCopyright at conferences left to,by 38 the Endowment of qualities of, 135 Montaigne, Michel de ambassadors not bound to unswerving Ministry of foreign affairs obedience, 13 thedefined, United 136 States Institutequarrels of princes cause of wars, 191Peace

Mission Montesquieu ambassador’s authority, 61 absence of gratitude for charity, 29 defined, 136 international relations in peace and war, 243 deputy chief of, defined, 136 liberty is right to do what laws permit, 125 represents entire government, 61 natural effect of commerce is peace, 34 self-defense sometimes dictates aggression, 22 Mistakes better to learn from others than learn by Moore, John Bassett making same, 136 sincerity of governments never to be never interrupt enemy when he is making questioned, 209 mistake, 136 Moore, Robert J. Moderation dance and diplomacy call for sureness of in diplomacy as servant of statecraft, 213 footing, 60 who walks in the middle gets hit from both definition of diplomacy, 55 sides, 136 310 Index

Morality peace and good relations demands of always do right, 137 diplomatic profession, 125 ambassadors should not transgress, 137 peoples more warlike than governments, 240 compromises necessary to advance, 138 policy made by legislatures breeds diplomatic corps not a school of virtue, 137 uncertainty and war, 125 do not do what you would be ashamed to have self-restraint and poise, 169 discovered, 205 sudden diplomacy the worst that can be in foreign policy, choice not between morality practised, 219 and pragmatism, 138 no nation fit to judge another, 138 Mowat. R. B., citing others of governments superseded by reason of state, popular participation in foreign policy no cure 137 for war, 50 only good principle is to have none, 138 Mowrer, Paul Scott statesmen cannot afford to be moralists, 137 interests vs. ideology in foreign policy, 109 weak states can create moral consensus to preserve status quo, 216 Moynihan, Daniel Patrick importance of negotiating record, 140 Morgenthau, Hans J. don’t allow a weak ally to make decisions for Muaawiya you, 8 if they slacken, I pull; if they pull, I slacken, good intentions no guarantee of success in 197 statesmen, 215 international politics the struggle for power, Mueller, John 173 wars are lost, not won, 246 negotiations cannot be conducted in public, 148 Multilateral statesmen must cross the Rubicon not defined, 138 knowing, 213 Mumbling Morris, William when in doubt, mumble, 26 men fight and lose, 168 Murray, Grenville Morrow, Dwight diplomacy of women like that of eunuchs, 60 © hardCopyright bargain is a bad bargain, 146 by the Endowment of Nabokov, Vladimir Most-favored-nation status perils of predicting the future, 108 defined, 138 the United States InstituteNapoleon of Peace Mothe le Vayer, François de la ambassadors are titled spies, 14 ambassadors a necessity after Pandora’s box diplomacy, police in grand costume, 51 opened, 75 flatterers also slander, 81 flattery from enemies is suspicious, 82 Motivations international incidents, 103 states seldom act from a single motive, 138 negotiation during war, 145 never interrupt enemy when he is making Mowat, R. B. mistake, 136 almost impossible to end war till it’s run its qualification of diplomat to keep silent, 208 course, 246 pay attention to the women, 51 civilians too intimidated by soldiers, 248 principles are fine; they entail no commitment, collegiality of the diplomatic profession, 32 181 diplomacy not changed by revolutions, 59 treaties last while in harmony with interests, 4 diplomatic contacts in wartime speed resolution, 248 National diplomatic role of the press, 180 defined, 139 factors in success of conference diplomacy, 37 irony a serious fault in a diplomat, 115 Index 311

Nationalism antidote to weakness for the prudent and all nations have reasons for thinking astute, 144 themselves incomparable, 139 between friends, 90 cannot gain what force could not, 24 Nations collapse of, 79 it matters how small ones express themselves, conduct of, 149 209 confidentiality of, 147 judged by representatives abroad, 56 confidentiality of private discussions during, large prone to self absorption, 121 148 paradox of power operates to advantage of dilemmas of democracies in, 145 small, 209 documents in, 145 powerful need no ambassadors, 209 hard bargain is a bad bargain, 146 small are like indecently dressed women, 209 hear only what was said, 126 small have long memories and thin skins, 209 humility in, 99 society of . . . and international law, 209 importance of keeping them ad referendum, 144 Navigation importance of precision in, 178 protection of, 26 impossible without secrecy, 149, 205 influencing opponents’ instructions, 146 Negotiability involvement of women in, 60 maintenance of objective of diplomacy, 139 national styles differ, 146 no power can negotiate about its existence, 139 objectives in, 155 what’s mine is mine, what’s yours is opening position in, 143, 146 negotiable, 139 peace talks the war after the war, 146 when negotiation is appropriate, 139 publicity about necessary at right time, 147 publicity about progress in, 148 Negotiation publicity freezes positions in, 148 appropriateness and necessity of considered, publicity inhibits flexibility in, 147 139 resort to force so as to initiate, 84 between friends, 89 results, not course, should be publicized, 148 cultural differences affect, 43 secrecy essential to facilitate concessions, 148 defined and described, 140 secrecy in, 149 diplomatic, defined, 143 secrecy necessary to enable compromise, 205 © flexibilityCopyright in, 143 by thesecrecy Endowment of forgiven by posterity, 62 of functions of, 143 should produce results that last, 142 not an exercise in charity, 141 summits and, 220 only time resolves conflicts but time needs take about as long as elephants to have babies, the help,United 144 States Institute145 of Peace possibility of coercive use of power informs, territorial disputes, secrecy essential, 149 143 timing of, 36 propaganda value of, 143 unbacked by power ridiculous and fruitless, purpose of politeness in, 171 146 refusal of, 139 unilateral gestures a mistake, 149 rejection of, 139 venue, 235 should never degenerate into argument, 19 war by other means, 144 society of men implies continuous, 142 wartime, 145 victory and defeat in negate diplomacy, 230 with revolutionary states differs from Negotiations, art of conducting commercial, 144 be not so soft as to be squeezed dry, 146 domino effect, 145 Negotiation, criteria for empathy, 71 must be common interests and issues of empathy contrasted with sympathy, 146 conflict, 142 events can control, 145 focus on implementation, 145 Negotiations high demands, tough, realistic approach pays, agreement ends secrecy, 148 141 312 Index

listen for what your opponent does not say, assessment of opponents, 152 126 backstopping back home essential, 154 loses value for powerful who can dictate, 143 dangers of vanity in, 235 manufacturing a casus belli, 243 defeatism in, 50 never allow opponent to take away differences with intelligence agencies, 153 documents, 145 hubris in, 153 politeness, 171 inability to make concessions as source of powerful should make the first advance, 178 power, 152 principles vs. practicalities, 243 influence success or failure of foreign policy, refusal to negotiate best strategy, 218 87 relinquishing options deliberately, 150 instructions to, 150 remember relationships beyond issues at interest in success excessive, 150 hand, 145 modesty in, 150 withhold major concessions for last, 36 must be able to outsit the other side, 160 must know their own weaknesses to succeed, Negotiations, delegations for 208 composition of, 141 patience and preparation by, 152 duties of head of delegation, 141 private meetings between, 150 language qualifications, 142 qualifications, 149 management of, 142 qualities of, 151 three elements of, 141 qualities of the heart most important, 149 rank of, 151 Negotiations, objectives in responsibility for preparing opening and ambassadors’ role in setting, 141 fallback positions, 143 lucidity and precision breed success, 139 rudeness sometimes useful, 171 negotiator must know minimum position, 146 seek to change reality not understand and negotiators easily abandon, 150 accept it, 150 not to conclude something, 143 selection of to facilitate agreement, 152 realism required, 140 should be apt listeners, 150 resist temptation to solve too much, 140 should conceal irritation, 115 setting the bottom line, 150 should know their opponents to persuade them, 152 Negotiations, propitious moment for stamina required, 212 © whenCopyright both sides see agreement as bybetter than the visible Endowment authority vital to success, 149 of its absence, 146 working opponents, 152

Negotiations, publicity about Neighbors thedanger United of provoking vanity States of an adversary, Instituteare natural enemies, 73 of Peace 148 attitudes of measure power, 176 media attention inhibits compromise, 147 every nation wishes them weakness and successful diplomacy not much publicized, decadence, 152 220 winners like recognition, 148 Neutrality between a dog and a lamp-post, 153 Negotiations, record of defined, 152 importance, 140 great powers not genuinely neutral, 152 making accurate minutes essential, 142 leverage derived from, 152 master the record, 142 preferred policy, 152 mind well-marinated in, prepared, 142 strong government needed to observe, 152

Negotiations, trickery in New diplomacy overbidding to make other offers unattractive, nothing real in it, 153 160 old art practiced under new conditions, 153

