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_____________________________________________________________ Volume 16 October 2001 Number 2 _____________________________________________________________ Editor Editorial Assistants John Miles Foley Heather Maring Michael Barnes Associate Editor Adam Dubé John Zemke Kristin Funk Heather Hignite Marjorie Rubright Slavica Publishers, Inc. For a complete catalog of books from Slavica, with prices and ordering information, write to: Slavica Publishers, Inc. Indiana University 2611 E. 10th St. Bloomington, IN 47408-2603 ISSN: 0883-5365 Each contribution copyright © 2001 by its author. All rights reserved. The editor and the publisher assume no responsibility for statements of fact or opinion by the authors. Oral Tradition seeks to provide a comparative and interdisciplinary focus for studies in oral literature and related fields by publishing research and scholarship on the creation, transmission, and interpretation of all forms of oral traditional expression. As well as essays treating certifiably oral traditions, OT presents investigations of the relationships between oral and written traditions, as well as brief accounts of important fieldwork, a Symposium section (in which scholars may reply at some length to prior essays), review articles, occasional transcriptions and translations of oral texts, a digest of work in progress, and a regular column for notices of conferences and other matters of interest. In addition, occasional issues will include an ongoing annotated bibliography of relevant research and the annual Albert Lord and Milman Parry Lectures on Oral Tradition. OT welcomes contributions on all oral literatures, on all literatures directly influenced by oral traditions, and on non-literary oral traditions. Submissions must follow the list-of reference format (style sheet available on request) and must be accompanied by a stamped, self-addressed envelope for return or for mailing of proofs; all quotations of primary materials must be made in the original language(s) with following English translations. Authors should submit two copies of all manuscripts. Most contributions will be reviewed by at least one specialist reader and one member of the editorial board before a final decision is reached. Review essays, announcements, and contributions to the Symposium section will be evaluated by the editor in consultation with the board. Oral Tradition appears twice per year, in March and October. To enter a subscription, please contact Slavica Publishers at the address given above. All manuscripts, books for review, items for the bibliography updates, and editorial correspondence, as well as subscriptions and related inquiries should be addressed to the editor, John Miles Foley, Center for Studies in Oral Tradition, 21 Parker Hall, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65211. Printed in the United States of America. EDITORIAL BOARD Mark C. Amodio Joseph J. Duggan Vassar College Univ. of Cal./Berkeley Old and Middle English French, Spanish, comparative Patricia Arant Alan Dundes Brown University Univ. of Cal./Berkeley Russian Folklore Samuel Armistead Mark W. Edwards University of California/Davis Stanford University Hispanic, comparative Ancient Greek Richard Bauman Ruth Finnegan Indiana University Open University Folklore, Theory African, South Pacific Dan Ben-Amos Thomas Hale University of Pennsylvania Penn. State University Folklore African Mary Ellen Brown Lee Haring Indiana University Brooklyn College, CUNY Folklore, Balladry African Chogjin Joseph Harris Chinese Academy Harvard University of Social Sciences Old Norse Mongolian, Chinese Bridget Connelly Lauri Harvilahti University of Cal./Berkeley University of Helsinki Arabic Russian, Finnish, Altai Robert P. Creed Lauri Honko Univ. of Mass./Amherst Turku University Old English, Comparative Comparative Epic Robert Culley Dell Hymes McGill University University of Virginia Biblical Studies Native American, Linguistics Thomas DuBois Martin Jaffee University of Wisconsin Hebrew Bible Scandinavian Univ. of Washington EDITORIAL BOARD Minna Skafte Jensen Shelly Fenno Quinn Odense University Ohio State University Ancient Greek, Latin Japanese Werner Kelber Burton Raffel Rice University Univ. of Southwestern Biblical Studies Louisiana Translation Françoise Létoublon Université Stendahl Karl Reichl Ancient Greek Universität Bonn Turkic, Old and Middle English Victor Mair University of Pennsylvania John Roberts Chinese Ohio State University African-American Nada Milošević-Djordjević University of Belgrade Joel Sherzer South Slavic University of Texas/Austin Native American, Anthropology Stephen Mitchell Harvard University Dennis Tedlock Scandinavian SUNY/Buffalo Native American Gregory Nagy Harvard University J. Barre Toelken Ancient Greek, Sanskrit, Utah State University comparative Folklore, Native American Joseph Falaky Nagy Ronald J. Turner Univ. of Cal./Los Angeles Univ. of Missouri/Columbia Old Irish Storytelling Susan Niditch Andrew Wiget Amherst College University of New Mexico Hebrew Bible Native American Walter J. Ong St. Louis University (Emeritus) Hermeneutics of orality and literacy Chinese Oral Traditions Chao Gejin, Special Editor Zhang Youyun, Program Coordinator Contents Editor’s Column...................................................................................... 