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Notes on Dietary Habits and گونه شناسی و الگوی غذایی زیست Biology of the Vulnerable Species ) وزغ ت

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Notes on Dietary Habits and گونه شناسی و الگوی غذایی زیست Biology of the Vulnerable Species ) وزغ ت مجله علمی ـ پژوهشی زیستشناسی جانوری تجربی .Experimental Animal Biology Vol. ??? No. ???, ?????? (??? - ???) سال هفتم، شماره دوم، پیاپی بیست و ششم، پاییز 7931 )55-17( زیستشناسی و الگوی غذایی گونه Notes on dietary habits and biology of the vulnerable species Bufo eichwaldi آسیبپذیر وزغ تالشی ) ( ;Bufo eichwaldi (Amphibia )Amphibia; Anura; Bufonidae( در ایران Anura; Bufonidae) in Iran 1* 2 حمید درویشنیا1*، بهزاد فتحینیا2، یاسر بخشیHamid Darvishnia , Behzad Fathinia , 3 3 1. استادیار، گروه زیستشناسی، دانشگاه پیام نور، صندوق پستی Yaser Bakhshi 16761-7963 1. Assistant Professor, Department of Biology, Payame تهران، ایران. Noor University, 19395-3697 Tehran, Iran 2. استادیار، گروه زیستشناسی، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه یاسوج، یاسوج، Assistant Professor, Department of Biology, Faculty .2 ایران. of Science, Yasouj University, Yasouj, Iran 7. دانشجوی دکتری، بخش زیستشناسی، دانشکده علوم، دانشگاه شیراز، Ph.D. student, Department of Biology, Faculty of .3 شیراز، ایران. Science, Shiraz University, Shiraz, Iran (Received: Jul. 10, 2017 - Accepted: Nov. 17, 2018) )تاریخ دریافت: 16/4/1769- تاریخ تصویب: 1763/8/29( Abstract چکیده Amphibians are opportunistic predators that feed دوزیستان شکارچیان فرصتطلبی هستند که از منابع غذایی با upon numerous food resources occurring in their environment. Due to feed upon insects, this group فراوانی بیشتر در محیط اطرافشان تغذیه میکنند. این گروه، بهدلیل plays an important role in biological control of تغذیه از حشرات، دارای اهمیت بسزایی در تعادل و کنترل ,pests in agricultural ecosystems. In this research بیولوژیکی آفات کشاورزی اکوسیستمهای مختلف هستند. در این which was carried out in 2015 and 2016 at the northwest of Guilan Province in northern Iran, تحقیق که در سال 1761 در شمال غرب استان گیﻻن انجام گرفت، some biological aspects of vulnerable species Bufo ضمن بررسی وضعیت زیستی گونه در معرض آسیب وزغ تالشی eichwaldi as well as stomach contents of 57 Bufo eichwaldi ) (، محتویات معده13 نمونه، به روش شستشوی individuals (using stomach flushing technique to معده )stomach flushing( بررسی و الگوی غذایی این گونه determine the diet) were analyzed. A total number of 642 food and non-food items belonging to 23 مشخص گردید. 942 گزینه غذایی)عمدتاً بیمهرگان( و غیر غذایی orders and seven classes from four phyla, mostly )بقایای گیاهی و سنگریزه( از محتویات معده جمع آوری و .from phylum Arthropoda (83.3%) were identified شناسایی گردید. گزینههای غذایی مربوط به 4 شاخه جانوری، Food items with the highest frequency belong to عمدتاً بندپایان )7/87%( و 3 رده بودند که رده حشرات با 14 راسته، Class Insecta with 14 orders. Within this class two orders Hymenoptera and Coleoptera, were the و در بین آنها، راسته بال غشائیان )Hymenoptera( و قابباﻻن most abundant prey items in the diet of this Coleoptera ) ( دارای بیشترین مشاهده بودند که تنوع باﻻی species. High variation of prey items is a reflection گزینههای