Negotiators NGO Achilles’ heel of objectivity, 153 defined, 153 Index 313

single interest, 153 covenants arrived at secretly or not at all, 148 creation of willowy euphoria a danger of Nicholas II summitry, 221 99% of ‘public opinion’ is mere forgery, 187 talking not always better than not talking, 222 to be a statesman, must be successful Nicholas, Herbert politician first, 214 UN indispensable before it has become effective, 234 Nonalignment defined, 153 Nicholson, Arthur durable peace must be moderate and just, 246 Nonintervention almost the same as intervention, 153 Nicolson, Harold alliances evolve, 6 Non-paper ambassadors must question bad instructions, defined, 153 105 American views of U.S. Foreign Service, 88 Nonviolence brilliance and triumphs breed resentment, 58 technique of struggle that transforms coalitions, 31 weakness, 154 dangers of vanity in negotiators, 235 definition of diplomacy, 55 Norstad, Lauris diplomacy seeks durable arrangements, 53 foreign policy no more effective than power diplomacy should be a disagreeable business, backing it, 88 178 diplomatic theory from common sense, not Notes religion, 197 circular, defined, 154 diplomats place national interests first, 109 collective, 154 disintegrating effect of flattery, 82 diplomatic, defined, 154 duty to express judgment, 117 exchange of, defined, 154 good negotiations take as long as elephants identic, defined, 154 having babies, 145 verbale, defined, 154 imprecise policy means no policy at all, 170 why diplomats write them, 154 influence founded on diplomatic virtues, 104 © meetingsCopyright at ministerial level, 135 by theNuance Endowment of missionaries, fanatics and lawyers, 62 truth and wisdom lie in, 154 negotiation must not degenerate into argument, 19 Nuclear proliferation thenegotiators United should conceal States irritation, 115 Institutestatement of no confidence of in other Peace security practice of diplomacy relies on confidence and arrangements, 154 credit, 58 precision essential in ideal diplomatist Nuclear war susceptibility of diplomats to vanity, 235 fatal hazard to health of participants, 154 worst and best diplomatists, 62 Niebuhr, Reinhold defined, 154 great nations can be overcome by own pride only an order with justice brings stable peace, Nyerere, Julius K. 98 small nations like indecently dressed women, probable not inevitable, war can be avoided, 98 209

Nietzche, Friedrich Objectives, declaring war makes the victor stupid, the vanquished foolish to declare unless confident of means to vengeful, 239 accomplish, 155

Nixon, Richard M. Objectives, unrealistic balance of power diplomacy, 174 defined, 155 314 Index

O’Brien, Conor Cruise Orders appeal to United Nations, 233 never give unless believe they can be obeyed, 157 Obstacles never mistake one for end of road, 155 Ostracism breeds resentment, 157 Occupation one can do everything with bayonets except Ovid sit on them, 155 nations flourish and decay, 28 strategies for coping with, 47 Pacification Offense, defense overcome by force only overcomes half the prefer to be hammer than anvil, 155 foe, 159 Old diplomacy spreading fire and desolation is not mostly carried on in drawing rooms, 155 government, 159

Opinion Pacifism world ruled by force but opinion uses force, the Earth devours a king who is inclined to 155 peace, 159 virtue stripped of force reveals its own Opinion, foreign weakness, 159 attention to judgments of other nations, 155 Page, Walter Hines Opportunities description of activities of American take time by the forelock, 156 ambassadors, 9 who seizes the right moment the right man, 156 Palmerston, Lord balance of power is self-perservation, 174 Opposition parties commerce builds a community of interests always be in with the outs, 156 between nations, 33 dining is the soul of diplomacy, 74 Optimism duties of consular officers, 20 like courage to soldier for a diplomat, 156 Eleventh Commandment, ‘Thou shalt not be © Copyright by the foundEndowment out’, 46 of Oratory firmly defend national interests, 85 at international organizations, 112 only interests abide, 110 skill required by ambassadors, 156 publicizing success in negotiations, 148 thestyle United appropriate for ambassadors, States 156 Institute of Peace Paranoia Order the paranoid transform allies into enemies, foundation of stable is relative security, 159 insecurity, 157 international, realm of kaleidoscopic, 156 Partisans of good relations legitimizing principle defines justice, mode of ambassadors should cultivate, 159 adjustment, 156 be wary of overly eager acquaintances, 40 only an order with justice brings a stable peace, 156 Partition revolutionary challenge to changes diplomacy, defined, 160 157 revolutions temporary disturbances in life of Pascal, Blaise states, 157 justice without force is impotent, 118 vulnerability to revolution, 157 world ruled by force but opinion uses force, 155 Order, new difficulties of initiating, 156 Passport defined, 160 Index 315

Patience seldom reigns in Europe, never throughout a state with a future can afford to wait, 160 the world, 161 delay until others wane, 48 success is stability, success of war is victory, eagerness a liability in negotiations, 71 244 everything comes to those who wait, 160 the worst one is better than war, 161 key attribute of successful diplomats, 160 tranquil freedom contrary to war, 160 unshakeable, 64 war in masquerade, 160

Patriotism Peace and war defined, 160 diplomatic service represents aspiration for he who denies his heritage, 160 peace, 164 expedient for the victory, necessity for the Peace vanquished, 164 a bad one worse than war, 161 unhappy dilemma for rulers, 163 a very apoplexy, lethargy, 162 weakness at home, risks abroad, 163 achieve basic terms of while at war, 163 be suspicious of one who begs for a truce, 230 Peace, justice best secured through magnanimity, 129 end of injustice marks beginning of peace, 162 can succeed only with will and power to enforce it, 161 Peace, making certain . . . better than anticipated victory, 237 easier to make war than peace, 162 civilized mankind desires yet makes war, 163 daughter of war, 163 Peace Process dedication to empowers the ruthless, 161 protracted course of negotiation, 164 dream of the wise, 163 durable, 246 Peace, war eternal, a dream and not beautiful, 162 nations choose war when peace seen as eternal, lasts only till next war, 162 injurious, 163 favors the status quo, not justice, 162 interest keeps, 162 Peacekeeping logic of contrasted with logic of war, 244 freezes conflict, impedes peace, 164 mankind will only perish in eternal, 162 means non-resort to force to resolve conflicts, Peacemakers © Copyright161 by theblesséd Endowment as the children of God, 164 of more perfect, legitimate object of war, 162 infirmities of military men as, 248 never a bad, nor a good war, 161 interest in issues and outcome does not no greater fault than a vindictive, 163 disqualify, 132 theno Unitedone can have longer than States his neighbor Instituteknowledge required by inof mediation, Peace 131 pleases, 161 must deal ad hoc, be tailors, not haberdashers, not mere absence of war, 160 131 nothing but a name, 160 role of vis-à-vis the contending parties, 134 object to make future war improbable, 163 only rulers with no choice should seek, 160 Peacemaking only way to abolish war is to make . . . heroic, deriving leverage from others and regional 239 balance of power, 165 opposite of not just war but all political diplomacy, not speeches or votes, 164 violence, 162 publicizing grievances undercuts, 164 peace without victory, 161 reconciliation with enemies, 164 peacekeeping often an obstacle to, 164 price of self-respect too great for, 162 Pearson, Lester B. purpose of all war is, 163 diplomacy letting someone else have your really only a truce, 161 way, 55 reconciliation with enemies, 163 diplomacy unbacked by strength aimless, 88 reconciling the vanquished to defeat, 163 restrained tolerance of status quo, 161 Pecquet, Antoine secure when no profit in war, 163 envoys never off duty, 13 316 Index

exactitude in reporting essential, 198 Planning qualities of the heart most important in based on capabilities as well as intentions, 25 negotiators, 151 futility of, 168 society of men implies continuous negotiation, most profitable investment of time, 169 142 plans are useless but planning indispensable, to be worthy of rewards is itself a recompense, 167 201 process, in foreign ministries, 166 role and essential task of, 167 Perception, management scratch a diplomat, find a planner, 168 combines truth projection, operations security, statesman must do themselves, 166 etc., 165 statesmen cannot foresee results of action, 167 Permission summitry distracts from, 221 easier to be forgiven for unauthorized action, waste of time unless done by those who 165 execute it, 167

Perseverance Planning, contingency in policy only avenue to success, 165 sets objectives and defines courses of action, 168 Persistence in policies that fail no aid to credibility, 39 Planning, contingency, civilians and civilians resist military contingency planning, 168 defined, 165 Planning, operational vs. policy Personal diplomacy practitioners of each have trouble risks of, 57 understanding each other, 168

Personal relations, summits Planning, operations allows leaders to form first-hand impressions, preparation of schemes for military operations 165 in hostile, 168

