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Topic by Dr. Malyaban Chattopadhyay Assistant Professor, Department Of Topic POLITICAL HISTORY OF THE CHALUKYAS OF BADAMI OR VATAPI WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO PULAKESIN-II By Dr. Malyaban Chattopadhyay Assistant Professor, Department of History , Asansol Girls’ College. E-LEARNING MATERIAL DURING LOCKDOWN PERIOD For the students of Department of History, Asansol Girls’ College by Dr.Malyaban Chattopadhyay The Chalukyas had originally been tributary princes under the Kadamba dynasty which ruled the Kanara coast from about the fourth century. In the sixth century, the first Chalukya king Pulakeshin I established his capital at Vatapi (Badami) and celebrated the great horse sacrifice so as to declare his independence from the Kadambas. The Chalukya dynasty ruled the Deccan Plateau and adjoining areas for more than six centuries and then faded from the historical narrative of the Indian sub-continent, as so many had done before and since. They rose to power in the sixth century A.D., and ruled up to the last quarter of eight century A.D. Pulakesin-II, was the greatest king of the early Chalukyas of Badami. The central family was established in Badami in early 6th century. They were ambitious and capable, creating a vast Empire within the span of little over a century. Their self-confidence is demonstrated by the kings setting up their brothers as powerful viceroys in conquered areas and more importantly by later sanctioning these off-shoots to set up sibling dynasties independent of the principal group. The subsidiary dynasties were established in the periphery of the core Empire; in the east around Vengi, and in the west with Kalyani as capital. The Kalyani branch came to its own only towards the end of the dynastic rule in Badami and there was nearly a 200-year period when this branch was dormant. The reign of the Chalukyas had its own cycle of ups and downs, victories and defeats. It is interesting to note that they were never vanquished and never vanished for six centuries. Several important rulers were the main architect of their existence. Pulakesin I Pulakesin was the eldest son of Ranaraga. Pulakesin’s rule, which started in c.540, is also the beginning of clear records regarding the dynasty, which give a convincing chronology of important events of that time. NAME OF THE REMARKS E-LEARNING MATERIAL DURING LOCKDOWN PERIOD For the students of Department of History, Asansol Girls’ College by Dr.Malyaban Chattopadhyay PRIMARY SOURCE ROCK INSCRIPTION FROM THIS INSCRIPTION IT IS CLEAR THAT OF BADAMI PULAKESIN I RULED AT LEAST UPTO C. 567 A.D. The most important achievement was the shifting of capital to the fort that he built in Vatapi. It was located near Malaprabha River. Pulakesin I left behind a stable and considerably enlarged kingdom to his two sons-Kirtivarman I and Mangalesa. Kirtivarman I Kirtivarman I, came to the throne around 566-567 A.D. He was referred to also as Kirtiraja in some inscriptions. The Badami inscriptions give the starting date of Kirtivarman’s 12th regnal year as c.578 A.D. that in turn confirms the year c.566A.D. as his coronation year. The Aihole Prasasti is more factual and can also be corroborated with other sources to unearth the Chalukyan history . The Chalukya king expanded the kingdom towards the north-west where the Mauryas ruled the Konkan region of present day Maharashtra. Kirtivarman I annexed the Maurya territories and appointed a governor-possibly a maternal uncle-to rule the province. At the peak of Kirtivarman’s conquests, the Chalukya kingdom was built around Badami stretching to the Konkan in the north-west; Shimoga, including Dharwar and Belgaum, in the south; and up to the Guntur district which also included Bellary and Karnool to the north-east in Andhra region. Kirtivarman can be considered the first paramount sovereign of the Chalukya dynasty, achieving the status purely by virtue of his own capabilities. CHALUKYAS OF BADAMI AFTER KIRTIVARMAN I Family records clearly show that Kirtivarman had three sons-Pulakesin II, Vishnuvradhana, and Budhavarasa-who were all minors at the time of his death. Therefore, his younger brother Mangalesa assumed the role of regent. The rule of Mangalesa is a prominent period in Chalukyan history.Early in his reign he invaded the Kalachuri kingdom, at that time ruled by King Buddharaja and consisting of Gujarat, Kathiawad and Nasik districts, and defeated their forces. The Chalukya domain extended to the River Mahi and it is highly probable that Mangalesa attacked or raided the Kalachuri territories multiple times. He then conquered Revatidvipa (present day Goa) south of Ratnagiri district on the Konkan coast. At the end of his reign the Chalukyan empire extended from the E-LEARNING MATERIAL DURING LOCKDOWN PERIOD For the students of Department of History, Asansol Girls’ College by Dr.Malyaban Chattopadhyay lower part of Gujarat and Kathiawad to the northern regions