- - - 127 Volume 13 • 2016 13 • Volume - - - - Volume 13 . We argue argue Amnesia: The Dark Descent. We media psychology, game studies, consilience, horror, game studies, consilience, horror, media psychology, posed consilience as a solution. They argue that humanists should argue posed consilience as a solution. They build on recent findings in the sciences of mind, including cogni- pit- and benefits the discuss We psychology. evolutionary and tive analy- an with discussion our illustrating approach, an such of falls sis of the horror video game and empirical developments in the evolu theoretical recent that tionary social sciences can make sense of how and why horror games so effectively foster immersion and predictable psycho evolved survival mechanisms They target physiological responses. and are structured to reward vigilance and persistence in the face we discuss and - of re fear- and anxiety-provoking stimuli. Finally, fute a number of common criticisms of the consilient approach. Keywords Abstract humanities, some scholars have pro to the crisis in the In response is graduate student at the School of Communication and Cul is graduate student at the School of Communication is assistant professor in literature and media at the School of in literature is assistant professor His re University. Aarhus Communication and Culture, ofstudy interdisciplinary the with concerned mainly is search editor of Evolutio frightening entertainment. He is associate nary Studies in Imaginative Culture. covers the agonistic His research University. Aarhus ture, He has and its adaptive roots. culture of popular structure villains in Evolu published on the psychology of pop-cultural tionary Behavioral Sciences.

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(1998), he identi Volume 13 Consilience Mathias Clasen, Jens Kjeldgaard-Christiansen Clasen, Mathias A Consilient Approach to Horror Video Games to Horror Approach A Consilient We agree with Wilson that this is a major problem. We agree also agree We problem. major a is this that Wilson with agree We but do not reduce to physics. From this uncontroversial epistemol uncontroversial this From physics. to reduce not do but con should sciences human the heuristic: useful a fractionates ogy A 2003). (Gottschall art approach we how determine not but strain, consilient approach, then, is uniquely equipped to shed light on the form and function of cultural artifacts. It counteracts the anti- scientific ethos of dominant paradigms, which poststructuralist irrelevance perceived and crisis the to significantly contributed has of the humanities. make new and exciting discoveries when working from this intel also gave up poststructuralism lectual impasse? In giving up truth, relevance. scientific with his solution. Humanistic scholarship may be concerned with that follow not does it but species, particular a of idiosyncrasies the the enterprise should be itself equally idiosyncratic. The humani the touchstone methodological a as adopting from benefit will ties caus hierarchical unified, a forms reality consilience: of tenet basic biology of laws The 2016). Wilson and McAdams, (Carroll, order al but do obey, not reduce to chemistry; the laws of chemistry obey, were left behind, unable or unwilling to explore the implications of implications the explore to unwilling or unable behind, left were the 20th century’s major scientificWilson advances. argued that this unhappy development an reached apogee with the emergence of poststructuralism in the 1970s. Declaring that human inquiry could never transcend the indeterminate nature of the sign, the poststructuralists went on a campaign of radical antifoundational ism. they There was held, no of valid choosing way, between com peting hypotheses, especially not in human affairs. The ensuing intellectual climate has sustained scientifically outmoded explana tory paradigms such as orthodox psychoanalysis and later recon figurations How of could Freudian theory. humanistic scholars Introduction By their own admission, the humanities are in trouble. Interest is dwindling in- and outside academia, funding is decreasing, em ployment prospects are poor (Gottschall 2008; Delany 2013; Lewin 2013). The crisis has many causes, but when the public intellectual in the problem addressed E.O. Wilson fied at its crux an epistemic rift between the humanities and the sciences. The lack of fruitful dialogue between the “two cultures” they isolation; epistemic in humanities the for resulted 2012) (Snow quarter