Personnel Plans controls institutions and policies, 165 when devil’s grandmother messes with yours, © employCopyright the wise, brave, covetous, andby stupid, the makeEndowment new ones, 169 of 168 how to choose reliable people, 166 Plantey, Alain good faith requires patient and constant effort, thePersuasion United States Institute94 of Peace contrasted with bargaining, 166 fitting words to the mind of another, 166 Plato only alternative to coercion, 112 peace is but a name, 160 through insinuation, 104 rulers alone should be allowed to lie, 45 states are normally at war with each other, 246 Phrasing use soft words and hard arguments, 166 Plischke, Elmer definition of diplomacy, 56 Pierce, Herbert H. D. national power defined, 176 amateurism undesirable in ambassadors, 10 Poise Placement quality of traditional diplomatist, 169 defined, 167 Polemics Plamandon, Benoît defined, 169 how plans become policies, 167 Police diplomacy in grand costume, 52 Index 317

international organizations as, 111 Political warfare confusion, indecisiveness, panic, weapons, 171 Policy cannot be imposed without other countries Politicians assent, 170 as ambassadors, 171 contributions to by ambassadors, 10 contrasted with statesmen, 214 coordination process criticized, 41 distinguished from statesmen, 214 dead, 170 statesman is politician dead ten years, 214 differs from administration, 169 diplomacy is but the agency for effectuating, Politics 170 art of the possible, 172 imprecise means aspiration only, 170 is personal, 172 intelligence essential to best, 108 military and, 248 limited and defensive . . . is losing policy, 169 mistaken policies born in telling chiefs what Politics, foreign policy they like to hear, 170 domestic politics drive posture, 172 pursuit of wrong one provokes enemies recommendations to sovereigns, 2 Politics, military actions relationship to intelligence, 108 most extreme form of politics, 172 sentimental knows no reciprocity, 208 spirit of contrasted with spirit of bureaucracy, Politics, rules of 169 in politics nothing contemptible, 172 substance of foreign relations, diplomacy execution of, 169 Politics, warfare war as instrument of, 240 politics is warfare without bloodshed, 172 without commensurate power inoperative, 176 Polity Policy, national security defined, 172 diplomacy the silent, bloodless stuff of strategy, 170 Polybius wisdom and skill needed to make use of Policymaking victory, 238 specialists not infallible, 170 © stickingCopyright to the carcasses of dead policies,by 170 thePostings Endowment of be wary of those eager to contact you on Politeness arrival, 40 art of living easy and happy in society, 171 instructions to his wife by Sir Richard Burton, thecourtesy United to strangers, 216 States Institute211 of Peace diplomats, 171 function of in negotiation, 171 Posture gets one by everywhere, 171 sit to ingratiate, stand to lead, 172 know the meaning of evasion, 76 not a false thing but restraint of passion, 170 Pouch painless to the tongue, 170 diplomatic, defined, 172 strangers always polite, 216 wartime, 171 Poverty those who cannot live by wallets must live by Political appointees wits, 172 See Appointees, political Power Political parties absolute power corrupts absolutely, 175 relations with by diplomats, 63 consists in having things your way, 173 distance weakens, 173 Political section from the barrel of a gun, 177 defined, 171 international politics based on struggle for, 173 318 Index

man-of-war best ambassador, 176 when equilibrium present, diplomacy a measuring by reference to neighboring substitute for war, 174 states, 176 measuring that of a state, 176 Power, distribution of military, relationship to policy, 176 defined, 175 money not the sinews of war, 175 more powerful state should make first move Power, economic in negotiations, 176 resembles a string, 175 objectives must be limited to accord with, 155 paradox of works to advantage of small states, Power, hard 209 smart statecraft uses power intelligently, 175 persuasive only if likely to be applied, 176 policy formed when commitments balance, Power, morality 176 thinks it’s doing God’s service when violating policy not supported by inoperative, 176 His laws, 176 rulers tempted by arbitrary, 173 Power of the weak sets few limits on itself, 173 capacity to shame oppressors, 177 should speak for itself, 218 size, energy of nations, 177 Power projection statesman cannot ignore, 173 conduct expeditionary warfare from a strategic objectives must not exceed, 155 distance, 177 sum total of the capabilities of the nation, 176 three components of, 172 Practicality to rely on with insufficient means is suicide, nothing is unreasonable if it is useful, 177 177 ultimate aphrodisiac, 173 Precedence weakness of reputation for power not based defined, 177 on force, 177 without nation’s confidence is nothing, 175 Precedence, order of without power, a king is conquered, 173 ancient quarrels best left unrenewed, 186

Power politics Precedents, bad © diplomaticCopyright name for law of the jungle, by 176 thebegin Endowment as justifiable measures, 177 of Power, balance of Precision alternative is imbalance and greater danger of diplomacy should be a disagreeable business, war, 174 178 theconditions United for operation of,States 174 Instituteessential in ideal diplomatist, of 178 Peace defined, 173 excessive, 178 hegemony produces security, absence of it imprecise policy means no policy at all, 170 implies insecurity, 103 misery caused by lack of, 135 history demonstrates validity of principle of, nothing more important in negotiation, 177 109 understandings must be precise, 177 interest in independence transcends ideology, 103 Predictions means of buttressing alliances in changeable, are worthless so demand high price for 7 making them, 178 necessity of preventing aggrandizement of neighbors, 173 Preemption object is peace, not high ethical purpose, 173 allows one to assert control over enemy, 178 permanent undertaking, not exertion that right of nation to preserve national ends, 174 security, 178 self-defense sometimes dictates aggression, 22 uncertainty of in times of rapid change, 173 Prejudice weaker states unite to curb stronger, 174 diplomats must avoid positive or negative, 178 Index 319

Prenegotiation ‘flypaper principle’, 179 Privileges and immunities demonstrating stalemate and deterioration in defined, 182 situation, 179 inviolability of ambassadors, 182 influencing opponents’ positions, 146 kings’ dignity is enhanced by good treatment narrowing the subjects of disagreement, 178 of envoys, 182 tasks of analyzed, 180 protection by the host country foundation of diplomacy, 182 Preparedness assures peace in two ways, 180 Probity diplomacy weak and ineffective without, 179 most important quality in ambassador, 182 don’t wait till you’re thirsty to dig a well, 179 negotiators must embody, 151 if you want peace, prepare war, 179 with candor more successful than subtlety, most needed by the weak, 179 finesse, 27 stimulus to suspicion and ill will, 180 Procès-verbal Presence defined, 182 demonstration of interest, commitment to apply power, 180 Process, diplomatic can be shock absorbers when bilateral Press interests collide, 182 advice for dealing with, 180 diplomatic role of the, 180 Productive free reporting by creates need for deception in meaning of, 183 war, 46 most effective when officials sense Profession of diplomacy partnership, 180 demands of, 183 deserves same preparation as other Press, good professions, 183 have kids and a dog to get, 180 duty to work for negotiability of problems, 183 estranges from diplomats’ fellow citizens, 63 Pressure honorable, even exalted, 183 rejection of, 181 life of good consequence, 183 © Copyright by themen Endowment conform to their calling, 184 of Prestige professional knowledge vital in selecting obstacle to compromise at conferences, 38 diplomats, 10 shadow cast by power, 181 pure service with quality of performance the United States Instituteunmeasurable, 184 of Peace Prevention, rescue too important to be left to amateurs, 58 more gratitude shown to rescuers, cannot way of life, 183 prove prevented disaster, 181 Professionalism Pride American tradition discredits, 18 great nations can be overcome by own pride, skilled work requires a skilled workman, 10 181 Professions Principle diplomatic and military, 67 absent from commerce, 34 Proliferation Principles driven by actual or anticipated conflict, 225 avoid disputes over, 181 cause of war, 181 Promises compete with each other in diplomacy, 181 binds accepters more than makers of, 184 no guide to choice or compromise, 181 like piecrusts, made to be broken, 184 people that values privilege above, 181 no disgrace in disregarding those forced upon threads in the labyrinth of circumstances, 181 one, 184 320 Index

Pro-Nuncio, Apostolic Proverb defined, 184 everything comes to those who wait, 160 stay your hand or strike to kill, 243 Propaganda take time by the forelock, 156 advantages of the big lie, 185 why have a dog and bark yourself?, 3 attitude of diplomats toward, 185 confusion, panic as weapons, 171 Proverb, Arab emotional engineering, 185 be not so soft as to be squeezed dry, nor so friends nearly deceived, enemies not quite, 184 stiff, 145 handmaiden of diplomacy, 186 call even a dog ‘Sir’ to get what you need, 82 handmaiden of good foreign policy, 186 cherish your heritage, 160 in war, truth the first casualty, 184 cross-cultural friendship, 91 limits of, 185 donor should not mention charity; recipient must fit policy as a sabre fits the scabbard, 185 should not forget it, 29 must stress very few points and repeat them enemy of my enemy, 73 endlessly, 185 generosity captivates the decent, antagonizes people can be made to do bidding of leaders, the mean, 29 185 habitual liars need good memories, 125 principles of, 185 kiss the hand that you cannot bite, 82 sins of the enemy, 185 kiss the upper hand you cannot withstand, tendentious, if not deceptious, 185 219 vilify; some of it will stick, 184 recipients of charity are unreliable, 29 responsibilities of guests, 95 Prophesies, self-fulfilling silence less regrettable than words, 68 fear and response to it are causes of, 186 strangers are always polite, 216 the sword decides after strategem has failed, Prosperity 84 changes in well-being alter calculations, 186 wise enemies better than foolish friends, 89

