Section D

SOCIETY Chapter 2h

ANTHROPOLOGY AND SOCIOLOGY

General Anthropological Works

2370 Rona-Tas, A. "The birth of modern anthropology in ," Mongolia Society Bulletin 11:1 (1972), 5-12, illus.

2371 Aubin, Frangoise. "Anthropologie du nomadisme," Cahiers Intematioruxux: de Sociologie 56 (l97^), 79-90.

Ethnic Groups

2372 Volpert, H. "Etwas iiber die T*u-jen, Ureinwohner von Westkansu," Anthropos 17-19 (1923-24), 553-556. Also includes samples of the T’u-j en language, i.e., Monguor.

2373 Buxton, L. H. Dudley. "The inhabitants of ," Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 56 (1926), l43-l6l. Discusses the physical setting, religion, birth customs, wedding customs, physical anthropology and anthropometry.

2374 Montandon, George. "Ainou, Japonais, Bouriates," L*Anthropologie 37 (1927), 97-124, 329-354, 48 plates. A comparison of the Buriat with the Ainus and Japanese.

2375 Bounak, V. "Un pays de I'Asie peu connu: le Tanna-Touva," International Archives of Ethnography 29 (1928), I-I6, 5 plates of photos. Contains mostly ethnological information but also some description of language and geography.

2376 Findeisen, Hans. "Viehzuchter- und Jagervolker am Baikalsee, im Flussgebiet der Bureja und im Amurlande," Baessler-Archiv l4 (1930-31), 1-29, 15 photos. Comments on Buriats on pp. 5-9.

2377 Klemm, M. "Beitrag zur Volkskimde der Burjato-Mongolei," Baessler-Archiv 18 (1935), 99-129, 4l photos, bibliography. A contribution to the ethnography of Buriat Mongolia.

2378 Mortier, Florent. "Les Mongols," Bulletin de la SociHe d'Anthropologie 52 (1937), 52-61. Touches on Mongols in , Mongolia, Russia, and .

2379 Bleichsteiner, Robert. "Mongolen," in Die grosse Volkerkundsj v. 2: Asien

229 230 Chapter 24

(Leipzig: Bibliographisches Institut, 1939), T1-T9, 7 photos, and in Die neue gvosse TdVkerkunde, v. 2: Asten und Ozeartien (Frankfurt: Herkul Verlag, 195^), T6-90, 3 photos.

2380 "The Mongol race in Manchoukuo," Contemporary 3:3 (1939), 83-95, photos. The intent of this brief description of various "tribes" is to show how much they hate the Chinese.

2381 Montell, Gosta. "The Torguts of Etsin-gol," Jovimat of the Royal Anthro­ pological Institute TO (l9^o), 77-92, illus.

2382 Hudson, Alfred E., and Elizabeth Bacon. "Social control and the individiial in Eastern Hazara culture," in Language^ Culture and Personality (Essays in Memory of Edward Sapir) (Menasha, Wisconsin, 19^l), 239-258.

2383 Montell, Gosta. "As ethnographer in China and Mongolia, 1929-1932," in History of the Expedition^ Part 4 (1945), 327-449, 34 pi., 23 figs., 1 large folding map.

2384 Bacon, Elizabeth E. "The inquiry into the history of the Hazara Mongols of Afghanistan," Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 7 (l95l), 230-247.

2385 Hrdlicka, A. "An anthropologist in Russia. Ill: In Mongolia.fy Scientific Monthly 5 (l952), 397-417,.

2386 Bexell, Gerhard. "Some observations on the popiilation in the Wan-Shan," in Contributions to Ethnography^ and History of Religion (1954), 23-39, 8 photo plates and 1 map.

2387 Iwamura, Shinobu, and H. F. Schurmann. "Notes on Mongolian groups in Afghanistan," in Silver Jubilee Volume (1954), 480-515, photos. Based on two surveys taken in 1954 among the Moghols of Herat and Maimana provinces and the Baghl^ area, this article contains some sociological and linguistic information.

2388 Thesiger, Wilfred. "The Hazaras of Central Afghanistan," Geographical Journal 121 (1955), 312-319, 9 photos, map.

2389 Cheney, George, and Robert Miller. "Ethnic groups," in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (1956), 102-120.

2390 Poppe, Nicholas. "Ethnic groups," in Mongolian People's Republic (1956), V. 1, 151-162.

2391 Posch, Udo. "Ethnic groups," in Northwest China (1956), 138-160. Brief remarks on the Mongols of Sinkiang, Kansu, and Chinghai on pp. 151-156.

2392 Gabori, M. "Urjanichaische Waldjager in der Nordwest-Mongolei und ihre archaologischen Beziehungen," Acta Archaeologica 11 (1959), 457-481, 7 plates, 5 illus.

2393 Rumyantsev, G. N. "Some problems of the ethnic origin of the Mongols and Buriats," Moscow, i960, 16 pp. (Papers presented by the USSR delegation Anthropology and Sootology 231

to the 25th International Congress of Orientalists.)

239^ ’’The American ,” Mongolia Society Newsletter 1:1 (1962), 6-8.

2395 Schvirmann, H. F. The Mongols in Afghanistan: An Ethnography of the Moghuls and Related Peoples of Afghanistan. Leiden: Mouton, 1962. 435 pp.> 2 folding maps. (Central Asiatic Studies Monograph Series, v. 4.) Chap­ ters 3 and 4 (pp. 159-405) deal with the Moghuls. See also Appendix 3 for a sample of Mogol in transliteration and translation. Bibliography and glossary. 2396 Bessac, Francis B. "Culture types of Northern and Western China,” thesis (University of Wisconsin), 1963, 351 PP- CNot seen.] See also the author's discussion of "Cultunit and ethnic unit—processes and symbol­ ism,” in Morton Fried, ed., Essays on the Prohlem of Trite (Seattle: Press, 1968), 58-12.

2397 Dioszegi, Vilmos. "Ethnogenic aspects of Darkhat ,” Acta Orien- talia (B) 16 (1963), 55-81. Many photos.

2398 Kozlov, P. K. (tr. D. C. Montgomery). "The Mongolian Altai and the Mon­ gols,” Mongolia Society Newsletter 2 (1963), 32-35-

2399 Ferdinand, Klaus. "Ethnographical notes on Chahar aimaq., Hazara and Mo- ghol,” Acta Orientalia 28 (1964), 175-204, 6 pi., bibliography. This is a review article on H. F. Schurmann's The Mongols of Afghanistan (see entry 2395).

2400 Trippner, Josef. "Die Salaren, ihre ersten Glaubensstreitigkeiten und ihr Aufstand 1781,” Central Asiatic Journal 9 (1964), 241-276. Discusses their name, origin, family chronicles, and social organization. » 2401 Konig, Wolfgang. "Ethnographische Beobachtungen bei den Dzachcin in der mongolischen Volksrepublik (Kobdo-aimak, Manchan-summun),” Jahrhuch des Museums fUr Vdlkerkunde 21 (1965), 91-110. Ethnographic observa­ tions among the Zakhchins based on a study tour in August and September, 1963. 2402 Aubin, Frangoise. "Une societe d'emigres: la colonie des Kalmoioks de France,” L'Annee Sociologique 17 (1966), 133-212. 2403 Hartwig, Werner. "Ethnographica der Chalcha und Burjaten (Mongolische Volksrepublik),” Jahrhuch des Museums fur Volkerkunde 22 (1966), 112- 188. Based on an expedition in July-October, I96I in the Central , this article is extremely informative with 200 illustrations and two maps. 2404 Hubei, Paula G. The Kalmyk Mongols: A Study in Continuity and Change. Bloomington, Indiana, I967. 282 pp. (Uralic and Altaic Series, v. 64.) Based on interviews with Kalmyks in the United States in 196O-61.

2405 Zhamtsarano, Ts. (tr. Larry Moses). "The Bayat Mongols,” Mongolia Society Bulletin 6 (1967), 71-72.

2406 Zhamtsarano, Ts. (tr. Larry Moses). ", the Muslims of Mongolia,” Mongolia Society Bulletin 6 (1967), ll-l4. 232 Chapter 24

2U0T Zhamtsarano, Ts. (tr. Larry Moses). "The Ogelet Mongols,” Mongolia So­ ciety Bulletin 7 (1968), 20-23. 2J+O8 Hamayon, Roberta. ”Mongo;).s: hommes et langues,” Etudes Mongoles 1 (19T0), 9-51» map; 2 (l9Tl)» 233-234. Excellent source of ethnological and lin­ guistic information for all groups in the Mongolian People’s Republic. Bibliography.

2409 Serruys, Henry. "Yellow hair and red hats in Mongolia,” Central Asiatic Journal 15 (l97l), 131-155* About a Mongol tribe mentioned in Chinese records as huang-mao ^ ^tj •

2UlO "The Daurs (Dagurs)," Mongolia Society Bulletin 12 (1973), 71-85- 2411 §ima, Jiri (adapted by Frangoise Aubin). "A propos de la colonie kalmouke de Tchecoslovaquie," Etudes Mongoles 4 (1973), l8l-l89-

2412 Jernakov, V. N. "Dagurs in ," Zentralasiatische Studien 8 (1974), 407-422, photos. See also entries 125, 358, 401, 1299, 1338, 2206, 2301, 2655, 2751, and 2771

Physical Anthropology 2413 Mannerheim, C. G. E. "A visit to the Saro and Shera Yogurs," Journal de la Soci'ete Finno-Ougrienne 27:2 (1911-12), 72 pp., 33 figs., 5 pl-, 1 fold­ ing map. Provides table of anthropological measijrements and a list of Uighur words. 2414 Bonin, Gerhardt von. "Mongolism and Mongolian traits," Man 27 (1927), 27-29

2415 Kojeuroff, George P. "Some contributions to the anthropology of the Bur­ iats," Journal of the North China Branch 58 (1927), 142-157-

2416 Bushmakin, N- "Characteristics of the brain of the Mongol race," American Journal of Physical Anthropology 12 (1928), 221-243, 5 photos, bibliog­ raphy. Author was professor at the Institute of Anatomy, Irkutsk Uni­ versity.