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Amnesia Volume 13 Amnesia: The Dark Descent The Dark Amnesia: Mathias Clasen, Jens Kjeldgaard-Christiansen Clasen, Mathias A Consilient Approach to Horror Video Games to Horror Approach A Consilient In this article we illustrate the consilient approach by analyzing The poststructuralist dominance has not gone unchallenged, and has not gone unchallenged, dominance The poststructuralist the popular survival-horror video game video survival-horror popular the pow explanatory the demonstrating thus 2010), Games (Frictional er of a vertically integrated framework. focus We on cause it stands as an exemplar of the a subgenre, crystallization of 2014). (Tosca game video of type this characterize that elements the The game exploits narrative, ludic, and modal devices that to the human psychophysiological danger-managementgether target process. the in persistence and vigilance player rewarding system, stract “monstrous feminine,” a metaphorical image of the “castrat ing female” that metaphorically threatens the integrity of the male at are There least two with problems this First,interpretation. body. to be— indeed have reason are—or is no evidence that humans there possessed of such a phobia. Second, Creed’s metaphorical castrator empty an is It configuration. audiovisual possible any to itself molds concept turned empty explanation. If horror studies is to make real progress, then horror scholars must abandon antiquated theories and stretchy metaphors. They must locate the field within a consil paradigm (Clasen 2012; Clasen 2016). ient research handmaidens of science; the cultural-historical complexity of hu manistic subject matter will continue to necessitate traditional approaches and Car in an integrated paradigm (Boyd, Gottschall, 2010; Carroll roll 2013; Rainsford 2007). What will have to give is maketo scholars humanistic allows that free-for-all theoretical the the of topic the instance, for about, pronouncements silly frankly present article: horrific entertainment. Psychoanalytical horror study (Dumas 2014; Schneider 2004), for example, proceeds from unscientific premises (Kihlstrom 2009) that profoundly distort its (1996) manages to conceptual Creed Thus, Barbara subject matter. ize wildly divergent film scares as different expressions of an ab many have done so from a Wilsonian position (Boyd 2009; Carroll 2013; Gottschall 2008; Pinker 2002). An increasing number of “bio cultural” scholars absorb the major and theoretical empirical break al. et social sciences (Carroll the evolutionary in, especially, throughs relevance lost the humanities stand to reclaim that 2015). They argue and prestige if they reconnect to the knowns of the human condi tion. Such an aspiration will neither erode the purpose of the hu the disciplines into time-honored and their rich turn manities, nor quarter

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Volume ’s Castle Brennen 13 Amnesia Mathias Clasen, Jens Kjeldgaard-Christiansen Clasen, Mathias A Consilient Approach to Horror Video Games to Horror Approach A Consilient is set in a haunting vision of 19th-century Prussia. The

Fig. 1. The dark and disturbing interior of burg. sold has It success. across-the-board an was game independent The thousands than one million copies (Grip 2012) and prompted more ter vocal with it to responding players featuring videos YouTube of The ror. prominent gaming website IGN.com called it “one of the ing, explaining to him that he has erased his own memory, and that and memory, own his erased has he that him to explaining ing, the kill to castle the of Sanctum Inner the into venture now must he This will evil Alexander. bring baron redemption to him and his pre-amnesic self. It is also revealed that a “shadow” is stalking Daniel, and that it can only be evaded, not stopped. So informed, Daniel begins his descent. The analysis serves as an implicit argument for its assumptions: only by measuring our conclusions against the scientific evidence integration and validity. can we ensure Descent The Dark Amnesia: Amnesia Daniel, who of the player amnesic assumes protagonist, the role inexplicably wakes up in the dark, dilapidated Castle Brennen burg. Daniel quickly discovers a note, seemingly of his own mak quarter

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Volume 13 belongs to a subgen thrusts players into a thrusts Amnesia Amnesia Mathias Clasen, Jens Kjeldgaard-Christiansen Clasen, Mathias A Consilient Approach to Horror Video Games to Horror Approach A Consilient is effective as a horror game because it imaginatively uses a first-person optical point-of-view to foster player Amnesia Amnesia preferable preferable to a false negative (Atran and Norenzayan 2004; Hasel ton and Buss 2000) – and find it difficult to consciously extinguish the physiological response to such a false alarm. Mediated horror, including horror video games, has developed to take advantage of these design characteristics. enables This 2). (fig. 2003) McMahan 2002; (Krzywinska immersion As the game the player to imaginatively enter the game themselves. evolved over millions of years in response to threats to our ances tors’ fitness, and its design specifications reflect its evolutionary lineage. The human fear module is preferentially attentive to evo spiders, and hostile reptiles, stimuli such as lutionarily relevant conspecifics (LoBue 2013; Marks and Nesse 1994; Seligman 1971), rather dangers ancestral reflect monsters horror why explains which 2012). (Clasen fats trans and tools power as such ones modern than automa by characterized is module the of operation the Moreover, and hyper-reactivity, cognitive ticity, encapsulation (Öhman and Mineka 2001). This explains why humans tend to jump at shad ows – in potentially life-threatening situations, a false positive is structured structured around a single-minded affective ambition: It to terrify. uses a fairly narrow range of formal devices to achieve that ambi many so do why And effective? so game the makes then, What, tion. answering in is It experience? of kind that out seek willingly people such questions of ultimate causation that the consilient approach shows its value. stim with teeming environment virtual a into player the transports uli that meet the input criteria of an evolutionarily conserved de fense mechanism into hardwired the human nervous system. That has – 2001) Mineka and (Öhman module” “fear the – mechanism scariest games in recent memory” and added with approval that few other video games “are able to conjure up an atmosphere this 2010). (Onyett frightening” genuinely re of horror video games This called subgenre, the survival horror. digital history of which stretches back to the early 1980s, lets the player control a more or less defenseless avatar in a game-world such of objective primary The 2009). (Perron danger with brimming dangers. these to survive is games and is virtual environment and unpredictable dark, threatening, quarter

