TEL AVIV-YAFO Zum Problem Des Einflusses Heterogener

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TEL AVIV-YAFO Zum Problem Des Einflusses Heterogener Helmut Ruppert: Tel Aviv-Yafo 31 TEL AVIV-YAFO Zum Problem des Einflusses heterogener Einwanderergruppen auf Stadtstruktur und Stadtentwicklung Mit 5 Abbildungen, 1Beilage (I) und 1Tabelle Helmut Ruppert The waves of into Pales von den unter Summary: Jewish immigration judischen Einwanderorganisationen tine and Israel have been characterised by their distinctive stiitzt. af areas of From the cultural, composition regards origin. Bedingt durch politische und wirtschaftliche Gege economic and social heterogeneity of the Jewish immi benheiten lafit sich daher fiir jede Zeitperiode der Ein grants, an influence on spatial group behaviour would be wanderung, einer sogenannten Aliya1), eine charakte expected. The temporal-spatial impact of the immigrant ristische landsmannschaftliche fest groups was investigated using the example of the structure Zusammensetzung die in ihrer and development of the city of Tel Aviv-Yafo. stellen, Wirkung auf die Stadtentwicklung Starting from the traditional elements of the oriental Tel Aviv-Yafos untersucht werden soil. levantine city of Jaffa, the influence of Russian and Polish Die im zeitlichen Nacheinander angelegten Stadt on the and structure of Tel Aviv in the - emigrants founding viertel Tel Aviv-Yafos lassen bedingt durch die kul years 1909-1931 is described. The waves of central Euro turelle, wirtschaftliche und soziale Heterogenitat der in the 1932 pean Jewish immigrants into Palestine years zu - verschiedenen Zeiten eingewanderten Juden einen 1938 gave dynamic impetus to the economic and cultural Einflufi des auf den Raum erwar of the in the Gruppenverhaltens development city. Vigorous growth tertiary ten.Die sector made Tel Aviv into the main urban centre of Pales Untersuchung iiber die Bedeutung heterogener tine. jiidischerLandsmannschaften auf die Struktur von Tel The mass immigration between 1948 and 1953, with an Aviv-Yafo mufi sich daher vorrangig mit den durch on aus emphasis Bulgarian and Rumanian Jews and Jews from raumpragende gruppenspezifische Entscheidungen oriental an and econom countries, brought educationally gelosten prozessualen Ablaufen befassen. ically weaker population to Tel Aviv, which made a distinctive contribution to the structure of the southern 1. Das alte parts of the city through its often traditional way of life. Jaffa The most recent is characterised the development by strong Das Stadtbild des alten mit economic influence of North American Jews. Jaffa entspricht einigen Modifikationen den Strukturen The influence exerted on urban spatial structure exerted weitgehend generellen einer by the material position, the cultural tradition and the idealtypischen orientalischen Stadt (vgl. K. general way of life of immigrants from particular areas of Dettmann 1969, S. 25). Obwohl in den zentralen Tei was studied field in the Hatikva len origin by investigation nach der starken napoleonischen Zerstorung wah and in Yafo. Quarter rend der Jahre 1810-1820 nahezu vollig erneuert, tref An concerns the forces increasingly important question fenwir auch in Jaffa die engeNachbarschaft von Zita which are ethnic bonds. The pattern crea loosening spatial delle, Moschee und Suq, die auf die starkewirtschaft ted in housing, economic and cultural activity by the old liche Stellung der muslimischen Araber hindeuten. way of life is changed these forces and a by spatial Weite Teile der siidlichenAltstadt von waren regrouping takes place along lines of wealth and property Jaffa von christlichenArabern wahrend die ownership. The tertiary sector has a special significance as bewohnt, Juden, a formative element in the development of a modern west ern society. In essence, however, the influence of ethnic origins can *) Aliya (hebr.) bedeutet wortlich ?Aufstieg" und be zeichnet die einzelnen be recognised in the functional composition of the city. In Einwanderungswellen jiidischer Bur addition to the specific structure of residential areas and ger nach Palastina. the handicraft and industrial areas, the central business Man unterscheidet: districts of Tel Aviv-Yafo must be seen in relation to their 1. Aliya 1881-1903 ca. 24 000 Einwanderer adaptation to new immigrant groups and their economic (bes.Rufiland) needs. 2. Aliya 1904-1918 ca. 32 700 Einwanderer (Rufiland/Polen) 3. Aliya 1919-1923 35 200 Einwanderer /.Die jiidischenEinwandemngswellen und ihr (Ukraine/Polen) 4. 1924-1931 112 300 Einwanderer strukturbestimmenderEinflufi Aliya (Osteuropa/bes. Die jahrliche Einwanderung nach Palastina Polen) erfolgte 5. 