2417 Cameron, J. "Correlations between cranial capacity and cranial length, breadth and height as studied in the Mongol crania. United States National Museum," American Journal of Physical Anthropology 12 (1928), 280-289, 11 tables.

2418 Michelson, Tr\aman. "Notes on Mongolian craniology," Human Biology 1 (1929), 421-423.

2419 Jettmar, H. M. "Blutgruppenuntersuchungen in der Nordostmongolei und der Nordmandschurei," Mitteilungen der Anthropologischen Gesellschaft 60 (1930), 39-47, tables. Investigation of blood types in Northeastern Mongolia and Northern Manchuria. 2420 Stefko, W. H. "Recherches sur la morphologic du cerveau des Mongoles," Anthropologie (Praha) 12 (1934), 6-26, plates, tables. Study of brain structure. Anthropology and Sociology 233

2i+21 Stefko, W. H. "Morphologie comparee du cerveau de nouveaux-nes mongoles,” Anthropologie (Praha) 12 (193^), 127-1^2, 3 tables. Comparative mor­ phology of the brain of newborns.

2U22 Petri, Helmut. "Ein Mongolenschadel aus Urga,” Mitteilungen dev Anthro- pologisahen Gesellsohaft 65 (1935), ^7-50, 5 illus. A Mongol sk\ill from Ulaanbaatar.

2U23 Holtz, Giinther. ’’Rassengeschichte der Ostgebiete von Inner- und Nord- Asien,” thesis (Universitat Tubingen), 1951j 55^ pp. A racial history of the eastern portions of Central and North Asia. CNot seen. II

2U2U Imamura, Yutaka. "Die Kopflange, die Kopfbreite und der Langen-Breiten- Index der Volker in China, in der Mongolei, Mandschurei und in Korea," in Compte-vendu du Congves International des Sciences Anthropologiques et Ethnographiques 1 (1952), 285-288, 2 illus. Provides a summary description of cranial length and width in Mongolia and other parts of .

2425 Vlcek, Emanuel. "A contribution to the anthropology of the Khalkha-Mongols," Acta Facultatis 9 (1965), 285-367, plus 56 plates. This is the report of anthropologists and physicians on the' Czechoslovak-Mongolian archeo­ logical expedition in 1958. It covers somatometry, kephalometry, pigmentation, the congenital Mongol spot, the finger and palm prints in (by L. Mala), examination of hair samples of Khalkha Mongols (by S. Titlbachova), soft parts of head and face, and physio­ logical characteristics. Also includes bibliography and data tables.

2426 Vlcek, Emanuel. "Skull of a prince from a Hunn grave-mound in northern Mongolia," Acta Facultatis 10 (1965), 189-I99. CNot seen.I

2427 Pollitzer, William S. "Blood types and anthropometry of the Kalmyk Mongols," in Kalmyk-Oirat Symposium (1966), 107-115. Also in American Journal of Physical Anthropology^ n.s. 20 (1962), II-15.

2428 Toth, T. "Some problems in the palaeoanthropology of Northern Mongolia," Acta Archaeologica 19 (1967)» 377-389, 3 pi., 3 statistical tables.

See also entry 2373.

General and Miscellaneous Sociological Works

2429 Findeisen, Hans. "Das mongolische Standewesen," Mitteilungen des Seminars f^r Orientalische Sprachen 32 (1929), 130-l4l. Discusses the , taiji, siimun, xamjilga, and clergy on the basis of Maiskii's Sovremennaya Mongoliya (Irkutsk, 1921) (entry 2036).

2430 Hudson, Alfred E. "Some factors in the development of Turco-Mongol social structure," thesis (Yale University), 1937- CNot seen.I

2431 Iwamura, Shinobu. "The structure of Moslem society in Inner Mongolia," 23^+ Chapter 24

Far Eastern QiMorterty 8 (19^8), Presents a synopsis of a field survey in 19^3 of community, the mosque and its officials, sects and suhsects, and two types of communities.

2i+32 Vladimirtsev, Boris Ya. (tr. M. Carsow). La regime social des Mongols: le feodalisme nomade. Paris: Adrien Maisonneuve, 19^8. xviii, 291 pp- With an introduction by Rene Grousset. Still one of the most important sources.

2k33 Jones, Catesby T. ”A comparative study of Northern and Southern pastoral nomadism in Asia,” thesis (Johns Hopkins University), 1952, 192 pp. CNot seen.]

2k3h Beardsley, Richard K. "Hypothesis on Inner Asian pastoral nomadism and its culture area," in Memoirs of the Society for American Archaeology^ 9 (1953), 24-28.

2435 Krader, Lawrence. "The cultural and historical position of the Mongols," Asia Major 3 (l953), 169-I83.

2436 Bacon, Elizabeth E. "Types of pastoral nomadism in Central and Southwest Asia," Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 10 (1954), 44-68.

2437 Imanishi, Kinji. "Nomadism, an ecological interpretation," in Silver Jubilee Volume (1954), 466-479- Based on personal field research in Inner Mongolia in 1938, 1939» and 1944-45.

2438 Krader, Lawrence. "Ecology of Central Asian pastoralism," Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 2 (1955)» 301-326.

2439 Krader, Lawrence. "Principles and structures in the organization of the Asiatic steppes-pastoralists," Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 2 (1955) j 67-92. Aims to show how native concepts of their social or­ ganization and the concepts of social anthropology coincide and diverge. Extensive bibliography.

2440 Krader, Lawrence. "Qan-Qayan and the beginnings of Mongol kingship," Central Asiatic Journal 1 (1955)» 17-35- Traces its etymology, its use in the Secret History and in the hP*ags-pa inscriptions.

2441 Cheney, George, Robert Miller, A. Mostaert, and M. Yang. "Social struc- t\ire," in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (1956), l40-l60.

2442 Hirabayashi, James. "Social structure," in Mongolian People's Republic (1956), V. 1, 183-219.

2443 Miller, Beatrice, U. Posch, and M. Yang. "Social structure," in Northwest China (1956), 183-212. Sections on the Western (Oirat) Mongols (pp. 191- 192) and Monguors (pp. 201-205).

2444 Miller, Robert. "General character of the society," in Inner Mongolia Anthropology and Sociology 235

Autonomous Region (1956), 1-31.

2kk^ Mostaert, Antoine. ’’MatSriaiix ethnographiques relatifs aux Mongols Ordos," Central Asiatic Journal 2 (1956), 2Ul-29^. About social structure, banners, family and position of women, food and lodging, marriage, occupations, religious practices and superstitions.

2^46 Poppe, Nicholas, and G. G. S. Murphy. "Size and geographical distribution of population," in Mongolian People's Republic (1956), v. 1, 133-150.

2hkj Bacon, E. E. "The Hazara Mongols Cand theirD cultural relatives," in Obok (1958), 3-119. Includes discussion of medieval and modern Mongols.

2i|U8 Krader, Lawrence. "Feudalism and the Tatar policy of the Middle Ages," Comparative Studies in Society and History 1 (1958), 76-99. Discusses the theory of nomadic feudalism, feudalism in the Turco-Mongol steppes, the "Tartar" (i.e., Mongol and Turk) polity in the writings of Radloff and Barthold, and the rise of the state.

2UU9 Sociological Articles on . Washington, D.C., i960. 22 pp. (JPRS 3180). Translation of articles on trade unions and "nationalistic views" held by Rinchen.

2U50 Krader, Lawrence. Social Organization of the Mongol-Turkic Pastoral Nomads. The Hague: Mouton, 1963. x, kl2 pp. Discusses Mongols of the Ordos, Buriatia, Volga Kalmucks, , and Monguors. Bibliography, list of kinship terms, table of kinship systems, maps, and index.

2U5I Bessac, Frank B. "Co-variation between interethnic relations and social organization in Inner Asia," Papers of the Michigan Academy 50 (1965), 373-392. Mentions Mongols in passing.

2I152 Bawden, Charles R. "A Joint petition of grievances submitted to the Min­ istry of Justice of Autonomous Mongolia in 1919,” Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 30 (1967), 5^8-563. Provides capsule descriptions of social positions and relations, also a translation of petition.

2U53 Krader, Lawrence. "The Tatar state: Turks and Mongols," in Lawrence Krader, ed., Formation of the State (Englewood Cliffs, N.J.: Prentice-Hall 1968), 82-103.

2h^k Markowska, Danuta. "Urbanization of the steppe," in Poland at the Eighth International Congress (1968), 171-19^, 8 tables.

2U55 Johnson, Douglas L. The Nature of Nomadism. Chicago, 1969. 200 pp. (University of Chicago, Department of Geography, Research Papers, v. 118). Nothing directly on the Mongols but useful for comparative piirposes.

