Bacău the Ecological Diversity and the Socio

COMPLEXUL MUZEAL DE ŞTIINŢELE NATURII „ION BORCEA” BACĂU

STUDII ŞI COMUNICĂRI 2007 - 2008 Vol. 22: 13 – 18

THE ECOLOGICAL DIVERSITY AND THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE OF SOME MACROMYCETES FROM PETROŞANI DEPRESSION

IOANA CIORTAN1

ABSTRACT The paper presents a number of 122 species of macromycetes (2 species from the Ascomycota phylum, 120 from Basidiomycota) and offer indications of edibility, toxicity and practical use of the presented species.

Key words: macromycetes, ecology, edibility, toxic, association, pigment.

Introduction (comestible, toxic, pigment formatting, etc.). From General physical-geographical frame this research I have presented in 3 anterior papers [3, The Petroşani Depression is situated in the 4, 5,] a number of 28 macromycetes species from the west of Southern Carpathians between Retezatu, near bouts of Vulcan city (Hunedoara County). Şureanu, Parâng and Vâlcan Mountains. The West Jiu river flows trough the Material and method depression, beginning from Jiu-Cerna passage (1330 The research was made in 2006-2007, in July, m altitude) until it encounters the East Jiu, at Iscroni August and October. (556 m altitude), were Jiu river is formed, which, in All the data from those stations had been the Lainici cutting, it forms the eastern limit of noted during the trip and the determination was Vâlcan Mountains, to Parâng Mountains. made following the macro- and microscopic Crossing the Jiu cutting, at the exit, before characteristics of the species on fresh material, using Petroşani city, the road takes a turn to the left to the keys from the bibliography [1, 2, 7, 13, 14 and Cheile Buţii (34 km), passing one by one the 15] and other bibliographic sources [8, 9, 10, 11, following cities: Vulcan, Lupeni, Uricani, Valea de 18]. Also, everything species were photographed in Brazi, Valea de Peşti and Câmpu lui Neag villages. fresh condition, in natural habitats and, also, in In the depression on a length of 45 km and laboratory. between 3 and 9 km width (between east and west), From indications of edibility, toxicity and many routes were made, following the course of practical use of the presented species we using some rivers like Preotesei Valley, Căprişoarei bibliographic sources from point [6, 12, 15, 16 and 17]. Valley, Ungurului Valley (near Vulcan city), The species are presented in alphabetical reaching the stone castle of Cheile Buţii, at an order, first ascomycetes and second basidiomycetes, altitude of about 900 m, which is one of the in separated lists for each station, followed by entrances in Retezat Mountains. indications of the ecologic group, substrate, habitat Research were made in 2006-2007, July- and edibility or toxicity (if the species is repeated in October, on Preotesei Valley, Căprişoara Valley, more lists, its edibility or toxicity is indicated only in Ungurului Valley (near Vulcan city) and in the the first one). beech tree forests from Cheile Buţii (900 m altitude). The nomenclature is the one indicated from Mycological researches in this area were the [19] points of the bibliography. never made until now. The material may be found in the University I have made personal researches so far only of Craiova Herbarium. on Oltenia territory, so the inserted data in the Abbreviations used from ecological groups: present material can give information on the M – mycorrhizal species; Sh – saprotrophic chorology of some species with practical utilization species on humus; Sl – saprotrophic species on wood; Pl – parasite species on wood; SP - ______saproparasite species (parasite species on plants but 1 Botanical Garden of Craiova, [email protected] saprotrophic after death of plants); SPl – saproparasite