غذایی این گونه انعکاسی از تنوع باﻻی بیمهرگان منطقه of the high ratio of invertebrate’s diversity in the study area. This species has recently been listed as مورد مطالعه است. هر چند منطقه مورد مطالعه دارای شرایط اقلیمی vulnerable in the IUCN Red List. Despite مناسب زیست این گونه میباشد، اما متأسفانه در سالیان اخیر .suitability of climatic conditions of this area for B فعالیتهای انسانی، بهخصوص تخریب زیستگاه، باعث کاهش تعداد eichwaldi, but, habitat destruction yielded from این گونه آسیبپذیر شده، به گونهای که اخیراً در فهرست گونههای human activity have caused a significant reduction in the populations of this species during recent در معرض آسیب IUCN قرار گرفته است. years. واژههای كلیدی: دوزیست، وزغ تالشی، شستشوی معده، بال Keywords: Amphibia, Bufo eichwaldi, Stomach flushing, Hymenoptera, Vulnerable. غشائیان، در معرض آسیب. * نویسنده مسئول: E-mail: [email protected] 51 مجله علمی ـ پژوهشی زیستشناسی جانوری تجربی، سال هفتم، شماره دوم، پیاپی بیست و ششم، پاییز 7931 مقدمه تعیین کردند. تا اینکه اولین بار در سال 8004 بر اساس دوزیستان موجوداتی خونسرد با پوست برهنه شواهد مورفولوژیکی، پروتئینی و ژنومی بهعنوان یک هستند که در حاشیه منابع آبی و یا در زمینهای گونه جدید از گروه B. bufo مجزا و معرفی گردید. مرطوب بهسر میبرند. این گروه نماینده پراکنش این گونه محدود به جنگلهای هیرکانی، اکوسیستمهای آبی هستند و به خاطر تغذیه از جنوب شرق آذربایجان و شمال ایران و تا ارتفاع بیمهرگان، عمدتاً حشرات، نقش بسزایی در کنترل و 7800 متر از سطح دریا میباشد ) Litvinchuk et تنظیم جمعیت حشرات و تعادل اکوسیستم یک منطقه al., 2008(. دارند )Baloutch & Kami, 1995(. از سوی دیگر، وزغ تالشی بزرگترین دوزیست ایران بوده و به به دلیل آنکه در دوران جنینی تا پیش از بلوغ درون همین خاطر از آسیبپذیری باﻻیی برخوردار است. تا آب زندگی میکنند و پس از بلوغ، خارج از آب ادامه کنون مطالعات بسیار کمی روی این گونه انجام شده و حیات میدهند، در برابر تغییرات محیطی بسیار اطﻻعات زیادی درمورد آن در دست نیست. حساس هستند. از این رو وضعیت زیستی و تغذیهای Mozafari & Saeidi Moghari )2012( به دوزیستان به عنوان شاخصی برای سﻻمت و مطالعه دو شکلی جنسی در شکل پوزه وزغ تالشی کیفیت محیط زیست یک منطقه به حساب میآیند پرداختند. اولین مطالعه کاریولوژیکی این گونه توسط )Otto et al., 2013; Araujo et al., 2014(. با Kami & Yadollahvand )2014( در استان توجه به وجود مناطق قابل مﻻحظهای در کشور که مازندران انجام گرفت و در مطالعه دوزیستان دارای آبوهوایی مرطوب و معتدل هستند، و شهرستان تالش توسط Darvishnia )2015( این همینطور وجود جویبارها و رودخانههای دائمی، به گونه در منطقه مطالعاتی جمعآوری و گزارش گردید. ویژه در مناطق شمال ایران، شرایط برای زندگی با توجه به پراکنش کم و آسیبپذیری این گونه، دوزیستان مهیا بوده و بیشترین تراکم و تنوع ضروری است که مطالعات دقیق و علمی جهت دوزیستان را در این مناطق میتوان مشاهده نمود شناساندن این گنجینه طبیعی و اهمیت آن انجام گیرد )Hojati et al., 2011; Darvishnia, 2015(. یکی تا ضمن شناسایی تهدیدات این گونه، بر اساس آن از گونههای دوزیستان ایران، وزغ تالشی یا وزغ برنامهریزی دقیقی در جهت حفظ این گونه و ایچوالدی، Bufo eichwaldi، میباشد ) & Mozafari گونههای مرتبط با آن و ارتباطی که این موجود با Saeidi Moghari, 2012( که بهعنوان بزرگترین محیط اطراف و انسانها دارد، صورت بگیرد. گونه دوزیست ایران شناخته میشود. این گونه متعلق به رده دوزیستان، راسته آنوراها از خانواده بوفونیده مواد و روشها میباشد. این