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ABSTRACT SOCIAL SCIENCE Kpor, Johnny Woanto BA Fort Valley

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ABSTRACT SOCIAL SCIENCE Kpor, Johnny Woanto BA Fort Valley ABSTRACT SOCIAL SCIENCE Kpor, Johnny Woanto B. A. Fort Valley State College, 1972 A Nation of Two Worlds: Liberia Adviser: Dr. John D. Reid Thesis dated May, 1977 A descriptive analysis of the history of Liberia covering the life of its people extending as far back as the age of the continent. The lifestyle, family structure, political units and economic enterprise of the aborigines are presented. Historical facets show the liberation of black people in America and their return to Africa who by their capitalistic value became known as Americo-Liberians. Emphasis is given on how the Americo-Liberians con¬ trolled the life and destiny of the total population of the country. The two cultures - the African and the Western - separated the country into two worlds. The demarcation of the nation is hampering the national unity. Efforts for unification is a continuous state of affairs that exist today. A NATION OF TWO WORLDS: LIBERIA A THESIS SUBMITTED TO TIE FACULTY OF ATLANT UNIVERSITY IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR Tilt DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS 3 ( JOHNNY WOANTO KPOR DIVISION OF SOCIAL SCIENCES ATLANTA, GEORGIA MAY 1977 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter I. INTRODUCTION 1 II. THE GRAIN COAST 4 The Kinship System 6 Marriage and Family 9 The Exercise of Power 10 Government 12 Europe and the Grain Coast 13 III. THE LIBERATION OF BLACK PEOPLE IN AMERICA AND THEIR RETURN TO AFRICA 15 Allocation of Land 21 Confrontation With Indigenous People 22 Reason for Commonwealth 30 IV. THE UNSTABLE RELATIONSHIP: THE BASIS OF THE POWER STRUCTURE 37 The Efforts of the Aborigines 39 Grebo Uprising 40 Indigenous Politicians 44 V. DOMESTIC COLONIALISM: TAXATION 46 Slavery in Fernando Po 51 Unequal Participation in the National Government 58 VI. STRUGGLE FOR UNIFICATION 65 VII. CONCLUSION 75 BIBLIOGRAPHY 80 li CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION Liberia is one of the oldest independent states of Africa. The history of this land and its people extends as far back as the age of the continent. Before the infiltration of the freed slaves from America, ancient civilization had flourished along the coast. The inhabitants of the region had developed their own life-style fashioned after a highly centralized family structure, political units, and economic enterprise. Unfortunately, all that written records reveal to us about the history of the land is the history of the Americo-Liberians from the time of their arrival until now. Historians have been biased and reluctant to research the rich cultural heritage of the people who originally lived in this part of the continent. Along with the unscrupulous attempt on the part of the educators to simply ignore the glorious past of the people, they have also intentionally failed to write the truth about the inter¬ play between these two groups of people. Throughout the years, tension had developed between the freed slaves and the aborigines which had divided the people of the nation into a highly stratified social environment. There is a continuous struggle and social friction intensi¬ fied by motives geared toward controlling the land. Each of the groups wants to claim the nation as being rightly its own. Thus, this power struggle creates an unhealthy atmosphere for national unity. 1 2 Presently, the political, social, and economic life of the nation is being dominated by the minority Americo-Liberians who control the national wealth while the majority taxpayers are left unattended. There is a cry from the masses for equality, equal participation in the political arena, and equal opportunity for education and employment. There is a cry requesting for the government to appropriate sufficient money for rural development schemes. The people want honesty in human relations and a com¬ plete elimination of the neo-colonialism practiced by the American capitalists. The mass exploitation of the working class and of the poor people is hampering national progress. In days gone by, opportunities were not opened to the "native." The slogan or cliche of the time was "who knows you." This meant that unless one was a member of the ruling class of the Americo-Liberian family, doors were closed to him. Irrespective of one’s qualifications, he was denied a job or good education if he did not belong within the family circle of the social elite that made up the "family." This class discrimination found considerable expression within the rural localities. In the native’s mind, all men were brothers, but the Americo-Liberians’ brutality forced the natives into