Protecting power Proverb, Dutch defined, 186 no one has peace longer than his neighbor pleases, 161 Protection © businessesCopyright and citizens, 27 by theProverb, Endowment English of of resident nationals by ambassadors, 42 difference between statesmen and politicians, 215 Protectionism theridiculous United and ignominious States expedient, 186 InstituteProverb, French of Peace tariff wars generally end in tariff wars, 225 absent are always wrong, 11 don’t wait till you’re thirsty to dig a well, 179 Protest peace is the daughter of war, 163 defined, 186 politeness, 170

Protocol Proverb, German as agreement, defined, 186 best enemies those who make threats, 228 defined as expression of good manners among nations, 187 Proverb, Latin framework for orderly conduct of diplomacy, if you want peace, prepare war, 179 187 to receive a favor is to sell your liberty, 81 helpfulness of, 186 treaties must be observed, 35 insistence upon a mark of lack of seriousness, 187 Proverb, Persian scenes over blunders of make diplomats how manners are learned, 129 ridiculous, 187 use enemy’s hand to catch snake, 73 stilling of ancient preoccupations, 186 Index 321

Proverb, Portuguese Purpose where there is no might right loses itself, 134 great actions derive from great purposes, 189 nations must limit objectives, 155 Proverb, Russian pursue one great decisive aim, 189 eternal peace lasts till next war, 162 Purposes of diplomacy Proverbs creating solid and durable relations, 53 a soft answer, 250 where there is no vision, the people perish, Purposes, national 238 always exceed a nation’s means, 189 must be proportional to capabilities, 189 Psychological operations defined, 187 Quaroni, Pietro good diplomacy concedes the minimum Public appearances necessary, 36 never miss an opportunity to relieve yourself, 187 Quarrels agreements cause disagreements, 191 Public opinion cause war between princes, 191 always wrong in foreign policy, 188 every government a problem for others, 191 ambassadors and, 2 of friends are opportunities of foes, 191 dangerous master of decisions, 187 usually caused by bureaucratic blunders, 25 dilemmas for diplomats recommending policies, 188 Questions means public sentiment, 187 never ask unless sure answer helps cause, 191 mere forgery, 187 the Government cannot act in advance of, 187 Raison d’état to despise is like despising moral principles, defined, 193 188 irrelevance of individual morality to governments, 137 Public relations no right to be unselfish with other’s interests, substitute for sense of direction, 188 193 ©Publicity Copyright by theRajaratnam, Endowment S. of about negotiations necessary at right time, 147 deciding how to vote in international about progress in negotiations, 147 organizations, 238 accomplishments inversely proportional to, the 188United States InstituteRapporteur of Peace agreement in negotiations makes appropriate, defined, 193 147 complicates settlement of quarrels, 206 Rapprochement deterrent to conflict resolution, 188 defined, 193 dilemma of foreign ministers, 197 those that want love should do something diplomacy cannot always be public, 188 lovable, 193 freezes positions in negotiations, 148 inhibits flexibility in negotiations, 147 Ratification much that cannot be disclosed in foreign defined, 193 affairs, 206 open covenants, openly arrived at, 188 Readiness participants in negotiation must not publish, diplomacy weak and ineffective without, 179 147 if you want peace, prepare war, 179 premature blights agreements, 188 no nation ever gained by being unprepared, public conduct of negotiations impossible, 148 193 publication of grievances undercuts to secure peace be ready always for war, 193 peacemaking, 164 322 Index

Reagan, Ronald W. Regala, Roberto, citing others diplomacy brings gift of peace, 57 criteria for success of diplomacy by intelligence analysis, 107 conference, 38 regimes planted by bayonet don’t take root, 94 diplomats solve problems made by other system unstable if no peaceful means to diplomats, 61 legitimize leaders, 220 Regime installation Reality, intentions people can not submit to form of government cannot be prevented from intruding on best they don’t accept, 195 intentions, 193 Regionalism Reason of relationship defined, 195 defined, 193 Reinforcement, diplomatic Reason of system hold something in reserve, 195 defined, 194 Rejection Rebellion defined, 195 success only justification for, 194 Relations Recall ambassadorial, defined, 195 letters of, defined, 194 breaking off in moments of crisis, 195 close are not always amicable, 195 Recall of ambassador diplomatic, defined, 196 defined, 194 diplomatic, purpose, 196 disadvantages of breaking, 196 Receiving state Muaawiya’s hair, 197 defined, 194 not a compliment but a convenience, 197 utilitarian not moral significance, 196 Reciprocity basis for durable agreements, 4 Relations, conduct of best diplomacy leaves other side reasonably ambassadors responsible for overall, 12 satisfied, 56 defined, 194 Relations, friendly © Copyright by theattentiveness Endowment and tact price of good relations, of Recognition 197 criteria for, 194 withholding from unworthy, 194 Relevance the United States Instituteextent to which capability of brought Peace to bear on Record, off the disputed issues, 197 basis for discussion with journalists, 194 Reliability Record, on the a moral imperative, 197 basis for discussions with journalists, 195 Religion Recruitment absence of impact on diplomatic theory, 197 standards for apprentice diplomats, 66 defined, 197 scoffs at sovereignty, 197 Reform weapon of political warfare, 197 difficulties of, 156 perils of domestic, 195 Remarks, public between the cliché and the indiscretion, 197 Refugee defined, 195 Renan, Ernest truth and wisdom lie in nuances, 154 Regala, Roberto foreign policy is strategy of diplomacy, 85 Index 323

Reparations Residence defined, 197 management of, 200 soul in guests who animate it, 200 Repetition art of diplomatic attack, 197 Respect and admiration for one’s country, not Reporting affection, 200 brevity in, 198 commodity of value on the international clarity and simplicity the key to good, 198 scene, 200 diplomatic vs. journalistic, 64 displeasing as well as pleasing things must be Reston, James sent, 198 advantages of international crises, 43 do not compromise or condemn others, 198 best journalism from alliance of officials, draft telegrams as if you had to pay for them reporters, 180 yourself, 199 devilish thing about foreign affairs, 84 duty to be true and honest, 198 foreign relations endless endeavor, 88 economic, to promote exports, 198 nations must limit objectives, 155 exactitude in essential, 198 honest, a duty of diplomats, 215 Restraint journalistic contrasted with diplomatic, 64, 188 of all manifestations of power, impresses memoranda of conversation, 199 most, 200 needs confidentiality, 207 never report your own words, 198 Retaliation perils of appearing to plead a foreign cause, 72 right of, 246 protecting confidences, 206 purpose of, 199 Retreat qualities of officers who report, 107 some battles won only after, 200 reward for honest and forthright, 199 unread by decisionmakers, useless, 198 Reunification defined, 200 Reporting, political frequent taverns to understand local politics, Revanchism © Copyright199 by thedesire Endowment of state to regain territory lost, 201 of Repplier, Agnes Revolution friendships fail when interests part, 89 owes its success to disbelief of opponents, 201 temporary disturbance in the life of a state, theRepresentivity United States Institute156 of Peace of national diversity by armies, diplomatic vulnerability of established order, 157 services, 199 Revolutionary powers Repression, resistance appeasement of, 214 repression empowers resistance, 200 negotiations with, 144

Reprisal Rewards repay the enemy in his own coin, 200 to be worthy of, itself a recompense, 201

Reputation Rhetoric cannot be replaced once lost, 200 at international organizations, 112 contrast with honor, 200 for straight and honest dealing essential, 68 Richardson, Elliot L. for trickiness will follow a diplomat, 68 contributions of ambassadors to policy, 10

Reservation Richelieu, Cardinal defined, 200 benefits of uninterrupted foreign relations, 88 324 Index

candor and probity better than subtlety, Rousseau de Chamoy finesse, 27 ambassadors must decide without awaiting choose friends for their power, not out of instructions, 105 sentiment, 89 probity essential in ambassadors, 182 diplomacy seeks durable arrangements, 53 first, conciliate; failing that, crush, 37 Rowan, Carl never fish for invitations, 114 how diplomats get good press, 180 secrecy is essential in state affairs, 205 Rudeness Ridgway, Gen. Matthew B. utility of, 201 soldiers serve statesmen, 247 Rulership Risks only hand that grasps sword can hold scepter, greatest the shirking of, 201 201