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Volume 13 Mathias Clasen, Jens Kjeldgaard-Christiansen Clasen, Mathias A Consilient Approach to Horror Video Games to Horror Approach A Consilient ’s first-person perspective fosters immersion. Amnesia

Fig. 2. tins 2015; Rouse III 2009). audio-visual cues are designed to intensify the player’s emotional in a manner shots parallel in to horror the response, use of reaction film. the Finally, player interacts with the virtual environment via The the player’savatar. actions thus determine the outcome of the quick A programming. the by set parameters scripted within game, flick of the mouse can mean the difference between life (the avatar (the avatar dies and the play lives and the game goes on) and death er is forced to replay that section of the game). This illustrates the advantage of horror in video games over horror in other media: unfold the in emotionally invest to player the prompts interactivity ing narrative, which further enhances and immersion Mar (Lynch designers put it, “one of the main goals was for the player to be come the protagonist” (Grip 2010). Visual and auditory cues scaf Dan Whenever transportation. imaginative of mechanism this fold decomposing of tableau a as (such scenes disturbing encounters iel avatar’sthe distance), the monster in a or corpses antici response pates and mirrors the player’s intended response: the game emits breathing, quickened heart, accelerating an of representations sonic the and visual anxious field whimpering. isMoreover, distorted in changes (fig. 3). These perceptual of fear-triggered a representation quarter

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Volume 13 , however, the use of lightof use the however, , features a concentration of stim of concentration a features Amnesia Amnesia Mathias Clasen, Jens Kjeldgaard-Christiansen Clasen, Mathias A Consilient Approach to Horror Video Games to Horror Approach A Consilient ’s celebrated insanity mechanic is designed to increase increase to designed is celebrated insanity mechanic ’s and intensified by the vulnerability imposed on the play the on imposed vulnerability the by intensified and Amnesia Amnesia and Davis 1997; Li et al. 2015). In 2015). al. et Li 1997; Davis and sources to counteract the anxiety produced by darkness makes likely. even more death by predation engaging its monsters in combat. the player’s sense of vulnerability and to motivate defensive and dark to exposed is avatar the When behavior. in-game exploratory distor and control of lack a experiences player the long, too for ness tion of the visual field (fig. 3). This impairs the player’s ability to escape the monsters. The use of light sources counteracts avatar attracting of effect side the has but control, full restores and insanity monster attention. It is a catch-22. Humans have poor night-vision, and darkness sets our fear module on edge because a loss of visual information makes us much vulnerable more to (Grillonpredation pacities for social cognition and cooperation (Gazzaniga 2008; To masello et al. 2005). The flip-side of our hyper-social nature is the vul us leaves Isolation isolation. involuntary attend can that anxiety nerable to evolved predation and to assault. feel We anxiety in re negative emotion motivates us tosponse to isolation because this 2008).Patrick and (Cacioppo comfort and protection for others seek and dark in alone being is alone being than worse prospect only The agents. malicious and powerful to prey surroundings, unpredictable This is the evolutionarily salient nightmare scenario brought to life in er. The game-world affords the player no weapons and no way of The virtual environment of environment virtual The uli that reflect the structure of the human fear module rather than the structure of the player’s empirical world. Seldom do we find ourselves alone in the dark, lost and hunted by predatory forces of evil while teetering on the this edge Yet premise of reso insanity. nates powerfully with evolved dispositions. Humans are relatively weak and defenseless; what we lack in the way of muscle, claws, and fangs, we make up for in our ability to imaginatively forecast and plan for worst-case scenarios, as well as our unparalleled ca quarter

