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Thesis Submitted for the Fulfillment of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Science in Botany

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Thesis Submitted for the Fulfillment of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Science in Botany i AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE GROWTH STRATEGIES AND SPREAD OF AN INVASIVE EXOTIC PLANT, PARTHENIUM HYSTEROPHORUS L. IN PUNJAB, PAKISTAN Thesis submitted for the Fulfillment of the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Science in Botany 12 Bot - P h D - 2 0 0 5 DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY GOVERNMENT COLLEGE UNIVERSITY LAHORE, PAKISTAN 2012 ii AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE GROWTH STRATEGIES AND SPREAD OF AN INVASIVE EXOTIC PLANT, PARTHENIUM HYSTEROPHORUS L. IN PUNJAB, PAKISTAN Submitted by: Seemal Vehra Roll No: 12-PhD- 2005 Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Amin U. Khan Director, Sustainable Development Study Center Government College University, Lahore DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY GOVERNMENT COLLEGE UNIVERSITY LAHORE, PAKISTAN 2012 iii A THESIS ENTITLED AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE GROWTH STRATEGIES AND SPREAD OF AN INVASIVE EXOTIC PLANT, PARTHENIUM HYSTEROPHORUS L. IN PUNJAB, PAKISTAN Submitted to Government College University, Lahore, in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the award of degree of Doctor of Philosophy of Science IN BOTANY BY SEEMAL VEHRA ROLL NO: 12-PHD- 2005 DEPARTMENT OF BOTANY GOVERNMENT COLLEGE UNIVERSITY LAHORE, PAKISTAN 2012 iv CERTIFICATE It is certified that the research conducted in this thesis titled, An Investigation into the growth strategies and spread of an invasive exotic plant, Parthenium hysterophorus L. in Punjab, Pakistan has been carried out and completed by Seemal Vehra Roll No: 12-PhD- 2005 under my supervision during her PhD studies. Supervisor Date: _______________________ Prof. Dr. Amin U. Khan Director, Sustainable Development Study Center Government College University, Lahore Submitted through _______________________ ______________________ Prof. Dr. Zaheer ud din Khan Controller of Examinations Chairman Government College University Department of Botany Lahore Government College University, Lahore v DECLARATION I, Seemal Vehra Roll No: 12-PhD- 2005, student Doctor of Philosophy of Science in the subject of Botany, session, hereby declare that the matter printed in the thesis titled, An Investigation into the growth strategies and spread of an invasive exotic plant, Parthenium hysterophorus L. in Punjab, Pakistan, is my own work and has not been printed, published and submitted as session work, thesis or publication in any form, in any university, research institution etc. in Pakistan or abroad. Dated: _________ SEEMAL VEHRA Signature of deponent vi PAGE CONTENTS NO List of Tables ix List of Figures xii List of Plates xvii List of Abbreviations xv Acknowledgment xix Abstract xxi CHAPTER I – INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER II– REVIEW OF LITERATURE 10 2.1 Weed status of Parthenium hysterophorus 11 2.2 Biology of Parthenium hysterophorus 11 2.3 Plant Profile for Parthenium hysterophorus 14 2.4 Description of the plant 15 2.5 Native Range 17 2.6 History of introduction of Parthenium hysterophorus 17 2.7 Global distribution of Parthenium hysterophorus 18 2.8 Distribution of Parthenium hysterophorus in Pakistan 19 2.9 Ecology and growth strategies of Parthenium hysterophorus 20 2.10 Uses of Parthenium hysterophorus 26 2.11 Negative impacts of Parthenium hysterophorus 27 2.12 Management strategies of Parthenium hysterophorus 32 2.13 Efforts to combat spread of alien invasive species 37 CHAPTER III COMPETITION EXPERIMENTS 40 Replacement Series Experiment 40 Materials and Method 42 3.1.1 Site of the experiment 42 3.1.2 Plant species under study 42 3.1.3 Collection of seeds 3.1 43 vii 3.1.4 Schedule for the Replacement Series Experiment 43 3.1.5 Stock plants for investigation 43 3.1.6 Harvest 43 3.1.7 Design of Replacement Series Experiments 44 3.1.8 Estimation of competitive ability 44 3.1.9 Indices of competitive ability 45 3.1.10 Statistical analysis 47 Results 47 3.2.1 Interpretation on the basis of Absolute Yield (dry weight) 47 3.2.2 Interpretation on the basis of Root/Shoot ratios 57 3.2 3.2.3 Interpretation on the basis of Relative yield and Relative yield 62 Total (RYT) 3.2.4 Interpretation on the basis of Relative Crowding Coefficient 71 (K) 3.2.5 Interpretation of the replacement diagrams 80 Discussion 89 Comparison of the Root: Shoot Ratio (R:S) 89 3.3 3.3.1 Ranking of competitiveness on the basis of competition 3.3.2 indices 92 CHAPTER IV RECONNAISSANCE SURVEY 95 4.1 Study area 95 4.2 Objective of the reconnaissance survey 98 4.3 Methodology 98 4.4 Results and Discussion 99 CHAPTER V PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL SURVEY 105 Materials and Method 105 5.1.1 Field Survey 105 5.1 5.1.2 Assessment Techniques 105 5.1.3 Statistics 113 Results 113 Correlation between Cover, Biomass