of Karnataka and encompassed the Bellary and Karnool regions of Andhra. The regent turned king, rejected to hand over power to Pulakesin II on his reaching the age to be crowned king. After a civil war Mangalesa was killed. It resulted the starting point of the glorious period of the Chalukyas under the leadership of PULAKESIN-II. PULAKESIN-II Pulakesin-II’s rule has been chronicled in a large number of sources. Evidence permits fixing the actual date of the coronation of Pulakesin-II. Pulakeshin's Hyderabad inscription is dated 613 A.D. , and was issued during the third year of his reign, which suggests that he must have ascended the throne in c. 610–611 A.D.. Pulakesin- II’s military exploits are also mentioned in the records of the Chalukyas of Kalyani, written at a later date. However, since they were a sub-branch of the Badami Chalukyas, it can be presumed that some of the claims were embellished and therefore some amount of doubt regarding the authenticity of all the claims exists. However, the Pallavas of Kanchi, traditional adversaries of the Chalukyas also mention details of Pulakesin-II’s rule and military victories. MENTION MAY BE MADE OF SOME INSCRIPTIONS: REGNAL YEAR TYPE & NAME OF REMARKS PRIMARY SOURCE 1st Yekkeri Rock FOUND IN Yekkeri Inscription 3rd Hyderabad Copper SUPPORTING THE INFORMATION Plates dated RELATED TO THE CORONATION OF BETWEEN c.612 & PULAKESIN-II. ACCORDING TO THIS IT c.613 CAN BE SAID THAT HE WAS CORONATED BETWEEN c. 610 & c.611 A.D. 24TH The Aihole Prasasti This record written in praise of the king is reliably dated to C.634 and as having been written by Ravikirtti the court poet. It provides a realistic chronological order and also E-LEARNING MATERIAL DURING LOCKDOWN PERIOD For the students of Department of History, Asansol Girls’ College by Dr.Malyaban Chattopadhyay particulars of the military exploits of Pulakesin-II and his ancestors. MILITARY ACHIEVEMENTS The first rulers who rebelled at the discomfiture of the Chalukyas brought about by the Civil War were Appayika and Govinda. It is assumed that they were the rulers of the region located in the north of the River Bhima. At this early stage of his reign, the young Pulakesin displayed commendable statesmanship and used a combination of diplomacy and military skill to subdue the threat. He created dissention between the two and separated them from each other by winning over Govinda by bestowing favours on him. Appayika was defeated in battle and subsequently Govinda was overthrown. The Kadambas (a group of families, interlinked and related, with the primarily family based around Banavasi )had been defeated and made into a feudatory by Pulakesin’s father but they seem to have rebelled and declared independence in the wake of the Civil War. However, Pulakesin comprehensively defeated them. He compelled the Kadambas to surrender. Pulakesin uprooted the Kadamba ruler, probably Bhojivarman, and annexed the kingdom. He actually destroyed the Kadambas forever. Mention may be made of Aihole Prasasti. The picture of devastated Banavasi was inscribed in Aihole Prasasti . The Alupas( identity of the Alupas is debatable . It is likely that they were at some time in the past allies of the Kadambas,) also accepted the supremacy of the chalukyas . Unlike Kadmbas the Alupas decided to bypass the conflict. After the defeat of Kadambas they decided not to confront the victorious Chalukya king. They acknowledged the overlordship of the Chalukyas. Matrimonial alliances also played an important role. Here mention may be made of The Gangas ruler. The Ganga King Durvinita gave his daughter in marriage to Pulakesin- II. The Gangas were in a unending state of conflict with them. The Pallavas had conquered part of Ganga territory, annexing the district of Kongunadu to their kingdom. The Gangas wanted to regain the area . They wanted to use matrimonial alliance with Pulakesin II for that purpose. From the E-LEARNING MATERIAL DURING LOCKDOWN PERIOD For the students of Department of History, Asansol Girls’ College by Dr.Malyaban Chattopadhyay Chalukyan viewpoint, the acceptance of their sovereignty by the Gangas assured their supremacy of western Deccan. King Mahasivagupta of Dakhshina Kosala accepted the sovereignty of the Pulakesin II . Kalinga, ruled by the Eastern Gangas also accepted Chalukya overlordship. There is scant information regarding the details of how this was achieved, but it is certain that no military plan was involved in making these two kingdoms Chalukya feudatories. The Latas ruled the territory situated south of the River Kim with Navasarika, modern day Navasari in Gujarat, as their capital. They were part of the Kalachuri domain of Buddhiraja before he was defeated by Mangalesa. Pulakesin II recaptured the territory by force and installed Vijayavarmaraja, as the viceroy. Following the Kaira plates it can be said that the territory was under the control of Chalukyan rulers up to c.643 A.D .
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