2U56 Poucha, Pavel. "Rang und Titel bei den Volkern des mongolischen Raumes im Laufe der Jahrhunderte," in 9th PIAC (l970), 169-258. 236 Chapter 24

2li57 Serruys, Henry. "The Mongol letters," Zentralasiatisohe Stvdien 5 (l9Tl), 95-lOU. Analyzing letters written hy Mongol noblemen to the Catholic Church in Boro Balyasu in Southern Ordos, this article studies social organization. Facsimiles, transliteration, translation, and notes.

2I+58 Bauwe, R. "Die Herausbildung der mongolischen Arbeiterklasse und ihre Darstellung aus der Sicht der Schriftsteller der MVR," in Olon Ulsyn, V. 1 (1972), 63-68. The development of the Mongolian working class and its representation by writers of the Mongolian People's Republic.

2459 Rawling, Karen E. "Comparative aspects of political and social change in Mongolia and Central Asia, in Olon Utsyn v. 2 (l973), 52-5^-

2U6O Aubin, Frangoise. "Specificite cultiirelle et industrialisation en Mon­ golia," Revue Tunis-ienne de Satenaes Soadales. 11 (l97^)? 2^5-277, 13 tables, bibliography. Nomadic pastoralism, sedentarization, industrial­ ization and the working class, professionalization, and urbanization.

2U6I Natsagdorj, Sh. "L'organisation sociale et son developpement," ttudes Mongotes 5 (l97^), 135-1^^-

2^62 Natsagdorj, Sh. "Main characters of feudalism of the nomads (on the example of development of the Mongolian society)," paper presented at the XIV In­ ternational Congress of Historical Sciences, San Francisco, 1975> 1^ PP*

See also entries 125, 132, 521, 1134, ll44, 1564, 2043, 2051, 2206, 2387, 2400, 2655, 2690, and 269I.

Kinsh-ip and Fcanity

2463 Aberle, David F. The Kinship System of the Kalmuk Mongols. Albuquerque: University of New Mexico Press, 1953. 48 pp. (University of New Mexico Publications in Anthropology, no. 8.) Presents data gathered at relocation centers in Maryland in 1952.

2464 Krader, Lawrence. "Kinship systems of the Altaic-speaking peoples of the Asiatic steppe," thesis (), 1953, 627 pp.

2465 Schram, Louis M. J. The Monguors of the Kansu-Tibetan Border: Their Origin^ History^ and Social Organization. Philadelphia, 1954. 138 pp., photos. (Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, n.s., V. 44, pt. 1.) Discusses clan organization, village, family life, and economic life.

2466 Chenqy, George, and Antoine Mostaert. "Family," in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (1956), 161-182.

2467 Coffin, Edna. "Family," in Northwest China (1956), 213-230. The Monguors are discussed on pp. 227-229-

2468 Hirabayashi, James, R. A. Rupen, and N. Poppe. "Family, social values and Anthropology and Sociology 237

patterns of living,” in Mongolian Feople's Republic (1956), v, 1, 220- 257.

2I+69 Vreeland, Herbert H., III. Mongol Community and Kinship Structure. New Haven: Himan Relations Area Files, 1957. ix, 359 pp. Originally a dissertation at Yale University (1952), this book focuses on changes in the kinship structure. Based on a preliminary survey of three com­ munities in the Western part of the Mongolian People’s Republic, Chahar, and among the Dagurs of the Nonni valley in Northern Manchuria during the 1920s.

2^70 Unensechen (Pao Kuo-yi). "Family and kinship structure of Khorchin Mon­ gols," Central Asiatic Jourrual 9 (196U), 277-311.

2471 Krader, Lawrence. "The Ordos system of kinship relations and terminology," American Anthropologist 67 (1965), 1532-1533, bibliography. A brief reply to a review of his Social Organization (see entry 2450).

2472 Romney, A. Kimball. "Kalmuck Mongol and the classification of lineal kin­ ship terminologies," American Anthropologist 67 (1965), 127-l4l. Highly schematic and full of Jargon.

2473 Shirendev, B. "The riiral household in present-day Mongolia," Mongolia Today3 1967, no. 9, PP- 6-8 Cnot seenl, reprinted in Mongolia Society Bulletin 8 (1969), 19-33.

2474 Szynkiewicz, SlawoJ . "The structure of consiomption of the steppe inhab­ itants: an analysis of family budgets in a somon," in Studia Mongolskie (1973), English summary on pp. 109-110.

See also entry 2445.

Women and Children

2475 Kler, Joseph. "Birth, infancy and childhood among the Ordos Mongols," Primitive Man 11 (1938), 58-66.

2476 Vlcek, E. "Menarche, Klimax, Gebiirtanzahl und Zahl der lebenden Kinder bei den Chalcha-Mongolen," Arztliche Jugendkunde 52 (i960), 229-233. On first menstruation, menopause, the number of births and of surviving children. CNot seen. II

2477 Unensechen (Pao Kuo-yi). "Child birth and child training in a Khorchin Mongol village," Monwnenta Serica 2^ (1966), 4o6-439- This article presents the results of field research in the Bo Wang banner of the . See also entries 2470 and 2524.

2478 Roux, Jean-Paul. "La veuve dans les societes turques et mongoles de I’Asie centrale," L’Homme 9:4 (1969), 51-78. The widow in Turkish and Mongolian societies of Central Asia. 238 Chapter 24

2^79 Taube, Erika. ’’Mutter und Kind im Brauchtiam der Tuwiner der Westmongolei Jdhrhvich des Museums fur Volkerkunde 27 (1970), 75-89j 15 illus., 4 figs. Mother and child among the of Western Mongolia.

2U80 Onon, Urgunge. My Childhood in Mongolia. New York: Oxford University- Press, 1972. 112 pp., photos. Delightfiil description of family, adventures, shamanism, hunting, and much else.

See also entries 451, 595, 2445, 2566, 2622, and 2646.

Criminals

2481 Hoinos. ’’Thieves in Mongolia,” Chinese Recorder 6 (1875), 401-409.

2482 Kervyn, Joseph. Le brigandage en Mongolie: Souvenirs de la Chine "ancienne.’’ Bruxelles: F. van Buggenhoudt, 1951- l48 pp., 4 photos. Talks about brigands, their repression and chastisement, and the Catholic church in Jehol.

2483 Serruys, Henry. ”A question of thievery,” Zentralasiatisohe Studien 10 (1975), 287-309. Provides transliteration, translation, and notes on ten texts from South Ordos from the years of 1905-1907. Interesting insights into manners, customs, and objects of daily use. Chapter 25

MANNERS AND CUSTOMS

General and Mtsoeltaneous Works

2U8U Kotwicz, ¥. ”Sur les modes d'orientation en Asie centrale,” Rooznlk Orjentalistyozny 5 (192T), 68-91.

2U85 Shirokogorov, Sergei M. Ethnologioal and Linguistioal Aspects of the Ural-Altaic Hypothesis. Peking, 1931. 198 pp.

21+86 Haslund, Henning. ’’Mongol," Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society 21 (193I+), 1+53-1+63. A potpourri of informed remarks on a variety of subjects, including manners and customs.

2I+8T Unkrig, W. A. "Mongolisches Volksleben, eine Sonderausstellung des Museums f^ Volkerkunde," Baessler-Archiv IT (l93l+), 13I+-138, 3 photos. About a special exhibit about everyday life in Mongolia at the Ethnographical Museum in Leipzig.

2I+88 Boodberg, P. A. "Marginalia to the histories of the Northern dynasties: on the use of the animal cycle among T\irco-Mongols,’’ Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 3 (1938), 21+3-253. See also his "Addenda and corrigenda , . . " in same Journal, v, 1+ (1939), 270-283.

2I+89 Heissig, Walther. "Beobachtungen uber Sesshaftigkeit und K+ilturwandel bei den Mongolen des Jouda Ciyulyan," Folklore Studies 2 (l9l+3), 175- 18I+, illus.

2I+90 Heissig, Walther. Her mongolische Kulturwandel in den Hsingan Provinzen Mandschukuos. Vienna and Peking, 19I+I+. 98 pp. Originally his in­ augural dissertation at the Universitat Wien, this book discusses territory and pop+ilation (including the speed and direction of Chinese immigration), Japanese cultural policy, economic changes, man and so­ ciety, education, and religion. Also photos, maps, and bibliography.

2I+9I Hsiao Ta-heng (tr. Heniy Serruys). "Pei-lou Fong-sou , les coutumes des esclaves Septentrionaux, de Siao Ta-heng Monumenta Serica 10 (191^5), 117-208. Customs are discussed up to p. l64, the rest contains genealogies.

2492 Kervyn, Louis-Marie. Moeurs et coutumes mongoles. Bruxelles; Editions J. Duculot, Gembloux, 1947. 251 pp., photos. A posthumous work covering a variety of subjects in Southern Mongolia.

239 240 Cha-pter 25

2493 Serruys, Paul Leo Mary. "Folklore contributions in Sino-Mongolioa: notes on customs, legends, proverbs, and riddles of the province of Jehol," Folklore Studies 6:2 (1947), 1-129 (special issue). Introduction (pp. 1-10) explains that Sino-Mongolioa was a journal of the Belgian Catholic missionaries of Scheut, with only five issues from 1920 to 1926. Lists all authors and titles, translates seven articles and reprints, three in French. Almost all articles are on Chinese matters, with only incidental mention of Mongolia and the Mongols.

2494 Serruys, Paxil L. M. "Notes marginales sur les folklore des Mongols Ordos," Han Eiue 3:1-2 (1948), 115-210.

2495 Olschki, Leonardo. The Myth of Felt. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1949. 77 pp., 4 pi. On the use and symbolism of felt in tra­ ditional Mongolian ceremonies.