Rochefoucauld, François, Duc de la Rusk, Dean great actions result of great purposes, 189 ambassadors are to take charge, 10 negotiators too interested in success , 150 diplomacy cannot always be public, 188 why we reconcile with our enemies, 163 measuring success in foreign policy, 87 national interest in democracies, 110 Roetter, Charles parliamentary diplomacy defined and interference in internal affairs cause for described, 57 expulsion, 111 persuasion through listening, 126 much depends on personality and ability of quiet conversation better than public quarrel, ambassadors, 13 206 self-image vs. popular image of diplomats, 63 summits tense as court of last resort in session, 211 Roetter, Charles, citing others interpreters must know what statesmen do, Ruthlessness 113 breeds savagery in enemies, 201

Rogers, Will Salisbury, Count conferences can scare up wars, 38 logic of no use in diplomacy, 127 © diplomacyCopyright like good bookkeeping, by always the Endowment of balances, 42 Salisbury, Lord diplomats essential to starting wars, 67 be skeptical of soldiers’ talk of strategic places, why diplomats write notes, 154 167 the United States Instituteerror of sticking to carcasses of of deadPeace policies, Roosevelt, Franklin Delano 170 peace can succeed only with will and power to if you believe the soldiers, nothing is safe, 207 enforce it, 161 never trust experts, 77 stroking tigers won’t make them kittens, 17 object of peace treaty to make war improbable, 163 Roosevelt, Theodore courtesy should mark international Sallust intercourse, 42 ending wars very difficult, 246 in military affairs listen to the military, 135 liberty preferred by few, majority seek fair just war better than acquiescence in wrong, masters, 125 241 speak softly and carry a big stick, 51 Salutes war better than loss of national honor, 99 defined, 203 war justifiable, even imperative , 241 Sanctions Rosebery, Lord adverse consequences for those who impose cordiality between nations rests on mutual economic, 203 respect, 40 allies, enemies, 205 Index 325

alternative to engagement of diplomacy, not Schofield, John MacAllister force, 204 statesmen must know military science, 215 commercial restrictions as a substitute for war, 203 Secession create their own antidotes, 204 defined, 205 economic imply ultimate resort to military, 205 Secrecy economic, accompanying measures of avoid activity that would be seen as pressure, 204 shameful, 205 economic, are delusory, 203 ciphers, 206 economic, defined, 203 diplomatic reporting, 207 economic, duration of, 204 do not tell secrets to those not tested, 205 economic, timing of, 205 essential in negotiations, 148 impact of boycotts, 203 facilitates compromise, 205 influence, 204 first essential in state affairs, 205 military cowardice tarted up as moral outrage, in politics and diplomacy, 206 203 much in foreign affairs that cannot be motivation for, 205 disclosed, 206 political merits of boycotts, 203 necessity of in negotiations, 188 purpose of, 204 negotiation impossible without, 205 revolutionary states often welcome, 205 obligation to participants in negotiations, 147 unsuccessful instrument of intervention in protecting confidences of other states, 206 internal affairs, 111 purpose of classification, 30 required in bargaining, 24 Santayana, George the very soul of diplomacy, 205 delight in war is a merit in the soldier, 240 useful in settling quarrels, 206 without it, covenants impossible, 148 Sarcasm last way station on route to despair, 205 Secretariat substitute for thought at the top, 207 Sarpi, Paolo lies I never tell, 125 Secretary diplomatic, defined, 207 ©Satow, Copyright Ernest by the Endowment of avoid joining criticism of host country by Secrets natives, 43 eyes confess secrets of heart, 207 blunders of precedence and protocol, 187 thediplomacy United defined, 52 States InstituteSecurity of Peace guard against ‘localitis’, 127 absolute for one means absolute insecurity for law of nations not concerned with bribery, 25 others, 207 to know a man’s ideas have him speak his don’t be complacent toward enemies, 207 own language, 121 don’t be too impressed with soldiers talk of strategic places, 167 Sa`ud, `Abdullah bin `Abd Al-Aziz Al- if you believe the soldiers, nothing is safe, 207 friends who won’t help no better than enemies revolutionary powers seek absolute, 212 who don’t harm, 89 those that want love should do something Security from enemies lovable, 193 secure self by not making any enemies, 207

Saunders, Harold L. Self-control prenegotiation described, 179 diplomats must not speak without thought, 207 Schelling, Thomas C. necessary to dominate the emotions of others, agreements absent trust and good faith, 46 207 inability to concede may strengthen a negotiator, 149 326 Index

Self-defense, justification Shultz, George P. necessity of leaves no moment for deliberation, diplomats and warriors, 248 208 problems solved by not being too precise, 178 walk in the middle and get hit from both Self-interest, enlightened sides, 136 doctrine of, 208 words count, 249

Self-knowledge Silence necessary in negotiators, 208 a fool holdeth his peace counted wise, 208 most eloquent answer, 208 Sending state qualification of diplomat to keep silent, 208 defined, 208 Silvercruys, Baron Seneca most useful qualities of diplomat, 65 drinking is a voluntary madness, 5 Sincerity foremost art of kings power to endure hatred, greatly facilitates the conduct of affairs, 208 97 never question governments’, 209 if a man not know to what port he steers, 155 peace expedient for the victor, necessary for Skepticism, optimism the vanquished, 164 essential to success in analysis, 209

Sentiment Skills alliances based on, 6 bureaucratic and diplomatic differ, 209 sentimental policy knows no reciprocity, 208 Smith, Gen. Walter Bedell Serres, Jean and Wood, John R. outcome of war sets diplomatic possibilities, definition of diplomacy, 56 24 how diplomatic professionalism is acquired, 19 Smith, Paul A., Jr. protection of nationals and their commerce, 26 principles of propaganda, 185

Seton-Watson, Hugh Society © descriptionCopyright of amoral Soviet foreign by policy, 86thedefined, Endowment 209 of Seward, William Henry Soldiers comment on political appointees, 18 diplomat the servant of, 248 implement policies of statesmen by violence, theShakespeare, United William States Institute212 of Peace how govern kingdom that know not how to statesman’s junior partners, 247 use ambassadors?, 9 peace is a very apoplexy, lethargy, 162 Solutions, problems solution to one problem is father of next, 210 Sherman, William Tecumseh legitimate object of war more perfect peace, Solzhenitsin, Aleksandr 245 opposite of peace all political violence, 162 more perfect peace is legitimate object of war, 162 Sophocles hatred for enemies, 73 Sherpas defined, 208 Sovereignty work of, 220 defined, 210 right of states to do as they please, 210 Shipping protection of, 26 Sparta, King of impossible to attack one who agrees to arbitrate, 19 Index 327

Spaulding, E. Wilder State best diplomats interested in what they find at defined, 212 post, 62 diplomatic and journalistic reporting State system contrasted, 64 defined, 212

Speech State, revolutionary incisive form of action, 210 defined, 212 style appropriate for ambassadors, 156 no peace possible with, 212 seeks absolute security, absolute insecurity for Spies others, 212 ambassadors are titled, 14 kinds of, 210 Statecraft know, are not known, 210 art of advancing interests by violence or qualities of good intelligence officers, 107 nonviolence, 212 unlicensed ambassadors, 14 deception central to most techniques of, 46 defined, 212 Spouses diplomacy as servant of, 213 diplomatic wives’ support invaluable, 211 imitate the fox and lion, 213 instructions to on reassignment, 211 intelligence as component of, 213 no profession in which wives more important know people’s thinking and manage routine than diplomacy, 210 affairs, 213 role in moves incident to reassignment, 211 mediocrity in prefers tangible advantage, 213 wives are valuable auxiliaries, 211 negotiations as antidote to weakness, 144 no greater fault than a vindictive peace, 163 Spring, Howard statesman incapable of should find another love never makes allies, hate does, 7 job, 86 statesmen must cross the Rubicon not Stability knowing, 213 foundation of a stable order relative security, strategy of power, 212 insecurity, 157 virtue stripped of force reveals its own generates requirements for mediation, 132 weakness, 159 rests on international consensus about order, winds and waves on side of ablest navigators, © Copyright211 by the 213Endowment of success of peace, 244 Statecraft, smart Staël, Germaine de happens when wits, wallets, and muscle pull thefriendships United to be used or abandonedStates per Institutetogether, 213 of Peace circumstances, 90 Statements Staff by foreign ministers, 197 substitute for thought at the top, 211 no nation’s foreign policy can be ascertained from, 213 Stakes, high can be too high for rational calculation, 211 States, large and small powerful maintain by crime, littlee virtuous Stalemate by weakness, 214 can be turned into agreement, 211 States, longevity Stalin, J. V. if Sparta and Rome perished, what state can sincere diplomacy no more possible than dry endure?, 214 water, 250 Statesmanship Stamina defined, 214 a negotiator must have, 212 328 Index