and soil moisture 5.2 5.2.1 113 content 5.2.2 Visual Cover Estimation 113 5.2.3 Biomass Determination 126 viii 5.2.4 Soil textural analysis 132 5.2.5 Importance Value Index 137 5.2.6 Phenological study 140 5.3 Discussion 146 CHAPTER VI COMMUNITY PERCEPTION ABOUT THE PREVALENCE AND IMPACT OF PARTHENIUM HYSTEROPHORUS 6.1 Methodology 150 6.2 Results 151 6.2.1 Response by urban residents 152 6.2.2 Response by rural residents 157 6.2.3 Response by Farmers 162 6.2.4 Response by Foresters 169 6.2.5 Response by Florists 175 6.3 Discussion 183 CHAPTER VII GENERAL DISCUSSION 185 CHAPTER VIII REFERENCES 191 APPENDICES 212 ix LIST OF TABLES PAGE SR. NO DESCRIPTION NO Average dry weights of shoots, roots and whole plants of Table No.3.1 C. album and P. hysterophorus at corresponding relative 49 planting frequencies in Replacement Series Experiment Average dry weights of shoots, roots and whole plants of Table No.3.2 K. indica and P. hysterophorus at corresponding 50 relative planting frequencies in Replacement Series Experiment. Average dry weights of shoots, roots and whole plants Table No.3.3 of Cannabis sativa and P. hysterophorus at 52 corresponding relative planting frequencies in Replacement Series Experiment Average dry weights of shoots, roots and whole plants Table No.3.4 of Amaranthus viridis and P. hysterophorus at 53 corresponding relative planting frequencies in Replacement Series Experiment Average Dry weights of shoots, roots and whole plants Table No.3.5 of Cassia occidentalis and P. hysterophorus at 55 corresponding relative planting frequencies in Replacement Series Experiment Average dry weights of shoots, roots and whole plants Table No.3.6 of Setaria glauca and P. hysterophorus at 56 corresponding relative planting frequencies in Replacement Series Experiment Table No.3.7 Root/shoot ratio of dry weights of C. album vs P. 59 hysterophorus and in Replacement Series Experiment Table No.3.8 Root/shoot ratio of dry weights of K. indica vs P. 59 hysterophorus in Replacement Series Experiment Average Root/shoot ratio of dry weights of Cannabis Table No.3.9 sativa vs P. hysterophorus in Replacement Series 60 Experiment. Average Root/shoot ratio of dry weights of Amaranthus Table No.3.10 viridis vs P. hysterophorus in Replacement Series 60 Experiment Average Root/shoot ratio of dry weights of Cassia Table No.3.11 occidentalis vs P. hysterophorus in Replacement Series 61 Experiment Table No. 3.12 Average Root/shoot ratio of dry weights of S. glauca vs 61 P. hysterophorus in Replacement Series Experiment Relative Yields of C. album (rc) and P. hysterophorus (rp) Table No. 3.13 and Relative Yield Total (RYT) in corresponding plant 63 frequencies Relative Yields of K. indica (rk) and P. hysterophorus Table No. 3.14 (rp) and Relative Yield Total (RYT) in corresponding 64 plant frequencies x Relative Yields of Cannabis sativa (rcs ) and P. Table No. 3.15 hysterophorus (rp) and Relative Yield Total (RYT) in 66 corresponding plant frequencies Relative Yields of Amaranthus viridis(rav ) and P. Table No. 3.16 hysterophorus (rp) and Relative Yield Total (RYT) in 67 corresponding plant frequencies Relative Yields of Cassia occidentalis (rco ) and P. Table No. 3.17 hysterophorus (rp) and Relative Yield Total (RYT) in 69 corresponding plant frequencies Relative Yields of S. glauca (r s ) and P. hysterophorus Table No. 3.18 (rp) andRelative Yield Total (RYT) in corresponding 70 plant frequencies Table No.3.19 Relative Crowding Coefficients of C. album (kc) and P. 72 hysterophorus (kp) and their product Table No. 3.20 Relative Crowding Coefficients of K. indica (kk) and P. 73 hysterophorus (kp) and their product Table No. 3.21 Relative Crowding Coefficients of Cannabis sativa 75 (kcs) and P. hysterophorus (kp) and their product Table No. 3.22 Relative Crowding Coefficients of Amaranthus viridis 76 (kav) and P. hysterophorus (kp) and their product Table No. 3.23 Relative Crowding Coefficients of Cassia occidentalis 78 (kco) and P. hysterophorus (kp) and their product. Table No. 3.24 Relative Crowding Coefficients of S. glauca (ksg) and 79 P. hysterophorus (kp) and their product Table No. 3.25 Crowding Coefficients of P. hysterophorus and six 92 common co- occurring species Table No. 4.1 Presence of P. hysterophorus in the three zones 104 Table No. 5.1 Soil moisture content ; Cover and Biomass of P. 116 hysterophorus in District Jhelum Table No. 5.2 Soil moisture content; Cover and Biomass of P. 116 hysterophorus in District Gujrat Table No. 5.3 Soil moisture content; Cover and Biomass of P. 117 hysterophorus in District Sialkot Table No. 5.4 Soil moisture content; Cover and Biomass of P. 117 hysterophorus in District Narowal Table No. 5.5 Soil moisture content; Cover and Biomass of P. 118 hysterophorus in District Gujranwala Table No. 5.6 Soil moisture content; Cover and Biomass of P. 118 hysterophorus in District Sargodha Table No. 5.7 Soil moisture content; Cover and Biomass of P. 119 hysterophorus in District Sheikhupura Table No. 5.8 Soil moisture content; Cover and Biomass of P. 119 hysterophorus in District Nankana Table No.
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