2496 Rank, Gustav. "Einige Bemerkungen xiber die traditionelle Solarorientierung bei den Nomadbehausungen Asiens," Ethnos l4 (1949), 149-159, bibliography. Some remarks on the traditional solar orientation of nomad dwellings in Asia.

2497 Ozerdem, Muhaddere N. "Habits and customs of the Mongols^_of Chinese^ Turkestan, according to some Chinese sources," Ankara Universitesi Dil ve Tarih-Cografya Fakultesi Dergesi 9 (l95l), 221-226.

2498 Sun, E-tu Zen. "Results of culture contacts in two Mongol-Chinese com­ munities," Southwestern Journal of Anthropology 8 (1952), 182-210.

2499 Chen, S. C. "Some strange Mongolian customs," Orient 5:11 (1955), 39-42. CWrong citation; not seen. II

2500 Kler, Joseph. "Aus dem Kodex der mongolischen Lebensart," Ural-Altaisohe Jahrbuoher 28 (1956), 49-53.

2501 Kler, Josef. "Eigennamen aus der Ordos-Mongolei," Anthropos 51 (1956), 481-499. Provides explanations about 4l8 personal names.

2502 Kler, Joseph. "Travavix d’orfevrerie aux pays des Ordos," Central Asiatic Jourmal 2 (1956), 188-203, 9 photos. On the work of goldsmiths in the Ordos.

2503 Mostaert, Antoine, and Frances Wang. "Social values and patterns of living," in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Regicmi (1956), 183-220.

2504 Wang, Frances. "Social values and patterns of living," in Northwest China (1956), 231-277. Sections on Monguors (pp. 258-269) and Western Mongols or Torguts (pp. 275-276).

2505 Kler, Joseph. "Die Windpferdfahne oder das k’i-mori bei den Ordos- Mongolen," Oriens 10 (1957), 90-106, 8 photos. On a religious custom involving a "horse flag" covered with prayers and one or more horse figures. Manners and Customs 2hl

2506 Serruys, Henry. "Remains of Mongol customs in China during the early Ming period," Monumenta Serica 16 (195T), 137-190. CoTers government insti­ tutions, clothing and language, cremation, manner of greeting, and marriage customs.

2507 Serruys, Henry. "Some types of names adopted by the Mongols during the Yuan and early Ming periods," Monumenta Sertoa 17 (1958), 353-360.

2508 Schubert, Johannes. "Uber mongolische Personennamen," M-ittei-tungen des Institute fur Orientforsohung 7 (i960), 395-^01.

2509 Gabain, Annemarie von. "Vom Sinn symbolischer Farbenbezeichnung," Aata Orientalia (B) 15 (1962), III-II7. On the meaning of symbolic color designation. Only partly on Mongolia.

2510 Krueger, John R. "Mongolian personal names," Names 10 (1962), 8I-86. See also his brief addendum in v. l4 (1966), 209.

2511 Johansen, Ulla. "The cradle and hearth as sources for the cultural history of Altaic peoples," in 5th PIAC (1963), 205-218, 7 figs.

2512 Heissig, Walther. "Lubsangcondans Darstellung des ostmongolischen Brauchtums," Zentratasiatisahe Studien 2 (1968), 211-263. Describes the author and some sixty-one items used by the author. Notes and facsimiles.

2513 Sokolowicz, Zofia. "On the applicability of the concept ’local ciilture* to the study of culture change in present-day Mongolia," in Poland at the Eighth International Congress (1968), 211-223.

251U Hamayon, Roberta. "Ethnologie mongole: etablissement d'un fichier systematique lexico-ethnographigue," L'Homme 9:1 (1969), 96-102.

2515 Aubin, Frangoise. "Les mesures manuelles et par reference au corps chez les Mongols, note de folklore juridique," in Mongolian Studies (1970), 23-55- Mongolian hand measurements with regard to the body.

2516 Aubin, Frangoise. "Traditions et mutations: sociologie actuelle de la Mongolia," Cahiers Intemationaux de Sociologie h9 (1970), 83-110. Based on two study tours in June-December 1966 and June-November I967.

2517 Uray-Kolialmi, Kathe. "Sibirische Parallelen zur Ethnographie der Geheimen Geschichte der Mongolen," in Mongolian Studies (l970), 2U7-26U, illus. Siberian parallels to the ethnography of the Secret History.

2518 Hamayon, Roberta. "Pourguoi un Mongol doit-il etre nomme?" Turcica 3 (1971), 1^3-152. Why a Mongol must be named.

2519 Luvsanzhav, Choi. "Customary ways of measuring time and time periods in Mongolia," Journal of the Anglo-Mongolian Society 1 (197^), 8-16. Discusses three ways: (l) the sun in the ger, with twenty-nine time points from sunrise to sunset; (2) the sun outside the ger, with five 2k2 Chapter 25

time points; and (3) time of activities that regiilarly taJte place in the everyday life of the nomads. See also entries 103, lOk, 2k0, 32U, 326, 332, 339, 3U0, 3^6, 356, 586, 6i8, 864, l68T, l80T, 204l, 2355, 26l6, and 2705.

Marriage 2520 Schram, Louis M. J. Le mariage ahez les T'ou-gen du Kan-sou (ChineJ.^ Shanghai: Mission Catholique, 1932. x, I89 PP*, 12 pi. (Varietes Sinologiques, no. 58.) Detailed discussion of three types of marriage among the Monguors.

2521 Kler, Joseph. "Quelques notes sur les coutumes matrimoniales des Mongols Ortos (Urdus) sud," Anthropos 30 (1935), 165-190. Describes the entire process. Many excellent photos, a song with notes, and one map.

2522 Poppe, Nikolaus. "Ein altmongolischer Hochzeitsgebrauch,” in Studia Sino- Altaioa (1961), 159-164. Discusses a description of a wedding custom in the Secret History.

2523 Badamkhatan, Ch. "Notes on marriage ceremony of Altaic Uryankhais," Mongolia Today 5:4-5 (1963), 7-9, 16.

2524 Unensechen (Pao Kuo-yi). "Marriage customs of a Khorchin village," Central Asiatic Journal 9 (1964), 29-59. On marriage arrangements, criteria of spouse selection, and wedding in Bayin Ma^ village.

2525 Lee, Kwang-kyu. "Heiratsbrauche bei den Mongolen," thesis (Universitat Wien), 1965, 199 pp. Marriage customs of the Mongols. CNot seen.i

2526 Vietze, Hans-Peter. "Zu einigen alten Hochzeitsgebrauchen der Bajad," Turcica 3 (l97l), 153-155. About some old marriage customs practiced by a subgroup of the Dorbod of Western Mongolia.

2527 Baldaev, Sergei Petrovich (tr. Roberte Hamayonj. "La zemehenj fete prenuptiiale chez les Bouria'tes d*Irkutsk,” Ei^udos Mofigol&s 6 (19T5)» 147-160. On a Buriat celebration on the eve of a wedding.

2528 Serruys, Henry. "Fotut manuals for marriage ceremonies among the Mongols, Zentralasiatische Studien 8 (1974), 247-331; 9 (1975), 275-360. Intro­ duction, transliteration, translation, and notes.

2529 Tomortseren, J. (tr. John 0. Hangin). "Marriage customs of certain Chahar banners," Mongolian Studies 2 (1975), 4l-91.

See also entries 2373 and 2445- Manners and Customs 2U3

S-ickness, Death, and Burial

2530 Kler, Joseph. "Sickness, death, and burial among the Mongols of the Ordos Desert," Primitive Man 9 (1936), 27-31.

2531 Pelliot, Paul. "Le terme ’kereksur,'" T'oung Pao 37 (19^^)» 114-12U. The term refers to ancient tombs.

2532 Roux, Jean-Paul. La mart ohez les peuples altaiques anoiens et medievaux d'apr'es les documents earits. Paris: Adrien Maisonneuve, 1963. 215 pp. Originally a thesis at the Universite de Paris (1961), 279 PP- [not seen], this book discusses death, the soul and death, and the funeral. Extensive bibliography and indexes.

2533 Krueger, John R. "Burial customs of the Mongols," Mongolia Society News­ letter 3 (l96it), 2-1+. An abstract of a paper presented at a conference that includes a schematic list of the Alton Saba, a Mongolian Lamaistic burial manual. For full article, see next entry.

253I+ Krueger, John R. "The Alton Saba (The Golden^ Vessel): a Mongolian Lamaist burial manual," Monumenta Serica 2k (1965), 207-272. Facsim­ iles, transliteration, and translation.

2535 Ahuja, N. D. "Burial customs of the pagan Mongols," Islamic Culture k2 (1968), 99-105. Based on Juvaini's account (see entry 1738).

2536 Bartol'd, V. V. (tr. J. M. Rogers). "The burial rites of the Turks and the Mongols," Central Asiatic Journal lU (l970), 195-227. First pub­ lished in Russian in 1921, this article was intended to supplement Veselovsky's work on the balbal question (l915) with material regarding the Mongols. It is mostly a summary of information gathered from var­ ious Muslim (but no Chinese) sources, Rogers added a short,note on iconography of Mongol funerary customs, based on Muslim sources.

2537 Ligeti, Louis. "Le sacrifice offert aux ancetres dans 1'Histoire secrete,'' Acta Orientalia (B) 27 (1973), 1U5-I61. On the sacrifice offered to ancestors in the Secret History.