خانواده با دارا بودن 84 جنس و 554 گونه، بر اساس نقشههای مربوط به منطقه مورد مطالعه، در سرتاسر دنیا، بجز استرالیا، نیوزیلند و ماداگاسکار، ایستگاههای نمونهبرداری انتخاب شد. طی گشتزنی پراکنش دارد )Vitt & Caldwell, 2014(. ابتدا و نمونهبرداریهای عصر و شب در فصول بهار، Blanford )1876(، وزغ خاکستری با عنوان Bufo تابستان و پاییز سال 7935، تعداد 51 نمونه وزغ vulgaris را برای ایران گزارش نمود و سپس محققین تالشی با میانگین وزنی 901-734 گرم و طول پوزه مختلفی این وزغ را به عناوینی همچون B. bufo تا مخرج 703-709 میلیمتر از مناطق مختلف شمال )Baloutch & Kami, 1995( یا (Bufo (Bufo غرب استان گیﻻن، که بخشی از جنگلهای هیرکانی Rastegar-Pouyani et al., 2008( eichwaldi( میباشد، جمعآوری شد )شکل 7(. درویشنیا و همکاران: زیستشناسی و الگوی غذایی گونه آسی بپذیر وزغ تالشی ... 51 شکل 1. موقعیت منطقه مورد مطالعه با استفاده از چراغ قوه پیشانی و با کمک تور یا نگهداری شد. محتویات معده هر نمونه با استفاده از دست، نمونههای وزغ جمعآوری و در کیسههای کلیدهای شناسایی معتبر ) & Triplehorn پارچهای، جهت مطالعه، نگهداری گردید و تمام Johnson, 2004; Choate, 2011( در حد راسته و اطﻻعات مربوط به نمونهها، با در نظر گرفتن یک کد، در برخی موارد در حد خانواده شناسایی و نمونهها پس یادداشت و سپس اندازهگیری نمونهها به صورت زنده از مطالعه به محیط طبیعی خود که از آنجا جمعآوری صورت گرفت. برای اندازهگیری نمونهها از کولیس با شده بودند بازگردانده شدند. دقت 7/0 میلیمتر استفاده شد. به منظور بررسی تغذیه وزغ تالشی، بﻻفاصله پس از جمعآوری و شناسایی نتایج نمونهها، محتویات معده نمونههای وزغ زنده به روش در این تحقیق در مجموع 51 نمونه وزغ تالشی از شستشوی محتویات معده )stomach flushing( مناطق مختلف شمالغرب استان گیﻻن جمعآوری ) ;Fitzgerald, 1989; Ferenti et al., 2009 شد )جدول 7(. پس از بیومتری و تخلیه محتویات Norval et al., 2014; Fathi nia et al., 2016( معده نمونههای زنده، نمونهها بدون هیچ آسیبی به جمعآوری و در ظروف شیشهای محتوی اتانول 15% محیط زندگیشان برگردانده شدند. جدول 1. مختصات جغرافیایی ایستگاه های مورد مطالعه )در هر ایستگاه حداقل به شعاع دو کیلومتر نمونهبرداری صورت گرفت( منطقه عرض جغرافیایی )N( طول جغرافیایی )E( ارتفاع از سطح دریا مسیر اسالم به خلخال ’’m 48 55’ 51.04’’ 37 42’ 50.58 76 مسیر ساحل قروق ’’m 48 57’ 10.27’’ 37 49’ 32.72 1 چوبر ’’m 48 53’ 40.66’’ 38 10’ 48.78 1 لوندویل ’’m 48 51’ 19.51’’ 38 19’ 58.56 2 طاهر گوراب ’’m 49 14’ 24.87’’ 37 23’ 22.53 1 رضوانشهر ’’m 49 08’ 31.30’’ 37 34’ 20.11 3 شاندرمن ’’m 49 09’ 50.55’’ 37 26’ 08.33 12 طوﻻرود ’’m 48 56’ 01.23’’ 37 45’ 47.35 18 54 مجله علمی ـ پژوهشی زیستشناسی جانوری تجربی، سال هفتم، شماره دوم، پیاپی بیست و ششم، پاییز 7931 سپس به منظور بررسی تغذیه وزغ تالشی و بررسی تعداد، رده حشرات با 509 مورد مشاهده دارای تنوع و فراوانی آیتمهای غذایی آن، محتویات معده بیشترین فراوانی )98/14%( و Solifugae با یک مورد شناسایی قرار گرفت )جدول 8(. مورد مشاهده دارای کمترین فراوانی )71/0%( بودند. الگوی غذایی Bufo eichwaldi متنوع میباشد و از رده حشرات، بیشترین موارد مشاهده شده در در مجموع 188 نمونه بیمهره، مهرهدار، بقایای محتویات معده به ترتیب مربوط به راسته بال غشائیان گیاهی، سنگریزه و نمونههای هضمشده غیر قابل )Hymenoptera( با 81% )اکثراً متعلق به مورچهها، تشخیص از محتویات معده گونه وزغ تالشی جمعآوری Formicidae بودند( و قابباﻻن )Coleoptea( با و مورد شناسایی قرار گرفت. گزینههای غذایی مربوط 7/75% میباشد.
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