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Volume 13 ’s predators, however, ’s are predators, however, Amnesia Mathias Clasen, Jens Kjeldgaard-Christiansen Clasen, Mathias A Consilient Approach to Horror Video Games to Horror Approach A Consilient also uses ambiguous cues of agency to prime the fear Amnesia protect protect our ancestors from harm by camouflaged ambush preda swing open, blowing doors sees player the game the in Early tors. ing chandeliers, and books falling from a bookcase. These events suggest but agency, that agency is withheld from the player. The keeps that one 2008), (Öhman response anxiety defensive a is result players on edge. The game designers’ strategy of informing play ers that they are “stalked” by a and “shadow,” then withholding that shadow from view during the first hour or so of gameplay none, but the monsters are calibrated to meet the input specifica tions of the human fear module, which evolved to be sensitive to 2005). cues (Barrett predator cats big as such counterparts, real-world their than horrifying more or hostile conspecifics. They are supernormal monsters, imaginary beings worse than anything nature ever produced, and thus more 2010). (Barrett response emotional negative a generating in effective over to module the of tendency adaptive the particular in module, shoot given This the aspect slightest of cue the of module, danger. dubbed “hyperactive agency detection” (Barrett 2004), evolved to Fig. 3. The player suffers perceptual disturbances and monster attack. disturbances Fig. 3. The player suffers perceptual vaguely distorted human-like mor monsters have The predatory preda of means with equipped are and agency, malicious phology, tion, including a very large, fanged mouth and what appear to be claws. The odds of meeting such organisms in real life are slim to quarter

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Volume 13 Mathias Clasen, Jens Kjeldgaard-Christiansen Clasen, Mathias A Consilient Approach to Horror Video Games to Horror Approach A Consilient , then, is well designed to exploit the structure of the Making sense of the effects, appeals, and functions of horrorre Amnesia havior, cognition, and havior, emotion, a vertically integrated approach of and appeals peculiar the of explanation up-to-date adequate, an fers workings of horror. Approach Challenges to the Consilient loads on both opportunities and challenges. The consilient approach that the opportunities tilt the balance clearly in its have proposed We not least favor, in the potential of consilience to epistemic restore tive emotion not safely come by in real life. in real tive emotion not safely come by quires an understanding of the psychological underpinnings of the first at that module fear human the of aspects those including genre, hor for penchant cross-cultural the Indeed, irrational. appear glance rifying entertainment is a puzzle for those who view humans as ra tional agents. The avoided Freudians that mistake by viewing hu irrational, mans but as committed profoundly another by positing chimerical mechanisms at the roots of human irrationality and hor building By mistake. that to corrective a offers Consilience liking. ror on human be research on and incorporating the latest, most robust solve the puzzles that halt story Why progression). do players ex pose themselves to a virtual experience predominantly structured medium whatever in horror that argue We affect? negative around satisfies an evolved desire for simulated experience (Clasen 2012; good particularly are games video Horror 2001). Owens and Steen effec in media; other in horror to compared immersion fostering at games, the player and the avatar melt video tive survival-horror producing together, a strong sense of immersion and thus strong emotional engagement (Rouse III 2009). They offer consumers in tense emotional stimulation in a context known to be safe, and vectors thus to represent vicarious experience with levels of nega while exposing players to ambiguous cues of agency, is yet another yet is agency, of cues ambiguous to players exposing while example of how the game exploits evolved dispositions to engage response. in them a negative emotional players and provoke vig rewards game The module. fear human adaptive and evolved ilance (only by paying close attention to affordances in the virtual complete the game) and persistence in can the player environment the face of game-induced negative affect (only by trial-and-error can the player build the expertise needed to avoid predators and quarter