Statesmen nation’s purposes always exceed its means, cannot afford to be moralists, 137 189 contrasted with politicians, 215 optimism for diplomat is like courage to distinguished from bureaucrats, 26 soldier, 156 distinguished from politicians, 215 sound foreign policy impossible when do not despise any wisdom, 107 politicized, criminalized, 87 duties of diplomats toward, 215 good intentions vs. moral praiseworthiness Stinnett, Caskie and success, 215 diplomats tell you to go to hell so you look imprisoned by circumstance, 29 forward to it, 61 must be acquainted with military science, 215 qualities of good strategists, 214 Strategists stand or fall on perception of trends, 230 qualities of far-sighted statesmen, 214 successful dead politician, 172 task of to anticipate and act, 216 Strategy task to provide decent burial for the past, 216 accumulation of tactical maneuvers a muddle, 218 Statesmen, advice to art of winning at least cost, 58 keep strong, keep cool, 214 bad, sinks good ideas, 101 best is always to be strong, 216 Statesmen, politicians coercive diplomacy, 54 to be a statesman, must be successful criteria for effective, 217 politician first, 214 defined, 216 deterrence contrasted, 217 Status quo diplomacy and, 217 defined, 216 diplomacy at start and end of war, 247 preservation of by weak states by creating diplomacy subject to logic of, 216 moral consensus, 216 diplomacy the silent bloodless stuff of, 170 strategy of defending, 218 for victory, 218 foreign policy is the strategy of diplomacy, 85 Status quo ante bellum grand, aims at planning peace, 217 defined, 216 grand, defined, 217 grand, does not wait for right conditions, 217 ©Status Copyright quo, changing by thegrand, Endowment integrates intelligence, 217 of preserving is easier than changing, 216 if a man not know to what port he steers, 155 knowing capabilities, influencing intentions, Steed, Wickham 27 thepropaganda United must fit policy States as sabers fit Institutelogic of paradoxical and ofironic, 218Peace scabbards, 185 objectives and power, 155 of status quo powers, 218 Steiner, George policy, and diplomacy is its tactics, 170 each tongue a distinct window into the world, refusal to negotiate, 218 121 role of diplomats and statesmen in, 215 tactical sacrifice essential to, 218 Stendhal (Henri Beyle) twin of diplomacy, 217 defeated ruler should never be spared, 237 vital role of diplomacy in grand, 217 every power wants neighbors weak and decadent, 152 Strength best strategy, 216 Stern, Richard energy, size of nations, 177 word is older than the state, 250 God is for the big battalions, 219 might is above right, right proceeds from Stevenson, Adlai E., Jr. might, 134 diplomat’s life protocol, Geritol, alcohol, 60 must be known, 218 flatteryóall right, if you don’t inhale, 82 no state is forever strong or eternally weak, 218 Index 329

sources of national, 219 nations touch at, 155 strong states do what they will, 218 stronger the state, gentler the diplomats, 218 Sumner, William Graham true restrains itself, true greatness sets its own want a war, nourish a doctrine, 181 limits, 218 what diplomats seek to depict in their state, Sunzi 219 five kinds of spy, 210 foreknowledge from espionage vital to Stubbornness success, 76 as dangerous as appeasement, 17 roads one does not follow, 117 to win without fighting is best, 237 Subjugation weapons are inauspicious instruments, 84 kiss the hand you cannot withstand, 219 strategies for coping with, 47 Subversion Superpower abuse of diplomacy, 53 defined, 222 defined, 219 miraculous results achieved by practice of, 219 Support, unconditional defined, 222 Success product of intelligent application of power, 219 Surprise diplomats should not be taken by, 222 Succession sudden diplomacy the worst that can be system unstable if no peaceful means to practised, 223 legitimize leaders, 220 results from reluctance to acknowledge contrary events, 222 Sucker if you can’t spot at table then you’re it, 220 Survival dependent on policy, 223 Summit meetings advantages and disadvantages, 220 Suspicion as often diminish, not enhance, reputations, begat by ignorance, 223 220 © canCopyright become not a forum for negotiation by but athe Sustainability Endowment of diversion, 222 defined, 223 combine drawbacks of both secret and open diplomacy, 222 Swift, Jonathan thedangers United of a willowy euphoria, States 221 Institutearbitrary power tempting of to princes, Peace 173 distract from the policy process, 220 good manners put people at ease, 129 fumbles at leave the goal line open, 220 good entertainment but is it diplomacy?, 221 Sycophancy importance of preparation for, 222 common source of mistaken policy, 170 negotiations at, 222 personal diplomacy risks ephemeral results, Sylvester, Arthur 57 information is power, 107 publicity-shy preparation for, 221 talking is not always better than not talking, Syllogisms 222 substitutes for reality-based analyses, 223 the higher the summit the flimsier the agreements, 221 Sympathy two great princes should never meet face to contrasted with empathy in negotiation, 223 face, 220 violate basic rule of negotiation, 221 Szilassy, Gyula best diplomats ask only how to obtain and Summits how to get it, 62 case for, 221 diplomatic corps not a school of virtue, 137 330 Index

force and deception govern international Targeting relations, 46 hammer useless unless know where nails are, 225 Tacitus a bad peace is even worse than war, 161 Tariffs power not based on force lacks credibility, 177 wars over generally raise, 225

Tact Tarle, E. V. diplomats need a feeling for what is fitting, aggression usually disguised as self-defense, 3 225 mark of superior minds, 225 Tasso, Torquato sleepless, 65 ambassadors must be good orators, 156

Taste Tactics diplomats need a feeling for beauty, 225 accumulation of responses does not add up to strategy, 225 Tauscher, Ellen application of strategy, 225 right of nation to preserve national security, bad tactics annul good strategy, 225 178

Talbott, Strobe Technology arms control defense conducted by other brings us together before shock absorbers means, 20 ready, 225 lessens distance and sharpens shock, 225 Talk radios, TVs, and jet planes, 225 means of delay for statesmen, 225 Tensions Talleyrand inflame resentments, harden positions, 226 above all, not too much zeal!, 251 alliances require care, respect, mutuality to Territory endure, 7 ceded is a constant memorial of humiliation, appointees to official positions, 18 226 consuls, 40 © definitionCopyright of diplomacy, 54 by theTerror, Endowment banditry of diplomacy not a science of art and duplicity, 70 ruling authorities see as same, 226 diplomats as polite asses, 171 if people always understood, there’d be no Terror, insurrection the history,United 98 States Instituteclassic opening phase of,of 226 Peace in critical situations, let women run things, 43 no occasion can justify a falsehood, 126 Terrorism nonintervention means almost the same as act intended to cause death to civilians, 226 intervention, 153 asymmetric warfare through violence, 226 one can do everything with bayonets except causes of, 226 sit on them, 155 defined, 226 only good principle is have none, 138 murder of noncombatants for political ends, smile and composure get one by everywhere, 227 171 political intimidation by killing territorial expansion condemned, 38 noncombatants, 226 the perfect minister of foreign affairs, 135 purpose of is to terrorize, 227 true strength restrains itself; true greatness, pursuit of goals by criminally violent means, 219 226 what is believed more important than what is war of the poor, 227 true, 231 Thayer, Charles W. art of deceit not quality of modern diplomats, 45 Index 331

diplomacy contrasted with business, the law, get more with kind word and gun, 228 34 limited actions to enhance credibility, 227 diplomat seeks to convey strength as well as phases of military, 228 friendship, 219 response to determined by geopolitical honesty is wisdom in a diplomat, 99 circumstances, 228 journalists and diplomats, 188 unites enemies, 228 knowledge of adversary’s psychology without power like powder without ball, 227 invaluable, 2 lawyers contrasted with diplomats, 122 Thucydides limitations of propaganda, 185 avoid complaisance toward enemies, 207 nations judged by representatives abroad, 66 basis of alliance, 6 propaganda the handmaiden of diplomacy, behave as friend or foe as circumstances 186 dictate, 49 reputation for trickiness will dog a diplomat, impossible to attack one who agrees to 68 arbitrate, 19 seek admiration and respect, not affection, for justice depends on backing by power, 118 your country, 200 magnanimity can secure peace, 129 men begin with blows, resort to words in a Thayer, Charles W., quoting others reverse, 47 never report what you said, 198 nothing is unreasonable if it is useful, 177 Theory restraint impresses most, 200 common sense the source of, 197 not a plan, 227 Time delay is useful product of foreign ministries, Third world 48 defined, 227 needs help to resolve conflicts, 144