See also entries 369, 371, and 1202.

Personal Habits and Customs

2538 Macgowan, D. J. "On the 'mutton wine' of the Mongols and analogous prep­ arations of the Chinese," Journal of the North China Branch 7 (1871-72), 237-2U0.

2539 Shiratori, Kurakichi. "The queue among the peoples of North Asia," Memoirs of the Research Department U (1929), I-69.

25^0 Mostaert, Antoine. "L''ouverture du sceau' et les adresses chez les Ordos," Monumenta Serica 1 (1935-36), 315-337. 2UU chapter 25

2541 Montell, Gosta. "Distilling in Mongolia,” Ethnos 2 (l93T)» 321-332, 9 illus.

2542 Bleichsteiner, Robert. "Zeremonielle Trinksitten und Raumordnung bei den turko-mongolischen Nomaden," Arohiv fup Votkerkunde 6/7 (1951-52), 181-208. On ceremonial drinking customs and spatial arrangements.

2543 Rintchen, Byambyn. ”Les signes de propriete chez les Mongols," Arohi-V Orientalni, 22 (1954), 46T-4T3. Identifies but does not explain 210 signs of propriety.

2544 Rubel, Paula G. "Gift exchange among the Kalmyk Mongols," in Kalmyk- 0-irat Symposium (1966), 75-105- Based on research among Kalmyk Mon­ gols in the United States.

2545 Hamayon, Roberta. "Fagons de s’asseoir," tjtudes Mongotes 1 (l970), 135- l40. On different ways of sitting down.

2546 Novgorodova, E. A., and Choi. Luvsandzav. "Salutations mongoles traditionelles," Etudes Mongotes 2 (l97l)» 134-144. On traditional greetings.

2547 Hamayon, Roberta. "Protocole manual," fitudes Mongotes 2 (l97l), 145-207, illus. On the symbolic roles of the hand, with appendix listing proverbs relating to the hand. Bibliography.

2548 Damdin, B. "Sur un trait de la ciilture nomade monsole: les rognures d'ongle," fitudes Mongotes 2 (l97l), 208-213. On the trimming of finger­ nails .

2549 Hamayon, Roberta. "Note sur I'echange de tabatieres en Mongolia," in Oton Utsynj v. 1 (1972), 49-57- On the exchange of snuff boxes. See also entry 2551-

2550 Luvsanzhav, Choi. (tr. Roberta Hamayon). "D’une coutiime nomade mongole: le depot d'objets sur im lit inoccupe," Etudes Mongotes 3 (1972), 239- 24i. About the nomadic Mongolian custom of placing objects on an empty bed.

2551 Hamayon, Roberta. "Who doesn’t take snuff, has got no friends: on the ceremony of treating to snuff in Mongolia," in Studia Mongotskie (1973), English summary on p. 77-

2552 Damdin, B., and Ch. Lubsangdagva (tr. Caroline Humphrey). "On the name of fingers in Mongolian," Joumat of the Angto-Mongotian Society 2:1 (1975)j 11-20. Includes proverbs and riddles in transliteration and translation.

2553 Hamayon, Roberts. "L'os distinctif et la chair indifferente," Etudes Mongotes 6 (1975)> 99-122, photos. Studies customs related to food, food preparation, sewing, etc. Manners and Customs 2U5

255^ Rotox, Jean-Paul. "Quelques objets mimineixx des Turcs et des Mongols: I. Le bonnet et la ceinture,” Turcica 7 (l975)j 50-61+.

See also entries 33l+, 3l+5» 372, 376, 513, and II78.

Animats

2555 Kler, Joseph. "Hunting customs of the Ordos Mongols," Pinimitive Man 1I+ (19I+I), 38-1+8.

2556 Kler, Joseph. "The horse in the life of the Ordos Mongols," Primitive Man 20 (191+7), 15-25, 3 photos.

2557 Roux, Jean-Pa+il. "Le chameau en Asie centrale, son nom, son elevage, sa place dans la mythologie," Central Asiatic Joiamat 5 (1959), 35-76. Very exhaustive treatment and extensive bibliography on the camel, its name, its raising, and its place in mythology.

2558 Uray-Ko)ialmi, Kate. "Zwei Systeme der Altersbezeichn+mgen des Viehes bei den Mongolen," Studia Mongotica 1:31 (1959), 1-9; and 2 (i960), 136- 1I+2. On two nomenclatures describing the age of cattle.

2559 Gabain, Annemarie von. "Pferd und Reiter im mittelalterlichen Zentral- asien," in 7th PIAC (1965), 228-21+3, 10 illus. Horse and rider in medieval Central Asia.

2560 Johansen, Ulla. "Der Reitsattel bei den altaischen Volkern," in 7th PIAC (1965), 269-285, 11 illus. On the saddle.

2561 Boyle, John A. "A Mongol h+mting ritual," in 8th PIAC (1968), 1-8.

2562 Heissig, Walther. "Zwolf Zeremonialtexte zur Stutenaussonderung aus Qanggin (Ordus) (Paksimilia)," Zentratasiatische Studien 2 (1968), 265-305. Provides a brief description of twelve manuals on the cere­ monial selection of mares; rest is in facsimile.

2563 Jagchid, S., and Charles R. Bawden. "Notes on h+mting of some nomadic peoples of Central Asia," in 8th PIAC (1968), 90-102.

256I+ Tomka, P. "Horse burials among the Mongolians," Acta Archaeotogica 21 (1969), 1I+9-I5I+.

2565 Sarkozi, Alice. "A Mongolian hunting ritual," Acta Orientalia (B) 25 (1972), I9I-208, facsimiles. Describes the "incense offering of Managaqan."

2566 Kaluzynski, Stanisiaw. "Linguistic taboos among the Mongolian people: on taboos towards animal names and in women language," in Studia Mon- gotsTcie (1973), English summary on p. 63.

2567 Rona-Tas, A. "Did the proto-Altaic people know the stirrup?" Studia 21^6 Chapter 25

Mongolioa 1:9 (1973), 169-171.

2568 Shagdarsuren, Ts. "Choix du belier ou du bouc chez les Barga-Mongols, a propos de Xuo uxna tavixj" ^Itudes Mongoles 4 (1973), l^l-li^3. On the selection of rams or goats.

2569 Serr\iys, Henry. Kumiss Ceremonies and Horse Racing: Three Mongolian Texts. Wiesbaden: Otto Harrassowitz, 197^. 128 pp. (Asiatische Forschungen, v. 37-) Transliteration and translation, also bibliography.

2570 Aalto, Pentti. "The horse in Central Asian nomadic cultures," Studia Orientalia k6 (1975), 1-9.

2571 Humphrey, Caroline. "Notes on hair-cutting and castration in Mongolian Horse herds," Journal of the Angto-Mongolian Society 2 (1975), 70-79, illus.

See also entries 235, 2hk, 2l+7, 335, 336, 337, 368, 37^, 668, 911, 9l6, 1212, and l^h6.

Dwellings

2572 Rona-Tas, A. "Notes on the Kazak yurt of West Mongolia," Acta Orientalia (B) 12 (1961), 79-102, photos, drawings, diagrams.

2573 Rona-Tas, A. "Felt-making in Mongolia," Acta Orientalia (B) 16 (1963), 201-215, photos. Describes the shearing of sheep as well as the loosening, laying and rolling of the wool.

257^ Caramann, Schuyler. "Mongol dwellings, with special reference to Inner Mongolia," in Sth PIAC (1963), 17-22, illus. Discusses both the ger and the permanent adobe house.

2575 Esztergar, Marianne. "Words pertaining to housing and dwelling in the Altaic languages," in Sth PIAC (1963), 33-^3.

2576 Rona-Tas, A. "Preliminary report on a study of the dwellings of the Altaic peoples," in Sth PIAC (1963), 47-56. Compares Turkish and Mon­ golian dwellings.

See also entries 125 and 338.

Games

2577 Montell, Costa. "Mongolian chess and chess-men," Ethnos 4 (1939), 8l-104, illus. Provides a full description of the game.

2578 Soderbom, Georg. "The Mongolian game Norobo or Cindi," Ethnos 15 (l950), 95-100. Describes a kind of checkers game and includes illustrations of fifteen pieces. Manners and Customs 2h'J

2579 Skallsjo, Steffan. "Hsia Ca Mongol game]," Ethnos IT (l952), 15-23, illus. Describes the rules of this game which uses pieces made of sheeps' knuckles, and its variations.

2580 Rintchen, Byambyn. "Moi^TOl kojur - le jeu de cartes mongol,” Studi-a Ovtentalia l8:it (1955), 3-7, illus.

2581 Rincen, Bi. "Les echecs et le deuil chez les Mongols,” Arohiv Orient&lnt 23 (1955), U82-I183. Does not explain the game.

2582 Taube, Erika. "Einige mongolische Unterhaltiongsspiele,” Jahrbuoh des Museums fur VoZkerkunde 2h (1967), 56-65, 3 figs. On some Mongolian parlor games.

2583 Tatar, Madeleine. "Le Moson sagaj charvach, jeu d'osselets mongol," Acta Or-ientalia (B) 25 (1972), 221-226, illus. On a game using knuckles; see entry "2579.

258ij- Popova, Assia. "Analyse formelle et classification des Jeux de calculs mongols," fjtudes Mongotes 5 (l97^), 7-60.