species on wood; P – parasite species; Sp – saprotrophic ground, in manures grassland, toxic - induces the species in grassland; Sf – saprotrophic on leaf; narcotic syndrome (mycotoxin productive species); Sc – coprotoph. Pycnoporus cinnabarinus (Jacq.) Fr. – SPl, on dead branches of beech tree; Russula aeruginea Fr. – M, Results and discussions on soil, in forest, edible; R. alutacea (Fr.) Fr. – M, I. On Preotesei Valley, at an altitude of 800- on soil, in forest, edible; R. cyanoxantha (Schaeff.) 900 m, the vegetation is represented by beech tree Fr. – M, on soil, in forest, edible; R. emetica var. forests. The vegetable formation characteristic to fageticola Melzer – M, on soil, in forest, toxic - these forests is the association Symphyto cordati- induces the rezinoid syndrome (gastroenteric) (it Fagetum Vida 1959. contains muscarin); R. foetens (Pers.) Pers. - M, on The species list (12.VIII.2006): soil, in forest, suspect - it induces the rezinoid Daldinia concentrica (Bolton) Ces. & De syndrome (gastroenteric); R. nigricans (Bull.) Fr. – Not. – Sl, on dead trunks of beech tree; Hypoxylon M, on soil, in forest; R. virescens (Schaeff.: Zant.) fragiforme (Pers.) J.K. Kickx f. – Sl, on dead trunks Fr. – M, on soil, in forest, edible; Schizophyllum and branches of beech tree; Amanita vaginata var. commune Fr. – SPl, on trunks of beech tree; vaginata (Bull.) Lam. – M, on soil, in wood, edible; Scleroderma citrinum Pers. – M, on soil, in A. pantherina Krombh. – M, on soil, in forest, toxic grassland, edible in young stage; Stereum hirsutum - induces pantherinian-atropinian syndrome, psychotic (Willd.) Pers. – SPl, on trunks of beech tree; (it contains pantherine- muscimol-amanita factor B), Trametes gibbosa (Pers.) Fr. – SPl, on trunks and sometimes even lethal; Bjerkandera fumosa (Pers.) branches of beech tree; T. versicolor (L.) Lloyd – Sl, P. Karst. – SPl, from trunk of beech tree; on trunks and branches of beech tree; Xerula Cantharelus cibarius var. cibarius Fr. – M, on soil, radicata (Relhan) Dőrfelt – Sh, on the roots of in forest, edible; Clitocybe gibba (Pers.) P. Kummer beech, in forest, the cap edible. – Sh, on soil, in forest, good edibility after long boiling; Coprinellus micaceus (Bull.) Vilgalys, II. On Caprişoara Valley, at an altitude of Hople & Jacq. Johnson – Sl, on dead stumps of 1000-1100 m, the vegetation is made of Fagus beech tree, in dense clusters, micotoxins productive sylvatica forests blending with many exemplars of species; Cortinarius cinnabarinus Fr. – M, on soil, Betula pendula Roth., which are spreading on a in forest, toxic - micotoxin productive species large surface, in compact groups), and at high (orellanine); Cyahtus striatus (Huds.) Willd. – Sl-Sh, altitudes with Picea abies (L.) Karsten. on chips of beech tree; Entoloma serrulatum (Fr.) The species list (13.VIII.2006): Hesler – Sp, on soil, in grassland; Fomes Astraeus hygrometricus (Pers.) Morg. – M, fomentarius (L.) J.J. Kickx. – SPl, on trunk of beech on loamy soil, in forest; Amanita phalloides (Vaill. tree; Fomitopsis pinicola (Sow.) P. Karst. – SPl, on ex Fr.) Link – M, on soil, in forest, toxic - trunks of Picea abies; Gymnopus peronatus (Bolton) narcotizing species, induces the orelanian syndrome Antonin, Halling & Noordel – Sf, among leaf litter, (it contains amatoxins – amanita factor B), sometime in forest; Hydnellum ferrugineum (Fr.) P. Karst. – lethal; Calocera viscosa (Pers.) Fr. – Sl, on strongly Sh, on soil, in forest glade; Inonotus hispidus (Bull.) decayed stumps, in forest; Cantharellus cibarius P. Karst. – Pl, on trunk of beech tree; Lenzites var. cibarius Fr. – M, on soil, in forest, edible; betulina (L.) Fr. – Sl, on branches of beech tree; Cantharellus tubaeformis (Bull.) Fr. – M, on soil, in Leucopaxilus giganteus (Sowerby) Singer – Sp, on forest, edible; Clitocybe gibba (Pers.) P. Kummer – soil, in forest glade, moderate edibility; Mycena Sh, on soil, in forest; Cortinarius cinnabarinus Fr. – sanguinolenta (Alb. & Schwein.) P. Kumm. – Sh, on M, on soil, in forest, toxic; Fomes fomentarius (L.) decaying wood, in beech forest; Marasmius J.J. Kickx. – SPl, on trunk of beech tree; Fomitopsis alliaceus (Jacq.) Fr. – Sh-Sl, on (buried) beech pinicola (Sow.) P. Karst. – PSl, on trunks of Picea branches, is usually dried for use as a flavoring; M. abies; Lactarius piperatus (L.) Pers. – M, on soil, in oreades (Bolt.) Fr. – P, on soil, in grassland, edible; forest, edible; L. subdulcis (Bull.) Gray – M, on soil, M. rotula (Scop.) Fr. – Sl-Sf, on dead branches of in forest, edible; Leccinum scabrum (Bull.) Gray – beech tree; Phellinus igniarius (L.: Fr.) Quél. – Pl, M, on soil, under Betula pendula, edible; Lenzites on trunk of beech tree; Piptoporus betulinus (Bull.) betulina (L.) Fr. – Sl, on dead branches of beech P. Karst. – Pl, on trunks of Betula pendula; tree; Marasmius alliaceus (Jacq.) Fr. - Sh-Sl, on Polyporus varius Pers.: Fr. – SPl, on branches of soil, in forest; M. saccharinus (Batsch) Fr. – Sf, on Betula pendula; Psathyrella candolleana (Fr.) Maire leaf of beech tree; Phallus impudicus L. - Pl-Sp, on – Sp, on or near stumps and buried wood, in forest; loamy soil, in forest; Ramaria botrytis (Pers.) Psilocybe semilanceata (Fr.) P. Kumm. – Sp, on the Ricken – Sh, on soil, edible; R. flava (Tourn. ex

Battarra) Quél. – Sh, in the ground, in forest; candolleana (Fr.) Maire –Sp, in grassland; Russula alutacea (Fr.) Fr. – M, on soil, in wood; R. Rhodocollybia buthyracea (Bull.) Antonin & foetens (Pers.) Pers. – M, in wood, under fir trees; Noordel - Sh, on soil, in forest, edible; Russula Stereum hirsutum (Wild.) Pers. – SPl, on stumps of alutacea (Fr.) Fr. - M, on soil, in forest; R. beech tree; Strobilomyces strobilaceus (Scop.) Berk. cyanoxantha (Schaeff.) Fr. – M, on soil, in forest; R. – M, on soil, in forest glade, moderate edibility; emetica var. fageticola Melzer – M, on soil, in Trametes gibbosa (Pers.) Fr. – SPl, on stumps of forest; R. foetens (Pers.) Pers. - M, on soil, in forest; beech tree; T. versicolor (L.) Lloyd – Sl, on stumps R. ochroleuca (Pers.) Fr. – M, on soil, in forest, of beech tree; Xerula radicata (Relhan) Dőrfelt – Sh, moderate edibility; R. nigricans (Bull.) Fr. - M, on on the roots of beech tree. soil, in forest; R. virescens (Schaeff.: Zant.) Fr. – M, The species list in the same station at on soil, in forest; Stereum hirsutum (Wild.) Pers. – 7.X.2007: SPl, on dead trunks of beech tree; Stropharia Amanita muscaria (L.) Lam. var. muscaria – semiglobata (Batsch: Fr.) Quél. – Sc, on soil, in M, on soil, in forest, toxic - it contains ibotenic acid grassland; Trametes versicolor (L.) Lloyd – Sl, on (amanita factor C), muscimol (pantherine, amanita dead trunks of beech tree; Xeromphalina campanella factor B) and muscazone. It induces the muscarinic (Batsch) Maire – Sl, in forest, among moss- syndrome; Lepista fasciculata Harmaja – Sh, on soil, cushions. in skirt wood, moderate edibility; Mycena