Thompson, Kenneth W. Timing deficiencies of military men as peacemakers, proceed against enemy whenever, 228 248 diplomats bear worldview at odds with Title of ambassador compatriots, 58 coveted by the unqualified, 10 foreign relations a nuisance to most nations, © Copyright88 by theToasts Endowment of legislative intervention in diplomacy skill of professional diplomats, 228 diplomacy, 125 principles compete with one another in Tocqueville, Alexis de the diplomacy,United 181 States Institutehard for democracies to begin,of endPeace wars, 50 role of press attachés, 21 precise, false ideas have more power than true, complex ones, 101 Thompson, Kenneth W., citing others propensity of democracies for impulsive men without professional knowledge should action, 50 not be diplomats, 10 reform dangerous to evil governments, 195

Threats Togo, Shigenori abstain from threats and insulting words, 227 final offer not inevitably the last, 81 anticipated harm, 227 best enemies are those who make them, 228 Torcy, Marquis de bluffing, 227 standards for recruitment of diplomats, 66 credibility of madmen greatest, 228 training of diplomats, 66 credible bluff more effective than disbelieved sincere, 25 Tour d’horizon deterrence, 52 defined, 228 don’t draw the sword when rattling the scabbard will do, 84 Tour of duty empty, 228 defined, 228 332 Index

time required to become effective, 228 Triumph victory and defeat the negation of diplomacy, Trade 230 ambassadors must promote, 34 diplomacy especially concerned with, 34 Trône, Le diplomacy an obscure art hidden in deceit, 56 Trade, free breaks barriers between nations, 229 Trouble, sources of effects more important than economic at any moment up to no good, 230 advantages, 229 Truce Training perils of, 230 ambassador has duty to tutor, 229 apprenticeship of young diplomats, 19 Truman, Harry S. objectives of diplomatic, 66 military secrets, 206 only thing you prevent by war is peace, 244 Tranquility, respect statesman is politician dead ten years, 172 none at home if no respect abroad, 229 Trust Transactions building enhancement of into agreements, 231 something-for-something, 229 fostering essential to carry off a bluff, 230 how to enhance in negotiations, 231 Translation no substitute for, 45 courtesy translations useful, 229 only agree to what you can do, 231 right to use a neutral language, 191 unmasks nonsense, 229 Truth always speak it and never embellish it, 49 Transnational economize on its use, 231 defined, 230 first casualty in war, 184 not for everyone, 125 Treaties plain statement highest diplomacy, 231 last like roses and young girls, 4 what is believed more important than what is observed while in harmony with interests, 4 true, 231 © ofCopyright alliance not by nature permanent, by 7 the Endowment of republics more faithful to than princes, 39 Tusi, Nizam al-Mulk tend to bind weaker party only, 230 ambassadors are intelligence collectors, 10 understandings with friends more durable, kings enhance their dignity by treating the 233United States Instituteenvoys well, 182 of Peace

Treaty Twain, Mark defined, 230 always do right, 136 bargaining, 24 Trends better to have sense of humor than no sense at perception of, 230 all, 100 difference between dog and man, 95 Trevelyan, Lord economize on use of truth, 231 how to draft telegrams, 199 formalities, moralities of statesmanship, 28 friends side with you when you are wrong, 90 Tribe true statesman does not despise any wisdom, defined, 230 107 great powers should not involve, 230 Ugaki, Kazushige Tripwire diplomacy and domestic politics, 56 classic technique of deterrence, 230 Ultimata be prepared to carry through, 25 Index 333

criteria for effectiveness, 233 Vansittart, Robert, 1st Baron final offer not necessarily the last, 81 delay is useful product of foreign ministries, 48 defined, 233 Vauvenargues, Marquis de peace is really only a short truce, 161 Understandings not true that more leads to better relations, 233 Vegetius unwritten between friends more durable than essential to know character of enemy, 107 treaties, 233 Vengeance Undiplomatic gratifying but invites retaliation, 235 part of diplomacy is knowing when to be, 233 Venue UNESCO charter capital of weaker adversary, 235 ignorance of other’s ways a cause of war, 44 defined, 235 wars begin in the minds of men, 246 Vera y Çuniga, Juan Antonio de United Nations dissembling is excusable in public appeal in certainty it will let you down, 233 business, 69 contributions of public debate, 234 helps diplomacy arrive at agreements, 233 Verification indispensable before it has become effective, defined, 236 234 in peacemaking, 165 not a legislature or a court but forum for diplomacy, 233 Vice consul quiet use of facilities effective, 112 defined, 236 rhetoric at, 112 substitute for bilateral embassies, 234 Vice consulate defined, 236 Unprecedented suspect term in foreign policy, 234 Viciousness if attacked, human animal will defend, 236 ©Useful Copyright by the Endowment of means nothing was accomplished, 234 Victors bargaining position diminishes with time, 236 Uti possidetis have right to impose what they please on thedefined, United 234 States Institutevanquished, 236 of Peace war over when vanquished accept defeat, 236 Valéry, Paul all nations have reasons for thinking Victory themselves incomparable, 139 attainment of objective for which conflict was only treaties settling ulterior motives count, 3 waged, 236 best secured through magnanimity, 129 Values causes of war, 237 ease communication, interests bind, 135 certain peace is better and safer than nations assign highest to scarcest, 235 anticipated, 237 political cultures value those they most lack, counts for nothing if not used, 238 238 defeated rulers should never be spared, 237 defined, 236 Vanity diplomacy translates into political terms, 237 dangers of in negotiators, 238 in victory, magnanimity, 236 disintegrating influence of, 82 most complete to compel enemy to give up, ‘localitis’ as, 127 237 susceptibility of diplomats to, 238 nature of insolent and haughty, 236 334 Index

next to battle lost, greatest misery is battle aim of is better peace, 245 gained, 237 argument of state, 239 no substitute for in war, 247 balance between military and diplomatic nothing more dangerous than, 237 considerations, 248 painless not celebrated, 237 begets war, good will begets good will, 247 political, following military defeat, 42 begins in the minds of men, 246 problems of victory better than those of defeat, better bored diplomats than dead young men, 237 60 provides opportunity to secure peace, 247 civil, defined, 239 sacrifice certain good for uncertain better, 106 cold wars are covert and protracted, 239 spare those not bloodthirsty in warfare, 236 conferences as cause of, 38 strategy of, 237 continuation of policy by other means, 240 victory a more difficult art than war, 237 costs and benefits, 241 wisdom and skill required to use, 238 crimes, threat to prosecute increases defiance, 42 Vienna Convention decides order, 243 on consular relations, 238 defined as punishment, 245 on diplomatic relations, 238 delay until others wane, 48 delightful only to those with no experience of Violence it, 239 sires violence, 238 diplomacy in wartime, 248 diplomatic contacts during, 248 Virtues diplomatic prelude to, 240 most valued rarest, 238 economics of, 240 enemy to public liberty, 241 Visa entrenchment of policy failure, 244 defined, 238 form alliances with neighbors, 239 guerrilla wins if he does not lose, 241 Vision guerrillas not interested in compromise, 241 where there is none, the people perish, 238 happens when politics fail, 239 hell for soldiers, unemployment for diplomats, Vituperation 247 strong and bitter words indicate weak cause, if one side breaks the rules the other is not © Copyright238 by the bound,Endowment 246 of impact of, 241 Voltaire instrument of policy, 240 God is for the big battalions, 219 just war better than acquiescence in injustice, thepolitics United and arms, 248 States Institute241 of Peace justifiable and imperative upon honorable Voting men, 241 how decided in international organizations, justified by apprehensions of danger, 19 238 justified to curb growth of dangerous power, 241 Walsingham, Francis logic of contrasted with logic of peace, 244 if there were no knaves, 75 lost, not won, 246 makes victors stupid and vanquished Wallets, wits vengeful, 239 those cannot live by wallets, live by wits, 172 means to establish peace on more favorable terms, 67 Walters, Vernon means to pursue or defend justice, 245 difference between the diplomat and military military vs. diplomatic influence during, 242 man, 67 money is not the sinews of, 175 those who object to flattery, 82 mother of peace, 163 must be regarded as only a means to peace, War 239 abolition of, 239 noncombatants most ferocious, 244 Index 335