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Volume 13 Mathias Clasen, Jens Kjeldgaard-Christiansen Clasen, Mathias A Consilient Approach to Horror Video Games to Horror Approach A Consilient Others have argued that hermeneutic scholarship is so inherently scholarship is so inherently that hermeneutic Others have argued First is the epistemological angle. Some critics hold that the hu The social sciences also explore the contents of such representa tions, including human interests, preferences, and concerns. Seek ing to integrate between the two cultures, consilient humanistic e scholarship is now assimilating the empirical methods of scienc imaginative invest and employing them to illuminate our shared ments (Carroll et al. 2015). Competent inquiry into human experi nei is it but undertaking, challenging and complex a indeed is ence ther for the humanities nor for the sciences a disarming one. complex as to be a bridge too far for the consilient approach (Good approach consilient the for far too bridge a be to as complex heart 2007). This line is of demonstrably argument false. Humanis tic scholars habitually make claims about what humans are like, of examples claims, scientific potentially least at are These why. and also objection The article. this of sections preceding in feature which seems confused when viewed the from perspective of the sciences. As the psychologist points out, “the real medium of artists, whatever their genre, is human mental representations” processing, their reception, – (2002, 414). Mental representations and behavioral consequences – index psychological disciplines. history of this lazy argument, as Wilson (1998) and others point out, point others and (1998) Wilson as argument, lazy this of history vitalists the example, for century, 19th the In failure. repeat of one is anointed biological life an epistemic insuperable. In the 20th cen cogni Modern mind. human the to moved had post goal the tury, tive science is now prying at it from all sides, mapping its neural biases. and quirks of range astounding its uncovering and substrate shedhas discouraged, more no scholarship, humanistic Consilient light on the forms and functions of art (Boyd 2009; Carroll 2013; Kjeldgaard-Christiansen 2013; Jonsson 2009; Dutton 2012; Clasen 2015). In the process it is showing an interlocking of cause and ef disciplinary boundaries. fect across relevance to humanities scholarship (Carroll et al. 2015; Slingerland et al. scholarship (Carroll to humanities relevance and Collard 2012). By bringing this scholarship into line with con vergent findings from the human sciences, scholars in the humani ties will be better equipped to contribute to integrative research on the human condition. In this section we address a number of oft- counterpoints to that view. cited or -implied manities a represent ‘different way of knowing,’ arealm of deeper The 1993). (Dupré science of organon the from off sectioned insight quarter

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Volume 13 Mathias Clasen, Jens Kjeldgaard-Christiansen Clasen, Mathias A Consilient Approach to Horror Video Games to Horror Approach A Consilient Finally, Harpham,Geoffrey of former and the President Director Finally, A lesson A salvageable from the complexity argument is that the searchers, and this is the real threat to scholarly creativity (Carroll (Carroll to scholarly creativity threat and this is the real searchers, for say to has Harpham what with agree we while Therefore, 2010). po his that submit we humanities, qua humanities the of value the sition is compatible with a consilient research paradigm, properly understood. disciplinary collapse, purportedly the aim of Wilsonean consilience, Wilsonean of aim the purportedly collapse, disciplinary would compromise spaces of creative edification within and be disciplines formal the that notes rightly He (2015). disciplines tween represent “concessions to human finitude” (236) and hence a kind of bounded optimum. The answer to this charge is that no one, in cluding and Wilson the authors of the present article, is proposing this of referent the to as puzzled are We disciplines. the collapse to and allowed forays interdisciplinary the However, position. radical possible only are – us by for argued and – (236) Harpham by lauded prax academic the in permeable are borders disciplinary as insofar is. They very often are not, especially for young and untenured re ontic complexity, their ties ontic begin complexity, to fall out of focus. This is not a lofty epistemological argument; it is the working assumption of the scientific enterprise. Thus, wedo not try to explain why hu mans like sex (or horror) in terms of particle physics. engage We the problem at proximate levels, including those of evolutionary that consil is implication The cultural anthropology. biology and and this be eclectically prudent, ient humanistic scholarship must entails basic literacy with candidate disciplines. These, naturally, center on the sciences of mind. American National Humanities has Center, recently argued that merits of consilience in the abstract cannot offset methodological in an order disciplines connects analysis Consilient imprudence. of increasing complexity that specifies potential explanatory ties 1998). (Carroll, McAdams, 2016; For and Wilson example, Wilson evo and psychology, evolutionary inform can biology behavioral lutionary psychology can inform media interpretation—this was the assumption of our game analysis. But as investigators’ theo retical starting point and area of application diverge in terms of quarter

