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The Effect of Dominant Species on Numbers and Age Structure of Iris Sibirica L

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The Effect of Dominant Species on Numbers and Age Structure of Iris Sibirica L Vol. 76, No. 2: 165-173, 2007 ACTA SOCIETATIS BOTANICORUM POLONIAE 165 THE EFFECT OF DOMINANT SPECIES ON NUMBERS AND AGE STRUCTURE OF IRIS SIBIRICA L. POPULATION ON BLUE MOOR-GRASS MEADOW IN SOUTHERN POLAND KINGA KOSTRAKIEWICZ Department of Plant Ecology, Institute of Botany, Jagiellonian University Lubicz 46, 31-512 Kraków, Poland e-mail: [email protected] (Received: June 14, 2006. Accepted: September 27, 2006) ABSTRACT Two populations of Iris sibirica, a clonal species protected by law in Poland, occurring in patches of Molinie- tum caeruleae, of similar floristic composition although with different dominant species, were studied. In the Sta- nis³awice locality, species with a high competitive potential prevailed, contrary to the Opatkowice locality, where the species of low competitive potential dominated. It was established that vegetative propagation ensures the continued presence of populations in both localities, although the proximity of plants with high competitive po- tential limits the vegetative propagation of ramet clusters of Iris sibirica. Despite the high level of seed produc- tion, the recruitment of seedlings in both patches is possible only in artificially created gaps. The field observa- tions support the conclusion that creating gaps allowing for germination of seeds and development of seedlings, as well as eliminating expansive neighbours allowing proliferation of ramet clusters of Iris sibirica, is an affective way of protecting populations of this species. KEY WORDS: clonal plant, seedling recruitment, vegetative reproduction, generative reproduction. INTRODUCTION Bissels et al. 2004). Despite the growing interest in popula- tion biology of clonal plants, the current level of knowled- The occurrence of different species within a small space ge is still inadequate. It holds particularly with respect to involves their interactions, including the competition for li- rare and protected species. The studies that take into acco- ght, water and mineral compounds. As a result of such unt the effect of neighbouring plants, and particularly do- competition, the populations of the same species occurring minant species, on the population dynamics of endangered in different communities may be characterised by different taxa, can provide a basis for effective protection program- patterns of population dynamics. These patterns were first mes. noted for aclonal plants, which represented a more conve- In Poland, one of the rare and strictly protected clonal nient subject for studies, because of their unitary growth plants is Iris sibirica, a species which belongs to Euro-Si- pattern, short life span, and solely generative manner of re- berian sub-element. The greatest numbers of localities of production (e.g.. Wilkoñ-Michalska 1976; Watkinson and this taxon occur in Lower Silesia, the Lublin upland and Harper 1978; Symonides 1979a, 1979b, 1979c; Law 1981, Roztocze, whereas the lowest numbers are recorded in the Faliñska and Piro¿nikow 1983; Watkinson and Davy Baltic coastal area and western Pomorze (Pomerania) (Za- 1985). Much less known is the population number dyna- j¹c and Zaj¹c 1997). The populations of Iris sibirica occur mics in clonal species, with a multi-shoot architecture of in various plant communities. They are found in flood pla- individuals, longevity, as well as propagation of both gene- in forests of the alliance Alno-Ulmion, oak-hornbeam wo- rative and vegetative ways (cf. Faliñska 1986, 1995; Czar- ods (Tilio-Carpinetum), oak woods (Potentillo albae-Quer- necka 1989; Cain and Damman 1997; Brzosko 2001). cetum), pine forests (Pino-Quercetum) and pine forests Studies carried out on the populations of clonal plants re- with moor grass (Molinio-Pinetum). They were also recor- vealed the great variability in the dynamics of their popula- ded in macroforb community (Filipendulo-Geranietum), as tions in different communities. The diversified reproduc- well as in matt-grass communities (Nardo-Juncetum squa- tion and mortality rates, which determine the age structure, rosi). However, the populations of this species are found were observed, in the populations of Carex cespitosa, Fili- most often in moor-grass meadows (Molinietum caeruleae) pendula ulmaria, Iris pseudacorus, Maianthemum bifolium, (Kostrakiewicz 2001, 2004). M. dilatatum, and Serratula tinctoria (Faliñska 1986, 1995, Iris sibirica is a long-living clonal plant, with numerous 2003; Czarnecka 1989; Brzosko 2001; Lezberg et al. 2001; leaf rosettes and flowering shoots, connected by permanent 166 DOMINANT SPECIES AFFECT NUMBERS AND AGE STRUCTURE OF IRIS SIBIRICA Kostrakiewicz K. rhizomes with short internodes. It is characterised by the wice site prevailed plants of a less competitive potential. iterative growth of genets resulting from processes of dy- The dominant species there were some small-tussock spe- ing, regeneration and proliferation occurring at variable in- cies, or others with delicate, shallowly rooted rhizomes