not justified to enfeeble states whose power War, limited may become a threat, 241 defined, 242 not true it settles nothing, 239 prerequisites for, 242 only way to abolish is to make peace heroic, 239 War, objectives of peace preserved by preparation for, 52 as little harm as possible, 243 peoples more eager than governments for, 240 decide how to end before initiating hostilities, preventive, like committing suicide out of fear 243 of death, 244 fatal to enter war without will to win it, 243 prevents peace, 244 first reckon the cost, 243 purpose of is more perfect peace, 245 keep expenditures low, 240 purpose of is peace, 163 no substitute for victory, 247 sparked by predisposition to take offense, 115 stay your hand or strike to kill, 243 starting through negotiations, 243 strike at a king, you must kill him, 243 sterile of positive result, 247 to live unhurt in peace, 243 success is victory, success of peace stability, victory, not prolonged indecision, 247 244 surest way to prevent is not to fear, 245 War, offensive threats an alternative to, 84 requires quick decision, 243 three principal causes of quarrel, 239 too important to be left to the generals, 239 War, state of total, 247 diplomatic contacts under, 248 victory is more difficult art, 237 normal condition of international relations, weapons, important but not decisive factor, 246 245 War, termination of where to fight, 242 achieve basic aims before truce, 163 without victory, 247 almost impossible without complete ruin of one side, 247 War crime blindness to need for, 244 defined, 247 diplomacy, 240 discussion of conditions of peace in wartime, War criminal 243 defined, 247 do not drive your enemy to await revenge, 246 © Copyright by thedurable Endowment peace is moderate and just, 246 of War strategy essential question, 242 diplomacy at start and end of war, 247 needs consent of the victors, 246 importance of moral as well as military not possible at pleasure of a prince, 175 the positionUnited in, 243 States Institutepeace negotiations the warof after thePeace war, 146 outcome of conflict, 244 peace without victory, 160 quickest way to end a war is to lose it, 246 War, causes of role of diplomats in, 246 almost as many popular as royal wars, 245 timing determined by loser, not victor, 246 crowd psychology, 50 transforms the future, 241 popular passion, 239 when outcome unclear, 246 three principal causes of quarrel, 239 uncertainties bred by hanging policy of Warriors legislatures, 125 as diplomats, 248 civilians too timid before, 248 War, conventional difference from diplomats, 67 defined, 240 diplomats and, 248 infirmities of as peacemakers, 248 War, guerrilla political judgments fatuous, 248 defined, 241 Washington, George War, instigators espionage and secrecy are necessary, 75 monarchs ought to put to death, 241 336 Index

honesty best policy in public as in private life, Weakness 99 appeasement of the weak unnecessary and no nation has right to intervene in internal unwise, 18 affairs, 152 diplomatic responses to, 144 no real favors from nation to nation, 81 fragility of client state is greatest source, 249 passionate attachments between nations imperiousness of feebleness supported by condemned 109 force, 30 preparing for war preserves peace, 52 in allies, 8 strict neutrality preferred policy, 152 invites assault so the weak must seem strong, to secure peace be ready always for war, 193 249 trust no nation farther than its interests, 109 peace the policy of, 162 promotes conciliation and alliances, 6 Watson, Adam weak states do what they must, 218 abuse of diplomacy in ideological warfare, 53 ambassadors as advocates, 2 Weapons bargaining large part of diplomacy, 24 best one is another enemy, 249 composition of negotiating teams, 141 not the tools of the enlightened, 84 deceit self-defeating, 45 tools for changing enemies’ minds, 249 diplomacy aspect of politics requiring words as, 15 confidentiality, 206 diplomacy especially concerned with trade, 34 Welfare of nations diplomacy helps form and restrain foreign dependent on ambassadors, 15 policy, 85 diplomacy in war termination, 246 Wellesley, Victor economic balance like strategic balance, 71 diplomacy not policy but agent of it, 170 foreign aid can rent not buy allegiance, 5 economic vs. military sanctions, 204 ideology accords awkwardly with diplomacy, finance policy a diplomatic weapon, 81 101 grand strategy aims planning peace, 217 impermanence of treaties of alliance, 7 greatest of risks the shirking of risk, 201 independence purchased through insecurity, no greater fault than a vindictive peace, 163 103 preponderance of power will not endure, 97 informality, 104 qualities of good strategists and statesmen, 214 interest in survival makes coalitions tariff wars generally end in higher tariffs, 225 © Copyrighttranscending ideology, 103 by thetask Endowment of statesmen to provide decent burial for of international vs. domestic law, 122 the past, 216 journalistic reporting, 117 justice better served by diplomacy than war, 1 Wellesley, Victor, citing others thelevel United of démarches determines States influence on Institutediplomacy of women like of that of Peaceeunuchs, 60 decisions, 48 much in foreign affairs cannot be disclosed, means of buttressing alliances against 206 change, 7 peace at best a truce on battlefield of Time, 160 measuring the power of state, 176 ministers need advice from experts, 136 Wellington, Duke of negotiation rests on possibility of coercion, 143 nations never so grateful as benefactors peace the policy of status quo satisfied states, expect, 95 162 protecting confidences of other states, 206 White, E. B. the more empathy the more effective the agreements source of disagreements, 191 diplomacy, 72 uses of force by alliances, 84 Wickedness utility of collegiality in diplomatic corps, 41 more stupid people than wicked, 249 war as instrument of policy, 240 war means to pursue or defend justice, 245 Wicquefort, Abram de how ambassadors can influence ministers, 136 principal functions of ambassadors described, 11 Index 337

state cannot do without ambassadors, 9 concealment of bad deeds, 250 decent man’s, 75 Wight, Martin fidelity to those of negotiators, 35 power to enemy’s rear natural ally, 73 form and reform states, 250 remote allies are preferable, 8 jaw-jaw better than war-war, 249 more regrettable than silence, 68 Will must have no relation to actions, 250 may play as great a role as power, 249 recourse to, after reverses in war, 47

Wilson, Woodrow Wotton, Henry no nation fit to sit in judgment on another, 138 definition of an ambassador, 9 open covenants, openly arrived at, 188 peace without victory, 161 Wright, Quincy principles are threads in the labyrinth of balance of power defined, 174 circumstances, 181 belligerent nationalism of parliaments, 124 self-respect too high a price for peace, 162 Wrong, Hume Windsor, Duke of qualities for a successful diplomat, 65 rules for public appearances, 187 Yamagata, Aritomo Winning, losing diplomacy should be backed by power, 58 can’t win unless try, but can lose by trying not to lose, 249 Young, Andrew UN not a legislature or court but diplomatic Wisdom forum, 233 comes once other alternatives exhausted, 249 precipitation and anger contrary to wise Zartman, I. William deliberation, 16 conflict resolution awaits a ripe moment, 2 to simulate folly, 83 conflict resolution requires intolerable situation, 133 Wits, power mediators must use carrots and sticks, 130 more power, dimmer the wits, 249 only time resolves conflicts, but times needs help, 144 ©Wives Copyright of ambassadors by theprinciples Endowment poor guide to choice in mediation, of community leadership and other duties of, 210 181 success of mediation tied to ripe moment, 132 Wives of diplomats theno Unitedprofession in which their States role more helpful, InstituteZartman, I. William, and Berman,of MaureenPeace R. important, 210 bluffing requires fostering appearance of support invaluable, 211 trustworthiness, 231 valuable auxiliaries, 211 building trust and confidence in agreements, 231 Women convincing the other side to negotiate, 179 in critical situations, let them run things, 43 defining areas of agreement, disagreement to get to the table, 179 Wood, John R. and Serres, Jean how to enhance trust between negotiators, 231 definition of diplomacy, 56 negotiators need stamina, 212 how diplomatic professionalism is acquired, propitious moment for negotiation considered, 19 146 protection of nationals and their commerce, 26 sympathy distinguished from empathy, 223 protocol defined, 187 turning stalemate into agreement, 211 when negotiation is necessary, 139 Words are swords, 250 Zeal as weapons, 15 above all, not too much, 251 care in choosing and reporting, 249 sudden diplomatic success very costly, 219 338 Index

Zealotry Zhuangzi prefer dignity of death to ignominy of death always speak the truth and never embellish it, on enemy’s terms, 251 49

Zealots Zhuge Liang in games of chicken, let them have right of how to select personnel, 166 way, 251

Zhou Enlai diplomacy continuation of war by other means, 56

© Copyright by the Endowment of the United States Institute of Peace About the Author

Chas. W. Freeman, Jr., has led a distinguished diplomatic career, including service overseas in India, Taiwan, the China mainland, Thailand, and . He was assistant secre- tary of defense for international security affairs from 1993 to 1994 and U.S. ambassador to the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia from 1989 to 1992 (during the ). Before serving in Ri- yadh, he had been the principal deputy assistant secretary of state for African affairs; at the U.S. embassies at Beijing and Bangkok; director of three offices in the Department of State and one in the United States Information Agency; and deputy United States coordinator for refugee affairs. He was the principal American interpreter during President Richard Nixon’s historic visit to the People’s Republic of China in February 1972. Freeman attended the Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Yale University, and the Harvard Law School. He was a Jennings Randolph fellow at the United States Institute of Peace from 1994 to 1995, following his decision to retire from the United States Foreign Service. He was elected to the American Academy of Diplomacy in 1995. Freeman is currently chairman of Projects International, Inc., a Washington-based business development firm specializing in the arrangement of joint ventures for its American and foreign clientele.

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