2585 Bassanoff, Namtcha. "Les jeux de calculs mongols," Etudes Mongotes 5 (197^), 61-66. Chapter 26

EDUCATION

2586 Heissig, Walther. "Ziir Meimingsbildung in der Mongolei," Bevi-chte des Asien-Arbeitskreises 2:6 (19^0), 15-21, On the shaping of public opinion. CNot seen.]

2587 Heissig, Walther. "Bildungs- und Hygienepropaganda In der Hsingan- Mongolei,” Zeitsahrift fur Geopolit'ik lQ:! (l94l), 57-68, many cartoons. Reprinted in Der mongol-isohe Kutturwandel (see entry 2U90). On propaganda in the fields of education and hygiene during the Japanese occupation of Eastern Mongolia.

2588 Miller, Robert. ’’Education," in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (1956), 267-280.

2589 Krueger, John R., N. Poppe, and Martin Kilcoyne. "Education," in Mon­ golian People's Republic^ v. 1 (1956), 286-307.

2590 Krueger, John R. "Education in the Mongolian People's Republic," Com­ parative Education Review (196O-61), 183-I87. Revised edition of article written in HRAF vol\me (see preceding entry), it covers literacy, organization of school system, teacher training, and govern­ ment control.

2591 Eggert, Karl. "50 Jahre Volksbildimgswesen der Mongolischen Volksrepublik," Verglelohende Pddagogik 6 (l970), 4l3-^l8. Adult education in the Mongolian People's Republic. CNot seen.!

2592 Mongolia, National Commission for UNESCO. Education In the Mongolian People’s Republic. Bangkok: UNESCO Regional Office for Education in Asia, 1971. 68 pp., 3^ tables. General information, quantitative development, and projections until 198O. Figures are quite useful.

2593 Rattig, Uta. "50 Jahre Mongolische Volksrepublik: d§f Entwicklimgsweg des Hochschulwesens in der Mongolischen Volksrepublik," Das Hochschulwesen 19 (l97l), 207-210. Traces the development of higher education from 1921 to 1971. CNot seen.3

2594 Rinchen, Y. (tr. by S. Frye). "Books and traditions," in Analecta Mon- gollca (1972), 63-76. A brief survey of education in traditional Mongolia.

2595 Ante, Robert. "The geography of education and health in the Mongolian People's Republic," Mongolia Society Bulletin 12 (1973), 32-51. 248 Education 2k9

2596 Aubln, Frangoise. "Fetes et commemorations en Republique Populaire de Mongolia: apport a 1*etude de la propaganda educative en pays socialiste," Revue Frangaise de Science PoZitique^ 22:1 (l9T3), 33- 58, photos.

2597 Pritchatt, Derrick. "Second language learning: a psycho-linguistic ap­ proach," in OZon UZsyn, v. 2 (l9T3), 28-35.

2598 Pritchatt, Derrick. "Education in the Mongolian People’s Republic: a personal view," Asian Affairs 6l (19T^)) 32-Uo.

2599 Rattig, Uta. "Einige Bemerkungen zu den Schulen in der Zeit der Autonomie der Mongolei (1911-1920)," in 12th PIAC (l97^), 489-^95. Some remarks on schools during the period of autonomy.

2600 Leung, Man-kam. " education and examinations in Peking and other metropolitan areas during the Manchu dynasty in China," Canada-MongoZia Review 1:1 (1975), 29-kk.

See also entries 125, 12U8, 2078, 2170, 2206, 2220, 22^9, and 2^90. Chapter 27

LAW

Tvad-itional Law

2601 Riazanovskii, Valentin A. Customary Law of the Mongol Tribes {Mongols^ BuriatSj Kalmucks). : Artistic Printing House, 1929- 306 pp. Originally published in Vestnik Azii 51 (1923) and 52 (192U), with added chapter on the Khalkha Jinan and a conclusion,

2602 Riazanovskii, Valentin A. "influence of Chinese law upon Mongolian law," Chinese Social and Political Science Review 15 (l93l), i+02-421.

2603 Riazanovskii, V. A; "Les monuments de droit mongol (apergu historique)," Bulletin de la Soci'et^ de Legislation Comparee 6l (1932), 324-367.

2604 Riazanovskii, Valentin A. "Code of Northern Mongolia: Khalkha Djirom/' Chinese Social and Political Science Review 20 (1936), 335-368.

2605 Riazanovskii, Valentin A. "Mongol law and Chinese law in the Yug,n dynas­ ty," Chinese Social and Political Science Review 20 (1936), 266-289.

2606 Ratchnevsky, Paul, tr, Un code des Yuan. 2 vols, ^Paris, 1937. xcix, 348 pp. (Bibliotheque de I’Institut des Hautes Etudes Chinoises, V. 4.) Translation of chuan 102 and 103 of Yuan Shih.

2607 Riazanovskii, V. A. "Le droit mongol," Bulletin de la Societe de Legisla­ tion Comparee 66 (1937), 237-262. General discussion of Mongol law.

2608 Riazanovskii, Valentin A. Fundamental Principles of Mongol Law. Tientsin, 1937. Reprint: Bloomington, Indiana, I965. 343 pp. (Uralic and Altaic Series, v. 43.) General description of law records, followed by discussion of content and sources as well as of fundamental institu­ tions (state, family, etc.). Also excerpts from the Khalkha Jinan (1709).

2609 Riazanovskii, Valentin A. "influence of ancient Mongol culture and law on Russian cultiire and law," Chinese Social and Political Science Review 20 (1937), 499-530.

2610 Riazanovskii, Valentin A. Customary Law of the Nomadic Tribes of Siberia. Tientsin, 1938. Reprint: Bloomington, Indiana, 1965• 151 PP- (Uralic and Altaic Series, v. 48.) One section of Juristic■customs of'the Buriats (pp. 53-70).

2611 Vernadsky, George. "The scope and contents of Chingis 's yasa," 250 Law 251

Harvard Joumat of Asiatio Studies 3 (1938), 337-360. Arranges, known content of yasa into different categories, such as international law, public law, criminal law, private law, commercial law, judiciary, codification and enforcement of law.

2612 Krader, Lawrence. "Mongol law: later developments." Washington Law Review 23 (19^+8), IT8-181.

2613 Riazanovskii, V. A. "Mongol law: a concise historical survey," Washington Law Review 23 (19^8), 166-IT8.

2614 Yang Lien-sheng. "Marginalia to the Yuan tien-chang," Harvard Journal of Asiatio Studies 19 (1956), 4^51- Examines four terms of philological and historical interest:"sS ^ ohao-shu and sherw-ohih (imperial decrees), tu-p'i ("belly," i.e., bribery), and\^ 3^^ ku-t'ou ("bone," i.e., from mong. yasun).

2615 Franke, Herbert. "Some notes on the Cambridge ms. of the Yuan tien-ohang/' Asia Major^ n.s. T (1959), 66-73.

2616 Haenisch, Erich. "Die Jagdgesetze im mongolischen Ostreich," in Ost- asiatisohe Studien (1959), 85-93. Mostly about customs, this article includes some remarks about laws and regulations concerning hunting in the eastern portions of the Mongol world empire.

2617 Aubin, Frangoise. "index de 'Un code des Yuan' de P. Ratchnevsky," in Melanges puhlies par I'Institut des Eautes f!tudes Chinoises^ v. 2 (Paris: Presses Universitaires de France, I960), 423-515- A much needed aid to entry 26o6.

2618 Ratchnevsky, Paul. "Die mongolische Rechtsinstitution der Busse in der chinesischen Gesetzgebung der Yuan-Zeit," in Studia Sino-Altaioa (1961), I69-I79. The Mongolian legal institution of penance in Chinese juris­ prudence during the .

2619 Devereux, Robert. "The Yassa of ," Military Review 43:4 (1963), 24-30. A popularized accoiont.

2620 Ratchnevsky, Pa\il. "Uber den mongolischen Einfluss auf die Gesetzgebung der Yuan-Zeit," in 2Sth ICO3 v. 5 (1963), II-I6. On Mongolian influence on the legislation of Yuan China.

2621 Binder, Leon. "Some aspects of two Mongol law codes," Journal of Asiatio Studies 6:2 (1963), 219-228. Rather shallow treatment of the yasa and the bilik.

2622 Bawden, Charles R. "A case of murder in eighteenth century Mongolia," Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 32 (1969), 71- 90. Summarizing a Mongolian publication (Ulaanbaatar, 1958), this article is about the purchase of girls in Chahar and the imperial herding area and their shipment to Hi to supply the Olots. Case in­ volves a slave girl allegedly murdering her son. Documents show 252 Chapter 27

testimonies and courses of action. Complicated case goes to the league the Li Fan Yuan, and to the throne.

2623 Bawden, Charles R. ”A jviridical dociiment from nineteenth-century Mon­ golia," Zentralasiatisohe Studten 3 (1969), 225-256.

2624 Poucha, Pavel. "Uber den Inhalt und die Rekonstruktion des ersten mon- golischen Gesetzhuches," in Mongot'Lan Studies (l9T0), 377-^15" About the contents and reconstruction of the first Mongol law book.

2625 Ayalon, David. "The Great Yasa of Chingiz Khan, a reexamination," Studia Islamioa 33 (l97l), 97-ll+G; 3^+ (l97l), 151-18O; 36 (1972), 113-158; 38 (1973), 107-156. Summary of a book published by the Israel Academy of Sciences and Humanities in Jerusalem. Concentrates on Islamic soiirces on the yasa, attitudes of Mongols, especially of the royal family, toward the yasa, and the position of the yasa in the Mamluk Sultanate.