1932-1938 inWeilen wechselnder Intensitat und unterschiedlicher Aliya 197 000 Einwanderer (Mittel- und landsmannschaftlicherZugehorigkeit der Immigranten. Die Motive fiir die waren dabei unter Osteuropa) Wanderung 2. Weltkrieg 1939-1944 55 000 Einwanderer schiedlicherNatur. Wo die Moglichkeit jiidischerBur 1945 bis 14.Mai 1948 73 300 Einwanderer ger bestand, nach Palastina auszuwandern, wurde dies ab 15.Mai 1948 bis 1951 586 700 Einwanderer 32 Band 28/1974 _Erdkunde begriindet durch ihren zahlenmafiig geringen Bevolke 2. Die Griindung von Ahuzat Bayit, rungsanteil in der 1.Halfte des 19. Jahrhunderts, kein des zentralen Kerns von Tel Aviv, eigenes geschlossenes Wohnviertel, jedoch eine am Suq durch osteuropaische Juden rand liegende Handelsstatte, den sogenannten Jiidi wuchs auch in den ersten des 20. schen Bazar, besafien. Jaffa Jahren Jahr hunderts recht stark. Die der Stadt ver Der Anstieg der Bevolkerung Jaffas auf ca. 18 000 Bevolkerung mehrte sich bald auf 45 000 von denen Einwohner bis zum Jahre 1880 machte ein Wohnen Einwohner, rund 8000 waren. Die starke aufierhalb der Altstadtmauern notwendig. Bereits 1868 Juden iiberproportional Zunahme des jiidischen Anteils resultierte aus zwei und 1870 griindeten Siedler des deutschen Templer der von und ordens die ?Kolonije alemanie" und das Dorf Sarona Faktoren, Zuwanderung Palastinajuden der aus Rufiland. nordostlich von Jaffa (vgl. Abb. 1). Beide Anlagen Einwanderung jiidischerEmigranten hatte sich des 20. zum waren jedoch vorrangig landwirtschaftliche Siedlun Jaffa Anfang Jahrhunderts wirtschaftlichen Zentrum Palastinas entwickelt, das gen, deren Bewohner aus Deutschland einwanderten, viele imHandel und als Geldwechsler vorher nicht im alten Kern Jaffas wohnten, und sich tatige palasti nensische ihres wirtschaft insbesondere dem Ackerbau widmeten. Juden anzog. Infolge engen lichenKontaktes zu den arabischen Grofihandlern Noch bis Ende des 19. Jahrhunderts erlebte Jaf Jaffa um fas und den die Hafenanlagen ansassigen europai wie fast alle expandierenden Stadte der Levante eine schen und von neuen Import- Exporthandlern suchten sie auch Angliederung Stadtvierteln. Insbesondere nach innerhalb der Altstadt von die griechisch-orthodoxeKirche erstellte in diesen Jah Wohnmoglichkeiten ihre war es ihnen ren aufierhalb der Tore in traditioneller Art undWeise Jaffa; durch relativeWohlhabenheit Wohnhauser zu kaufen oder einen ganzen mit abschliefibaren Toren moglich, gut ausgestattete Suqkomplex zu mieten. Der Kontakt mit den in den peripheren und vermietete die Suqladen. Eine begleitende rand Wohngebieten Neveh Zedek und Neveh Shalom le licheAngliederung von Wohnvierteln vollzog sich ahn einer wesentlich armeren Einkommensschicht lichwie in E. Wirth 1966, S. und benden, Aleppo (vgl. 117) war angehorenden Juden sehr gering. Die wohlhaben anderen orientalischen Stadten der Levante entspre den, neu wurden im Ge chend dem Prinzip der Gliederung nach Glaubensge zugewanderten Palastinajuden zu den vollkommen im Sozial an gensatz Immigranten meinschaften. Entlang eines der Kiiste verlaufenden Sanddiinenstreifens entwickelten sich siidlich der Alt system der orientalisch-levantinischen Stadt integriert. Die sich in Jaffa ansiedelnden jiidischenEmigranten stadt von Jaffa die Wohnquartiere der christlichen die durch die des zaristischen Araber, nordlich der Altstadt im Bezirk Manshiye die Osteuropas, Pogrome Rufilands vertrieben wurden, entstammten in der Regel Wohnquartiere der muslimischen Araber. dem Kleinbiirgertum oder dem Handwerk, zwei So Um 1880 zahlte die jiidische Bewohnerschaft Jaffas zial- und die es entweder in der vor allem durch von wirtschaftlich akti Berufsstellungen, Zuwanderung orientalischen Stadt nicht oder die durch traditio ven aus anderen Teilen Palastinas bereits gab Gruppen nelle bereits besetzt waren. Die 1000 Personen. Da in der Altstadt keine weiteren Bindungen mangelnde wirtschaftliche Integration liefi nie einen engeren Kon Wohnmoglichkeiten bestanden, begann man 1887 mit takt mit der altansassigen arabischen Bevolkerung auf Hilfe der ?Ezrat Zion", einer zionistischen Hilfsorga kommen, zumal die Einwanderer mit ihrem politisch nisation, Neveh Zedek, das erste rein jiidischeQuar geistigen Konzept der zionistischen Ideale sichweitge tier Jaffas, anzulegen. Im Jahre 1892 folgte in unmit hend isolierten. telbarerNachbarschaft mit Neveh Shalom das zweite Der Mangel an annehmbarer Wohngelegenheit in jiidischeQuartier. und der Wille der zioni Fiir beide Wohnviertel ist- ebenso wie bei den neu Jaffa politisch fiihrenden, stisch russischen eine arabischen und Siid eingestellten Immigranten, eigen gegriindeten Quartieren Manshiye zu beeinflufiten den - dafi man bereits7 vom standige Siedlung griinden, Jiidi jaffa typisch, vollig altgewohn schenNationalfonds im eine von ten der Strafien und Jahre 1909, Anlage Sackgassengrundrifi abging plan 60 Einfamilienhausern fiir sich kreuzende baute. osteuropaische Immigranten mafiig rechtwinklig Strafienziige zu finanzieren Abb. Ahuzat wurde eine Die Grundform der bis dahin im levantinischenRaum
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