205 Song Heping A Preliminary Analysis of the Oral Shamanistic Songs of the Manchus .......................................................................................207 Lang Ying The Bard Jusup Mamay ..........................................................................222 Bai Gengsheng Nakhi Tiger Myth in its Context .............................................................240 Zhalgaa A Brief Account of Bensen Ülger and Ülgeren Bense ............................264 Zhambei Gyaltsho Bab Sgrung: Tibetan Epic Singers.......................................................... 280 Yang Enhong On the Study of the Narrative Structure of Tibetan Epic: A Record of King Gesar............................................................... 294 Li Lianrong History and the Tibetan Epic Gesar .......................................................317 Xie Jisheng The Mythology of Tibetan Mountain Gods: An Overview...................... 343 Wu Xiaodong The Rhinoceros Totem and Pangu Myth: An Exploration of the Archetype of Pangu ......................................................................364 Rinchindorji Mongolian-Turkic Epics: Typological Formation and Development ...................................................................................381 Chao Gejin The Oirat Epic Cycle Jangar.................................................................. 402 Deng Minwen Dong Oral Poetry: Kuant Cix ...............................................................436 Bamo Qubumo Traditional Nuosu Origin Narratives: A Case Study of Ritualized Epos in Bimo Incantation Scriptures ................................453 About the Authors .................................................................................480 Editor’s Column This special issue of Oral Tradition, a joint production of the cooperative project between the Center for Studies in Oral Tradition (CSOT) at the University of Missouri-Columbia and the Institute of Ethnic Literature (IEL) of the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences (CASS) that was initiated in 1999, is the first collection of papers published in English on the oral traditions of minority ethnic groups in China. Having shared a common interest in promoting Sino-U.S. discourse on oral traditions, we planned as the very first step in this bilateral project to introduce recent North American scholarship to Chinese readers, as well as to present Chinese research on ethnic verbal art to English-language readers. In 2000, seven English papers recommended by Professor John Miles Foley were translated and published in Studies of Ethnic Literature, a quarterly journal founded in 1983 under the sponsorship of the IEL to encourage study of the oral and written literature of ethnic groups in China. In that special Chinese issue, subtitled American Scholarship on Oral Tradition, we were fortunate in assembling contributions from groundbreaking scholars in the United States. We also had the honor of including Professor Foley’s succinct headnotes to each paper, and his insightful perspectives on the discipline in an addendum in order to show our readers new directions in the field. It is worth mentioning that the issue has been warmly welcomed by Chinese scholars from relevant disciplines. Now we are very happy to see the counterpart publication appearing in the United States. The authors whose work is represented herein are all my colleagues, and the great majority of them either come from minority ethnic groups themselves or have a specialized knowledge of indigenous traditions and ethnic verbal arts. From the green grassland of the north to the lush jungles in the south, from the coastal areas along Taiwan Strait in the east to the “top of the world” in the west, there are 56 official ethnic minority groups residing in Mainland China. The largest group, the Han, make up over 92% of China’s enormous population, and thus it is somewhat understandable that when the rest of the world talks about “Chinese culture” they often refer implicitly to “Han culture.” The other ethnic minorities, largely living away from the major population centers on China’s vast frontiers but still inhabiting 64% of China’s territory, have been struggling to maintain their own languages, oral traditions,