galericulata (Scop.) Gray – SPl, on decaying wood IV. The vegetation near Cheile Buţii cabana and bark of beech tree, in skirt wood; M. is made of beech tree forests with isolated exemplars haematopus (Pers.) P. Kumm. – Sl, on dead wood, of fir trees. in forest. The species list (7.X.2007): Agaricus silvaticus Schaeff. – Sh, on soil, in III. In 2007, at a single trip, on 24.VI.2007 forest, edible; Amanita citrina var. citrina were identified on Ungurului Valley, near the (Schaeff.) Pers. – M, on soil, in forest, edible - in Nicolae Vulcan hermitage (where the vegetation is [23] species is indicated edible, but mediocre, in composed by beech tree forests (Symphyto cordati- [20] as species which induces the rezinoid syndrome Fagetum Vida 1959) and grassland (Festuco rubrae (gastroenteric); some mycologist think it is toxic - Agrostetum capillaris Horv. 1951), the next because of the confusions with Amanita phalloides; species: Armillaria mellea (Vahl.) P. Kumm. – M, on soil, in Amanita pantherina Krombh. – M, on soil, in forest, edible; Boletus chrysenteron Bull. – M, on forest; A. rubescens var. rubescens Pers. – M, on soil, in forest; B. regius Krombh. – M, on soil, in soil, in forest, good edibility after long boiling; forest, edible; Bovista plumbea Pers. – Sp, on soil, in Boletus luridus Schaeff. – M, on soil, in skirt wood, grassland, in young stage moderate edibility; good edibility after long boiling; Cantharellus Cantharellus cibarius var. cibarius Fr. – M, on soil, cibarius var. cibarius Fr. – M, on soil, in forest; in forest; Clitocybe gibba (Pers.) P. Kumm. – Sh, on Fomes fomentarius (L.) J.J. Kickx. – SPl, on trunks soil, in forest; C. nebularis (Batsch) Quél. – Sh, on of beech tree; Fomitopsis pinicola (Sow.) P. Karst. – soil, in forest, forming fairy rings, edibility, but PSl, on trunk of Picea abies; Hericium cirrhatum should not be eaten in great quantity; Coprinus (Pers.) Nikol. – SPl, on branches of Fagus sylvatica; comatus (O.F. Müll.) Gray – Sp, on rich soil, in skirt Inocybe geophylla var. lilacina Gillet – M, on soil, wood, after Kreisel [6] toxic species, mycotoxin in forest, toxic - induces the narcotic syndrome productive species. In many specialty books it is (mycotoxin productive species); Lactarius piperatus indicated that it is edible only in young stage; (L.) Pers. – M, on soil, in forest; Lenzites betulina Cortinarius orellanoides Rob. Henry – M, on soil, in (L.) Fr. – Sl, on branches of Betula pendula; forest, toxic - micotoxin productive species Limacella guttata (Pers.) Konrad & Maubl. – Sh, on (orellanine), induces the orelanian syndrome; C. soil, in forest, edible; Marasmius oreades (Bolt.) Fr. trivialis J.E. Lange – M, on soil, in grassland, toxic; – P, on soil, in grassland; M. rotula (Scop.) Fr. - Sl- Cystoderma amianthinum (Scop.) Fayod. – Sh, on Sf, in dead branches, in forest; Micromphale soil, under Picea abies; C. carcharias (Pers.) Fayod foetidum (Sowerby) Singer – Sl, on twigs of beech – Sh, on soil, under Picea abies; Daedaleopsis tree; Peziza varia (Headw.) Fr. - Sl, in wood; confragosa (Bolton) J. Schrőtt – Sl, on branches of Polyporus varius Pers.: Fr. – SPl, on branches of beech tree; Ganoderma applanatum (Pers.) Pat. – Betula pendula; Phellinus igniarius (L.: Fr.) Quél. – SPl, on trunk of beech tree; Gymnopus confluens Pl, on trunks of beech tree; Pluteus petasatus (Fr.) (Pers.) Antonín, Halling & Noordel. – Sh, on soil, in Gillet – Sl, on trunks of beech tree; Psathyrella forest; Hygrocybe chlorophana (Fr.) Wűnsche – Sp,