or tensities in subsequent stages of development. Iris sibirica stolons, which were either strategists of an S-type (Briza reproduces in generative and vegetative manner. Vegetati- media), S/CSR (Lotus corniculatus), CSR (Lathyrus pra- ve reproduction consists of the proliferation and fragmen- tensis, Lychnis flos-cucculi, Holcus lanatus) or a CS/CRS- tation of individuals (cf. Klime et al. 1997; Klime and type (Galium verum). Klimeowa 1999). The main objectives of this study were to learn: (1) how the individual development of genets in Iris sibirica occur (2) how important is the vegetative re- MATERIAL AND METHODS production to the preservation of this rare species, (3) whe- ther generative reproduction is possible, and if so, under The studies were carried out during the period 1999- what conditions it occurs, (4) what are the effects of these -2002. Agenet and a cluster of ramets were adopted as the two manners of propagation on the population number and basic demographic units. Agenet (genetic individual) is structure, and (5) how to protect the populations of this ta- a plant which, despite its multiplication, emerged from xon. a single zygote. The term genet was applied to plants in the earlier stages of development (initial, juvenile, or early generative), because only at these stages could it be establi- STUDY AREA shed for sure that they had developed from the same zygo- te. As regards plants in the later stages (generative, senile, The studies were carried out in two localities in southern or fragmentation), these were referred to as clusters of ra- Poland. These were Stanis³awice (49°58 N, 20°22 E) in mets, meaning an aggregation of generative shoots and ro- the Podgórze Bocheñskie foreland at the elevation of 199.5 settes formed in the course of vegetative proliferation of m a.s.l., and Opatkowice (50°04 N, 19°50 E) situated in a genet or genets. The cluster of ramets may therefore, be the southern part of Kraków, at 234 m a.s.l. either a genet or a group of independent units emerging as The patches of Molinietum caeruleae occurring in these a results of the fragmentation of a genet or fragmentation localities are remnants of once vast meadows, which exi- of several genets. The term ramet denotes a single rosette sted along the Vistula River from Czernichów to the Nie- of leaves or a generative shoot. po³omice Primeval Forest (Zarzycki 1956, 1958). The flora In 2000, the Stanis³awice population consisted of 502 and plant communities of the moor grass meadows in clusters of ramets and covered 5600 m2, whereas the Opat- Opatkowice were studied earlier by Dubiel (1991, 1996). kowice population consisted of 26 ramets covering 1800 The location of Iris sibirica in Stanis³awice has been de- m2. In order to study the individual development genets in scribed only relatively recently (Kostrakiewicz 2000). The Iris sibirica, a morphological analysis was performed with patches of Molinietum caeruleae in the study area are cha- respect to individuals grown in experimental gardens and racterised by the presence of a large number of rare and those growing in the wild. In 1999, in the experimental protected species, such as: Dianthus superbus, Gentiana garden, 50 seeds were planted on each of six plots, and the pneumonanthe, Gladiolus imbricatus, Trollius europaeus observation of genets was observed throughout the first th- and Orchis latifolia. Unfortunately, the communities of this ree years of their lives. Each year, 3 or four well-grown in- type are rapidly disappearing. The International Union for dividuals were removed and their morphological structure the Conservation of Nature (ICUN) has listed them among analysed. In the year 2000, 10 older genets were dug up the most endangered plant communities in Europe (Deni- from the field locations. This small number of collected ge- siuk 1991). Among the factors affecting their elimination nets reflected the need to protect the local populations of are drainage practices and extensive management. When Iris sibirica. After the underground parts were dissected, the cutting of meadows ceases, shrub vegetation is allowed the ages of the plants were determined by analysing the an- to invade, which in turn brings about rapid changes in the nual increments of rhizome segments (cf. £ukasiewicz herb layer of these meadows (Barabasz 1998; Denisiuk 1966), assuming that in a single year only one the rhizome 1965, 1987; Kostrakiewicz 2000, 2001). segment develops as reported by Kirchner (1934). In ge- The moor-grass meadows where this study was conduc- nets collected from the experimental garden and from natu- ted had not been managed for at least a dozen years. The ral locations, the leaf rosettes and generative shoots were information obtained from interviewing local residents in- counted. The surface of the genets was measured at the dicates that a patch in Stanis³awice had not been cut or gra- ground part, in the widest and narrowest places, along per- zed for just such a period. The patch in Opatkowice has not pendicular lines. On the basis of this information, the age been used since at least 1995 (Denisiuk et al. 1995). Both stage of each individual was determined.
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