2626 Krueger, John R. "New materials on Oirat law and history. Part I: The Jinjil decrees," Central Asiatic Journal 16 (1972), 19^-205*

2627 Serruys, Henry. "Oaths in the Qalqa Jirum," Oriens Extremus 19 (l972), 131-li+l.

2628 Ratchnevsky, P. "Die Yasa (Jasaq) Cinggis-khans und ihre Problematik," in 12th PIAC (197^+), U71-487.

See also entries 729, 162I1, 1816, and 1983.

Twentieth-Century Law

2629 Alinge, Curt. Mongolisohe Gesetze: Darstellung des gesohriebenen mon- golisohen Reahts (Privatrecht^ Strafreaht und Prozess). Leipzig: T. Weicher Verlag, 193^. vii, 157 pp* (Leipziger rechtswissenschaftliche Studien, Heft 87.) Description of written Mongolian law such as civil law, criminal law, and legal proceedings.

2630 "Constitution (fimdamental law) of the Mongolian People’s Republic," Soviet Press Translations 3 (19^8), l-li|.

2631 "Constitution of the Mongolian People’s Republic as of 19^8," Washington Law Review 23 (19^8), l8l-204.

2632 Constitutional Laws Promulgated at Alashan July-August 1949^ by the Anti­ communist Government. ?, 19^9?. var. pags. CNot seen.i

2633 "Constitution of the Mongolian People’s Republic, Jiine 30, 19^0, with changes of 19^9 and 1952," in Mongolian People’s Republic^ v. 3 (1956), Pol 1-Pol 37.

263^ Criminal Legislation in the Mongolian People’s Republic. Washington, D.C. Law 253

1958. 53pp. (JPRS DC-UOT.) CNot seen.:

2635 GinsPurgs, George. "Mongolia's 'socialist' constitution," Paaifio Affairs 3U (1961), lUl-156.

2636 Schultz, Lothar. "Die neue Verfassiing der Mongolischen Volksrepuhlik," Osteuropa Eeoht 8 (1962), 45-59. Reviews and compares constitutions of 1924, 1940, and 196O.

2637 The Civil Code of the Mongolian People's Republic. Washington, D.C., 1963 127 pp. (JPRS 19,340.) Qlot seen.:

2638 Collection of Laws and Regulations Concerning State Finances of the Mon­ golian People 's Republic^ Decisions of the Council of Ministers and Instructions of the Ministry of Finance. Washington, D.C., 1963. 216 pp. CNot seen.:

2639 Ginsburgs, George and Richard A. Pierce. "Revolutionary law reform in Outer Mongolia: a study in the impact of Soviet legal doctrine on a backward society," in Miscellanea, Articles, and Texts. V. 7. Law in Eastern Europe (Leiden: A. W. Sythoff, 1963), 207-252. Provides historical background of the autonomous period and the first few years after the revolution (until about 1925). Well written and well researched.

2640 Judicial Structure and Civil Code of the Mongolian People 's Republic. Washington, D.C., 1963. 21 pp. (jPRS 19,503.) CWot seen.:

2641 Ukase of the Presidium of the Small Khural of the Mongolian People 's Repiiblic of 6 August 1948 on the Judicial System of the Mongolian People's Republic. Washington, D.C., 1963. 11 pp. (JPRS 16,986.) CNot seen.:

2642 Laws and Legal Documents of the Mongolian People's Republic. Washington, D.C., 1964. i43 pp. (JPRS 27,051.) CNot seen.:

2643 Sagaster, Klaus. "Zwolf mongolische Strafprozessakten aus der Khalkha- Mongolei (Teil l)," Zentralasiatische Studien 1 (1967), 79-135. 5 pi., facsimiles. Twelve records of criminal cases in Northern Mongolia. Apparently no other parts have been published.

2644 Sagaster, Klaus. "Uber ein weltlich-geistliches Disziplinarverfahren in der Khalkha-Mongolei (1869)," in Studies in South, East, and Central Asia (1968), 87-104. Provides facsimiles, transliteration, translation notes, three maps, and bibliography. About a sacred-secular disciplin­ ary proceeding in Northern Mongolia.

2645 Vercruysse-Bousson, J. and M. Engelborghs-Bertels. "La constitution de la Republique populaire de Mongolie," Revue du Centre d'Etude des Pays de I'Est et du Centre Rational pour I'fltude des Etats de I'Est 1-2 (l97l), 245-300. Thorough discussion of the i960 constitution. 23k Chapter 27

26h6 Aubin, Frangoise. "Le statut de I’enfeint dans la societe mongole,” in L’enfant (Recueils de la Societe Jean Bodin, v. 35) (1975), ^59-599- Covers traditional and modem periods in Northern and Southern Mon­ golia. Thorough documentation and extensive bibliography on the position of the child in Mongol society.

See also entries 1231, 20U3, 2083, 2112, 2128, 2lU9, 2150, 22l4, 2233, 2452, and 2963. Chapter 28

ECONOMY

General Works

26^7 Otter-Barry, R. B. "Mongolia; its economic and political aspects," Journal of the Royal Central Asian Society 1:3 (191^), 3-19-

26hd Verbrugge, R. "La vie des pionniers chinois en Mongolie aux prises avec un sol ingrat (etude economique)," Anthropos l6-17 (1921-22), 265-297, 588-627; 18-19 (1923-2I1), 189-252, 753-770; 20 (1925), 2kh- 275, illus. Discusses the value of silver and the cost of transport, housing, land, food, fuel, clothing, and domestic animals.

2649 Present Manchuria and Mongolia. Dairen: South Manchuria Railway Company, 1924. iv, 116 pp., map. Relatively little on Mongolia.

2650 Karamyshev, V. Mongolia and Western China: Social and Economic Study. Tientsin: La Librairie Frangaise, 1925. xxvii, 401 pp., 30 illus., folding map of Kansu, Sinkiang, and Mongolia. Compilation of informa­ tion on trade opportunities, trade centers, transportation problems, natural resources, and industrial possibilities gleaned from refugee Russian merchants.

2651 Verbrugge, R. "La vie economique au pays de San-Tao-Ho," Anthropos 22 (1927), 507-529, 865-888. On silver, transportation, wood, and prices for houses, land and other items.

2652 Weiske, Fritz. "Die wirtschaftlichen Verhaltnisse in der Ausseren Mon- golei," Osteuropa 4 (1928), l49-l65. Economic conditions in the Mongolian People's Republic.

2653 Nikitin, Basil. La Mongolie. Paris: Imprimerie universelle, 1930. 31 pp. CNot seen.]

2654 Chang Yin-t'ang. The Economic Development and Prospects of Inner Mongolia (ChahaTj Suiyuan^ and Ninghsia). Shanghai: Commercial Press, 1933. xiv, 243 pp.

2655 Thiel, Erich. Die Mongolei: Land, Volk und Wirtschaft der Mongolischen Volksrepuhlik. Munchen: Isar Verlag, 1958. 495 pp. Contains geo­ graphical, ethnographical, and economic information (the latter on pp. 215-469) on the Mongolian People's Republic.

2656 Bawden, Charles. "Economic advance in Mongolia," The World Today 16 (i960), 257-270, map. 255 256 Chapter 28

2657 Iwamura, Shinobu. "Nomad and farmer in Central Asia,” Aata Astattoa 3 (1962), UI+-56. Synopsis of lecture given in New Delhi in 1958*

2658 Murphy, George G. S. "The Mongolian People’s Republic: dual economy?" in 25th ICO^ V. 5 (1963), 3^+3-352.

2659 Ovdienko, Ivan Kh. Eaonomi.c-Geogrccphical Sketch of the Mongol-lean People's Repubt-io. Bloomington, Indiana, 1965- 125 PP« (Mongolia Society Occasional Papers, v. 3.) Discusses territory, geography, natxiral resources, population, economy, and regional differences. Other English versions were published by the U.S. Joint Publication Research Service and in Moscow.

2660 Shirendyb, B. By-passing Cccp-ital-lsm. Ulaanbaatar: MPR State Publishers, 1968. 127 pp. The major official view of economic development.

2661 Ante, Robert W. "Economic development of the Mongolian People's Republic: realities and potentialities," thesis (), I969, 306 pp. CNot seen.I

2662 Dynowski, Witold. "Modernization of Mongolia in two social systems," in Stud-la Mongolsk-le (1973), English summary on p. 33.

See also entries 132, 1267, li+i^6, I56I, 156k, 2047, 2057, 2064, 2074, 2077, 2091, 2307, 2126, 2130, 2137, 2143, 2206, 2253, 2465, 2490, 2771, 2786, 2788, and 2789.

Plann-lngj F-lnanoe, and Stat-lst-lcs

2663 Tokunaga, Kiyoyuki. "The progress of monetary \inification in the Mengchiang provinces," Kyoto Un-lvers-lty Economic Review 15 (l94o), 30-4l. CNot seen,

2664 Mandel, William. "Outer Mongolia's five-year plan: a nomadic society imdertakes to control its economy," Far Eastern Survey 18 (1949), l40- 144.

2665 Chesneaux, Jean. "Du feodalisme pastoral a la planification socialiste," Economique et Politique 20 (1956). CWrong citation, not seen.3

2666 Holzman, Franklyn D. "Equity of the livestock tax of Outer Mongolia," American Slavic and East European Review 15 (1956), 506-510.