on soil, in grassland; Hygrophorus eburneus (Bull.: forest; Rhodocollybia buthyracea (Bull.) Lennox – Fr.) Fr. var. eburneus – M, on soil, in forest; Sh, on soil, in forest, mediocre edibility; Russula Hypholoma fasciculare (Huds.) P. Kumm. – Sl, on albonigra (Krombh.) Fr. – M, on soil, in forest in trunk of Fagus sylvatica, toxic - mycotoxin wood; R. aurea Pers. – M, on soil, in forest; R. productive species, it induces the rezinoid syndrome cyanoxantha (Schaeff.) Fr. - M, on soil, in forest; R. (gastroenteric); H. sublateritium (Schaeff.) Quél. – delica Fr. – M, on soil, in forest; Russula emetica Sl, on trunk of beech tree, toxic; Inocybe maculata var. fageticola Melzer – M, on soil, in forest; R. Boud. - M, on soil, in forest, after some mycologist fragilis var. fragilis Fr. – M, on soil, in forest; R. suspect or toxic because certain cases of intoxication nigricans (Bull.) Fr. – M, on soil, in forest; R. which were indicated at it’s consumption, but in ochroleuca Pers.: Fr. – M, on soil, in forest; R. some specialty books it is the same as all of the other virescens (Schaeff.: Zant.) Fr. – M, on soil, in forest; toxic species of Inocybe ; Laccaria amethystina Schizophylum commune Fr. – SPl, on branches of Cooke – Sh, on soil, in forest, good edibility; L. beech tree; Scleroderma citrinum Pers. – M, in laccata (Scop.) Fr. – Sh, on soil, in forest, mediocre wood; Stereum hirsutum (Wild.) Pers. – SPl, on edibility; Lactarius acerrimus Britzelm. – M, on truncks of beech tree; Tricholoma myomyces (Pers.) soil, in forest; L. aurantiacus (Pers.) Gray – M, on J. E. Lange – M, under Picea abies, edible; T. soil, in forest; L. deliciosus (L.) Gray – M, on soil, in vaccinum (Pers.: Fr.) P. Kumm. - M, under Picea forest, edible; L. pergamenus (Sowerby) Fr. – M, on abies, mediocre edibility; Tricholomopsis rutilans soil, in forest; L. rufus (Scop.) Fr. – M, on soil, in (Schaeff.) Singer – Sl, on soil, in forest; Vascellum forest; L. scrobiculatus (Scop.) Fr. – M, on soil, in pratense (Pers.: Pers.) Kreis. – Sh, on soil, in forest forest, toxic - it induces the rezinoid syndrome (gastroenteric); L. torminosus (Schaeff.) Gray – M, Macromycetes synusia analysis emphasized on soil, in forest, toxic - it induces the rezinoid the dominance of the macorhhizal species (Diagram syndrome (gastroenteric); L. turpis (Weinm) Fr. – no.1.) followed by the saprotroph species, and the M, on soil, in forest; Lepiota castanea Quél. - Sp, on least representative species are the parasite species. soil, in forest, suspect, to be considered toxic but not This representation is in direct concordance with the lethal; L. clypeolaria (Bull.) Quél. – Sh, on soil, in type of vegetation, which in this area is formed of forest, suspect; L. cristata (Bolton) P. Kumm. – Sh, pure beech tree forest, made from healthy trees. on soil, in forest in wood, suspect - it induces the rezinoid syndrome (gastroenteric) (it contains 50 lipiotina; Lepista nuda (Bull.) Cooke – Sh, on soil, in forest, forming fairy rings, edible after long 40 boiling; Lycoperdon perlatum Pers. – Sl, on soil, in 30 forest; Marasmius alliaceus (Jacq.) Fr. – Sh-Sl, on beech branches, in forest; M. androsaceus (L.) Fr. – 20 Sf, on Picea abies needles; M. epiphyllus Pers.) Fr. – Sf, on Fagus sylvatica leaves; M. rotula (Scop.) Fr. 10 – Sl-Sf, on branches of beech tree; M. scorodonius 0 (Fr.) Fr. – P, on herbaceous plants roots, in forest; M Sh Sl SPl SP Sf Pl P Sc Sl-Sh Sl-Sf Pl-Sp Micromphale foetidum (Sow.) Singer – Sl, on ecological groups branches of beech tree; M. perforans (Hoffm.) Gray – Sf, on needle litter (spruce); Mycena capillaris (Schumach.) P. Kummer – Sf, on rotting beech Fig. 1 - Ecological spectrum of the macromycetes leaves; M. epipterygia (Scop.) Gray – Sl, on species decaying wood; M. galericulata (Scop.) Gray – SPl, on decaying wood and bark of beech tree; M. The characteristic species from beech tree haematopus (Pers.) P. Kumm. –Sl, on dead wood; forests identified in the terricolous synusium are: M. polygramma (Bull.) Gray – Sl, on stamps of Armillaria mellea, Hygrophorus eburneus, beech tree; M. pura (Pers.) P. Kummer – Sh, on leaf Marasmius alliaceus, Mycena pura, Russula litter, in forest; Oudemansiella mucida (Schrad.) cyanoxantha, R. emetica var. fageticola, and in Hoehn. – SPl, on dead trunks of beech tree; epixylous synusium: Hypholoma fasciculare Panaeolus sphinctrinus (Fr.) Quél. – Sc, on old cow, Hypoxilon fragiforme, Lycoperdon pyriforme, in forest glade; Plicaturopsis crispa (Pers.) D.A. Oudemansiella mucida, Plicaturopsis crispa, Reid – Sl, on branches of beech tree; Ramaria flava Polyporus varius. (Tourn. ex Battarra) Quél. - Sh, in the ground, in

The socio-economic importance species - Tricholomopsis rutilans – condiment (after Kreisel [6]): species, interesting industrial (in study stage). - Amanita muscaria – aphrodisiac, narcotizing species (contains a substance that specifically affects the From the 38 comestible species the local central nervous system), pigment productive species; people eat frequently the next: Boletus regius, - Coprinus comatus – cultured species to be Cantharellus cibarius, Leccinum scabrum, Lactarius illegally used as drug; it contains coprine, a piperatus, Marasmius oreades, Russula alutacea, compound which has an effect similar to the drugs Russula cyanoxanta, Ramaria botrytis. Refusal or Antabus, used to treat alcoholism; - Cortinarius orellanoides – pigment and Conclusions productive species; Mycological research achieved in Petroşani - Calocera viscosa – pigment productive, Depression have made evident: purveyor of colorant; - 38 species from Basidiomycota are - Fomes fomentarius - technical utility, in comestible species, 20 toxic species and 22 species floral bindery and decorations; with socio-economic importance. - Fomitopsis pinicola - technical utility, in - Of ecologic point of view the species are floral bindery and decorations; grouping as follows: M – 47 species, Sh – 21, Sl – - Hydnum repandum – condiment species (in 19, SPl – 10, SP – 8, Sf – 6, Pl – 3, P – 2, Sc – 2, Sl- selection process); Sh – 2, Sl-Sf – 1, Pl-Sp – 1. - Hygrophorus eburneus – condiment species - We don’t have information that the species (in selection process); with socio-economical importance have been used - Hypholoma fasciculare - species utilizable by the people under the presented mode but they are in popular medicine (it contains vital substances); a real economical potential. - Hypholoma sublateritium – species utilizable - We consider that the researched area is an in popular medicine, it contains vital substances, area with major mycological interest looking at the cultured species, to be illegally used as drug; diversity of the macromycetes species and the - Lenzites betulina - technical utility, in floral interest of the population for consumption and bindery and decorations; commercialization. - Lactarius piperatus – species used in popular medicine, it contains vital substances; Rezumat - Lepista nuda – it contains nudinic acid with Cercetările micologice, realizate în staţiunile antibiotic propriety; prezentate, evidenţiază diversitatea speciilor de - Lycoperdon perlatum – technical utility