battles with them. The Americo-Liberians, from a psychological perspective, were conditioned by a displaced aggression mechanism received in slavery abroad. They were seeking retribution for their treatment abroad. Some of them continued to engage in slave trade even after they arrived in Liberia. Natives were sold into slavery and shipped 3 to the Spanish island of Fernando Po, which is located in the gulf of Guinea and is part of the colony of Spanish Guinea. All of the inhuman treatment of the natives perpetuated the long trend of grudges and animosity which separates the nation socially and otherwise. Liberia is a land of two nations because these groups have not reached the point where they are able to appreciate and respect the other’s values. The purpose of this thesis is to point out how the abori¬ gines have been discriminated against in all fields of endeavor. The writer shall attempt to show how the discrimination in all areas has impeded the viability of Liberia as a state or nation. In order to understand the underlying factors which have perpetuated this kind of relationship, a look will be taken at the people’s culture, language, and the politics of the interwoven life structure. In addition to these, the writer will show the influence and the impact of European-American infiltration within the interplay of the two groups. The role played by and the effect of American foreign policy in maintaining the Americo-Liberians in power shall also be examined. From the beginning of this struggle on the part of the natives to share in the bodypolitic, there have been several superfluous pronouncements of unification which have never come to reality. The natives are still making continuous efforts to gain inclusion in the Liberian political process. Finally, the writer will show whether or not the contemporary political struggle might lead to the achievement of national unity and then point out, from the writer’s viewpoint, whether it shall come through evolution, revolution, or assimilation. CHAPTER II THE GRAIN COAST As early as the 14-00 Ts, the Portuguese explorers began to penetrate the coast of West Africa in search of trading posts. It was in fact from the 12th century A.D. that Europe took an interest in West Africa .•*- Even long before the slaves and the freed slaves settled in this area now called Liberia, Spanish sailors had trans¬ acted business with the West African kings. From 520 to 470 B.C., a Carthaginian named Hanno had developed a sophisticated trade link on the West African Coast. Trade was transacted with the Moors, Normandy, and the French Empire, with their main commodities being grain or pepper. This type of grain is the spicy seed called "grains of paradise" which were brought there. These seeds grow at 3 ground level in fluted red pods called melegueta pepper. Because of the excessive production of grain in this part of the continent, the region was called the Grain Coast until the 19th century when the name was changed to Liberia, under the regime of 4 the incoming settlers from America. ^Lawrence A. Marinelli, The New Liberia (New York, 1964), p. 23. 2Ibid., p. 24. 3 Winifred J. Harley, Third Year With George W. Harley in Liberia (Depute, 1971), p. 19. 4 Ernest J. Yancy, The Republic of Liberia (Tel-Aviv, 1967), p . 33. 4 5 The inhabitants of the Grain Coast did not have a central¬ ized form of government. The land now called Liberia was, and still is, divided into about 29 distinctive linguistic groupings called tribes, but these ethnie groups can be classified into 16,c groups : 1 Ethnic Group Male Female Total Percent Bassa 81,74-4 84,112 165,865 16.3 Belle 2,575 2,890 5,465 0.5 Dei 2,619 2,777 5,396 0.5 Gbandi 13,245 15,354 28,599 2.8 Gio 40,797 42,411 83,208 8.2 Gola 23,267 24,028 47,295 4.7 Grebo 36,617 40,390 77,007 7.6 Kissi 17,985 16,929 34,914 3.4 Kpelle 105,916 105,165 211,081 20.8 Krahn 24,956 27,596 52,552 5.2 Kru 39,026 41,787 80,813 8.0 Loma (Buzzi) 26,253 27,638 52,891 5.3 Mandingo 15,742 14,008 29,750 2.9 Mano 35,647 36,475 72,122 7.1 Mende 3,107 1,867 4,974 0.5 Vai 14,000 14,898 28,898 2.2 Other Tribes 1,358 941 2,299 0.2 Descendants of Americo- 7,704 7,151 14,855 1.5 Liberians •'-Thomas D. Roberts, Area Handbook for Liberia (Washington, D. C., 1972) , p. 1. 6 These ethnic groups, despite their diverse differences in language, tastes in food, clothing, and so forth, have many things in common with many sharing the same basic life-style. A study of one group pretty well provides the reader with some insight to the other groups. As Wilson describes the tribes of Liberia: The tribal society is pivotal, and the tribe is an agrarian commune, a fraternal association, a confederation of families, a colonizing institution, a protective group, a congregation, and a government.
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