2667 Holzman, F. D. "The budget expenditures of Outer Mongolia," Public Finance 12 (1957), 35-47.

2668 Holzman, Franklyn D. "The financial system of the Mongolian People's Republic," in Mongolian People's Republic, v. 3 (1956), Ec 1 - Ec 158. On the unified budget, budget expenditures, budget revenues, money, banking, and fiscal policy.

2669 Holzman, Franklyn D. "The tax system of Outer Mongolia, 1911-55: a brief Economy 257

history," Joiamal of Asian Studies l6 (1957), 221-236.

2670 Miirphy, George G. S. "Planning in the Mongolian People’s Republic," Journal of Asian Studies 18 (1959), 241-258.

2671 Development of the National Economy and Culture of the Mongolian People 's Republic from 1921-1958: A Statistical Compilation. Washington, D.C., 1961. 183 pp., 80 pp. (JPRS 9987.) CNot seen.:

2672 Miller, Robert J. "Buddhist monastic economy: the jisa mechanism," Com­ parative Studies in Society and History 3 (1961), 427-438.

2673 National Economy of the Mongolian People 's Republic for Forty Years: Col­ lection of Statistics. Ulaanbaatar: M.P.R. State Publishers, I96I. 196 pp. In Russian and English. Also yearly summaries translated by the Joint Publications Research Service.

2674 Mongolia: An Economic Handbook. Warrington, England: Joseph Crosfield & Sons Ltd., 1963. 121 pp., 19 maps, plates, tables. Chapters on land, people, government, agriculture, forestry, fisheries, industry, transportation and communications, retail trade and catering, and foreign trade.

2675 Oldziybat, P. The State and Cooperative Commercial Commodity Fund of the Mongolian People’s Republic and its Planning. Washington, D.C., 1963. 40 pp. (JPRS 17,000.) CNot seen.:

2676 Statistics on Achievements of the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in Economic and Cultural Construction. Washington, D.C., 1963. 294 pp. (JPRS 16,952.)

2677 Smith, John Masson, Jr. "Mongol and nomadic taxation," Harvard Journal of Asiatic Studies 30 (l970), 46-85.

2678 Fifty Years of the Mongolian People 's Republic: Statistical Collection. Ulaanbaatar: M.P.R. State Publishers, 1971. CWot seen.:

2679 Szyhkiewicz, S. "Family expenditures in Mongolia: some changes over 50 years," in Olon Ulsyn^ v. 2 (1973), 307-310

See also entry 2474.

Herding and Hunting

2680 Hoinos. "Mongolian camels," Chinese Recorder 6 (l875)> 181-197. Perhaps the oldest study in any Western language.

2681 Wilm, Paul. "Notes on Mongol economy and modern dairy farming in Chahar," Chinese Economic Monthly 3 (1926), 281-295. On geographical, climatic, and geological conditions, the economy of the Mongols, and dairy farming according to foreign methods in Chahar. Many photos and a large good folding map. 258 Chapter 28

2682 Volkonsky, M. T. ’’Milk products of Mongolia," Chinese Eaonomia Monthly 3 (1926), 51+0-550.

2683 Sampilon. "Die Mongolei als das Zukunftsland der Schafzucht," Osteuropa 1 (1926), 392-410. Author was trade delegate of the Mongolian govern­ ment in Berlin who praises Mongolia as the "land of the future in the field of sheep raising.

2684 "The livestock industry in Inner Mongolia," Contemporary Manchuria 3:2 (1939)> 85-105. Discusses principal livestock, products, number of livestock, and exports of livestock products.

2685 Thiel, Erich. "Die Schafzucht Mandschukuos," Zeitschrift fur Schafzucht 29 (1940), 99-104, 116-122, 8 photos.

2686 Murphy, George G. S. "Livestock breeding," in Mongolian People's Republic, V. 2 (1956), 6T5-T95.

2687 Drager, Dieter. "Einige okonomische Aspekte der EntwicklTing der tierischen Produktion in der Mongolischen Volksrepublik (MVR)," Wissenschaftliche Zeitschrift, math.-nat. Reihe, der Humboldt Universitdt 15 (1966), 101- lOT, 3 tables. Some economic aspects of the development of animal production in the Mongolian People's Republic.

2688 Aubin, Fransoise. "Une experience de collectivisation en economic nomade: la cooperation de production rurale en Republique Populaire de Mon— golie," L'Homme et la Society 5 (196T), i41-i48. Based on five months' experience in Mongolia in 1966.

2689 Sinor, Denis. "Some remarks on the economic aspects of hiinting in Central Eurasia," in 8th PIAC (1968), 119-128.

2690 Szynkiewicz, Slawoj. "The role of the herdsmen's cooperatives in moderniz­ ing the country life in Mongolia," in Poland at the Eighth International Congress (1968), 195-210, 2 tables.

2691 Markov, Genadi E. (tr. W. Konig). "Die wirtschaftliche und gesell— schaftliche Struktur der Womadenviehzuchter-Volker Asiens," Abhandlungen und Berichte des Staatlichen Museums fur VdVkerhunde Dresden 31 (19T0), 55-77. On the economic and social structure of the nomadic herding peoples of Central Asia, particularly Mongolia, with extensive bibliography almost entirely in Russian.

See also entries 2299» 2699» and 2701.

Agriculture 2692 Wilm, Paul. "The agricultural methods of Chinese colonists in Mongolia,' Chinese Economic Journal 1 (1927)» 1023-1043, photos.

2693 "Agricultiire in Manchuria and Mongolia," Chinese Economic Journal 1 (1927)» Economy 259

IOUI1-IO58. On faj?m management, farming methods, main crops, special crops, fruit, silkworms and wild silkworms on Chinese farms.

2694 Agricuttvre of Manchuria and Mongolia. Dairen: South Manchuria Railway Company, 1928. iii, 82 pp. CNot seen.]

2695 Moyer, Raymond T. "Some observations on the agric\ilture of Inner Mon­ golia," Journal of the North China Branch 68 (1937). 19-26.

2696 Heissig, Walther. "Mongol farming," Contemporary Manchuria 3:h (1939), 79-96, photos, tables. Discusses size of farms, acquisition of fanning rights, cultivated crops and their commercialization, farming methods, livestock, farm houses and implements, land and labor, taxation, in­ comes , expenditures and management of households.

2697 Kishimoto, K. "Agriculture in Inner Mongolia," Contemporary Manchuria 3:2 (1939), 106-128. Report on a three-week survey of agriculture, including a discussion of the northern limits of the agricultural belt (map), Mongol population figures in early Ch*ing times and the 1930s (showing a 39% decrease), history and methods of penetration by Chinese immigrant farmers, agricultural production, land ownership, and daily life of Chinese farmers and of Mongols.

2698 Albano, Howard. "Agricultural potential," in Mongolian Feople’s RepubliCj V. 2 (1956), 796-827. Based on author's M.A. thesis at the University of Washington.

2699 Myers, Ramon. "Agriculture and animal husbandry," in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (1956), 500-529.

2700 Rona-Tas, A. "Some data on the agriculture of the Mongols," in Opuscula (1959), ^^3-469, 22 photos, h plates of drawings. Very informative.

2701 Accolas, Jean-Pierre, Jean-Pierre Deffontaines, and Frapcoise Aubin. "Les activites rurales en Republique populaire de Mongolia: I. Agriculture et elevage (by Accolas and Aubin), II. Produits laitiers Cby Accolas and DeffontainesI." Etudes Mongoles 6 (1975), 7-98. Maps, photos, charts, and illustrations. On agriculture, ajiimal husbandry, and milk products. Also three appendixes on genetic variants of proteins in the milk of Mongolian cows, by Frangois Grosclaude, on the composition of fatty matter in Mongolian cow milk and horse milk, by Simone Kuzdzal-Savois and Dominique Langlois, and an analytical study of the composition of Mongolian cheeses, by Rene Jeunet.

See also entries 278O and 2823.

Trade and Commerce

2702 Verbrugge, R. "Lamamiao (Mongolie)," Bulletin de la Societe Beige d'^tudes Coloniales 19 (1912), 239-248. On the commercial importance of this town. 260 Chapter 28

2703 Mixrphy, George G. S. "Trade," in Mongolian People's Republia^ v. 2 (1956), 910-985.

2i0k Chang, Perry. "Trade," in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (1956), 530- 538.

2705 Jernakov, V. N. "The Kanjur fair," Zentralasiatisohe Studien 10 (1975), 327-337. Description of a fair in Hul\mhuir province, some economic data, and five photos.

Transportation and Communications

2706 Wilde, Benoni de. "Les voies de communication dans la Mongolia interieure," Bulletin de la Sooi^te Beige d'Etudes Coloniales 20 (1913), 823-836.

2707 Pelliot, Paul. "S\ar yam ou gam, ’relais postal," T'oung Pao 27 (l930), 192-195.

2708 Transportation Conditions and Routes in Eastern Suiyuan and Southern Chahar. Washington, D.C.: Office of Strategic Services, 19^5. 17 pp. CNot seen. II

2709 Murphy, George G. S. "Transportation," in Mongolian People’s RepubliOj V. 2 (1956), 986-998.

2710 Hsu, Paul. "Commxmications," in Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region (1956), 539-550.

2711 Tserennorov, N. "Trans-Mongolian main railway line," Mongolia Today 8:1-2 (1966), 13-16, illus.

See also entries 1796 and 2781.

Industry

2712 Murphy, George G. S. "industrial potential," in Mongolian People’s Republic^ v. 2 (1956), 828-872.

See also entries 2i+5^ and 2^60.