macromicete din pădurile cu făgete pure din această (wick/tinder, perfume etc.), in popular medicine, it zonă. Lucrarea prezintă, de asemenea, speciile cu contains vital substances; importanţă socio-economică (comestibile, toxice şi cele - Xerula radicata – cultivated species, to be ce prezintă interes tehnic, medical sau de altă natură). illegally used as drug; - Phallus impudicus – used in popular Bibliography medicine as aphrodisiac; 1. BON M., 1999 – Collybiineae. Flore - Piptoporus betulinus – used in popular Mycologique d’Europe. Les Collybio-Marasmioides. Documents Mycologiques, Memoire Hours Série medicine, technical utility; o - Psilocybe semilanceata - cultivated species, n 5. Lille: 171 narcotizing species, to be illegally used as drug; 2. BON M., 2001 – Les Bolet. Flore Mycologique d’Europe. Documents Mycologiques, - Pycnoporus cinnabarinus – producer of o pigment and colorant; Memoire Hours Série n 6. Lille: 163 3. CIORTAN IOANA, 2004 – Contribuţii la - Strobilomyces strobilaceus – producer of cunoaşterea macromicetelor din Oltenia. Anal. pigment and colorant; Univ. Cr., vol. VII (XLIII)-2002: 229-236 - Stereum hirsutum – interesting industrial 4. CIORTAN IOANA, 2005 – Taxonomy, species (in study stage); ecology and chorology of some macromycetes - Trametes versicolor – cultivated species, species in the mountains zone of Oltenia. Anal. illegally used as drug, industrially introduced in the pharmaceutical industry, biotechnology, agent of Univ. Cr., vol. X (XLVI): 133-138 biological control (control of arthropods and 5. CIORTAN IOANA, 2006 – Taxonomy, insects); used in floral bindery and decorations; ecology and chorology of some macromycetes species from mountains region of Oltenia (Parâng

and Vâlcan Mountains) (fir tree forest stage). Cerc. 12. RÂPEANU D.M., 1986 – Macrofungi cu Şt. Seria a X-a, Horticultură, Inginerie genetică, potenţial toxigen, in ,,Toxicoze induse de toxine Timişoara: 159-168 vegetale”: 74-97. Edit. Ceres, Bucureşti. 6. KREISEL H., 2005 – Liste der 13. ROMAGNESI H., 1967 – Les Russules enthnomycologisch und biotechnologisch relevanten d’Europe et d’Afrique du Nord. Edition Bordas, Pilze. Feddes Repertorium 116 (2005) 5-6: 339-391 France: 998. 7. KÜHNER R., ROMAGNESI H., 1953 – 14. ROTHMALER W., 1994 – Excursionsflora Flore analitique des champignons superieurs von Deutschland. Jena-Stuttgart: Gustav Fischer (Agarics, Bolets, Chanterelles). Paris: Masson et Verlag. Vol. I : 330: 210-540. 15. SĂLĂGEANU GH., SĂLĂGEANU Cie: 557 ANIŞOARA, 1985 – Determinator pentru 8. LASKIBAR X., PALACIOS D., 2001– recunoaşterea ciupercilor comestibile, necomestibile (Setas) Guia de los hongos del Pais Vasco II, Edit. şi otrăvitoare din România Edit. Ceres: 323 Erkarlanean Donostia (San Sebastian), Spania: 317 16. ŞESAN TATIANA EUGENIA, 9. LASKIBAR X., PALACIOS D., 2005 – TĂNASE C., 2004 – Ghid de recunoaştere a (Setas) Guia de los hongos del Pais Vasco. Edit. ciupercilor comestibile şi toxice. Edit. Geea: 72 Erkarlanean Donostia (San Sebastian), Spania: 357 17. TOMA M., 1981 – Ciuperci, in Zanoschi 10. MOSER M., JÜLICH W., 1990 – Farbatlas V., Turenschi E., Toma M.: ,,Plante toxice din der Basidiomycetes. Colour atlas of Basidiomycetes. România”. Edit. Ceres, Bucureşti: 25-44 Gustav Fischer Verlag, Stuttgart: 1258. 18. *** Ghid Complet All., 1999 – 11. PALAZÓN LOZANO F., 2006 – Setas Cunoaşterea, recunoaşterea şi căutarea celor mai para todos Pirineos. Peninsula Iberica. Editorial cunoscute specii de ciuperci. All Educational: 319 Pirineo: 653 19. *** www. Index fungorum org./names/Syn Species. asp?.