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, 27 (6): 713-30. Volume 13 . New York: . Columbia New York: , edited by David M. Buss, . New York: W.W. Norton & Co. W.W. York: . New is structured to target the evolved to target is structured Mathias Clasen, Jens Kjeldgaard-Christiansen Clasen, Mathias A Consilient Approach to Horror Video Games to Horror Approach A Consilient Amnesia Why Would Anyone Believe in God? Why Would Supernormal Stimuli: How Primal Urges Over Urges Primal How Supernormal Stimuli: Behavioral and Brain Sciences On the Origin of Stories: Evolution, Cognition, and Cognition, On the Origin of Stories: Evolution, . Referencing especially the evolutionary social sci social evolutionary the especially Referencing . . Cambridge: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Creek, CA: AltaMira Press. AltaMira CA: Creek, Fiction Press. Reader and Film: A Evolution, Literature, University Press. ary Landscape: Counterintuition, Commitment, Compassion, Communion.” doi:10.1017/S0140525X04230175. Psychology of Evolutionary Handbook & Sons Inc. 200-223. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley ran Their Evolutionary Purpose Boyd, Brian. 2009. 2010. eds. Boyd, Brian, , and Joseph Carroll, References Ara 2004. Atran, Norenzayan. “Religion’s Scott, Evolution and In Prey.” and Predators to “Adaptations 2005. Clark. H. Barrett, 2010. Deirdre. Barrett, Justin L. 2004. Barrett, positing an adaptive function for imaginative artifacts designed to instill negative emotion in their audience. Humans evolved to find pleasure in vicarious experience with threatening scenarios. We concluded the article with a defense of consilience against its de run does not, contra their charges, tractors. The consilient approach afoul of the complexly cultural subject matter of the humanities. it Rather, specifies promising, integrativeperspectives on it. Many uncharted territory to consilient subjects in the humanities remain scholarship, and we are eagerly anticipating future exploration of these domains. Conclusion In this article we have argued for consilience as at least a partial consilient the illustrated We humanities. the of crisis the to solution approach with a short analysis of the horror video game The Dark Descent ences, we showed that human fear module, thus eliciting predictable psychological re consilienta how showed also We behaviors. attendant and sponses by horror of paradox the dissolves games video horror to approach quarter

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, edited by Bar by edited , 16 (2): 222-229. . New York, NY: NY: . New York, Volume 13 Loneliness: Human Na Loneliness: Human Harry M. Benshoff, 22-

. New York: Norton. York: . New Evolutionary Behavioral Sci Darwin’s Bridge: Uniting the Hu Darwin’s , edited by . Accessed January 15, 2016. . . Cambridge, MA: Harvard University University Harvard MA: Cambridge, . Mathias Clasen, Jens Kjeldgaard-Christiansen Clasen, Mathias A Consilient Approach to Horror Video Games to Horror Approach A Consilient 41: 53–67. doi:10.1353/nlh.0.0144. , edited by Joseph Carroll, Dan P. McAdams, P. Dan , edited by Joseph Carroll, Review of General Psychology The Art Instinct: Beauty, Pleasure, and Human Pleasure, The Art Instinct: Beauty, The Disorder of Things: Metaphysical Foundations . New York, NY: Bloomsbury Press. NY: York, . New The New York Times The New York . Albany: SUNY Press. Albany: SUNY . Reading Human Nature: Literary Darwinism in Theory and in Theory and Literary Darwinism Nature: Reading Human Online first. doi:10.1037/ebs0000058.

. of the Disunity of Science Press. Film Companion to the Horror & Sons, Inc. 37. Malden, MA: John Wiley Evolution manities and Sciences Univer Oxford NY: York, New 183-193. Wilson, O. Edward and sity Press. Film Horror the and Gender Difference: Theof Dread Press. Austin, TX: University of Texas ry K. Grant, 35-65. Globe.” www.nytimes.com/2013/12/02/us/humanities-studies-un der-strain-around-the-globe.html?_r=0. ences to Horror Stories.” doi:10.1037/a0027918. Consilient and A Evolved Architecture: Danger-Management In Fiction.” Horror to Approach Kratschmer, Luseadra McKerracher, Felix Luseadra Riede, McKerracher, Kratschmer, Jens-Christian C. Svenning, 2015. and “Biocultural Peter Theory: Kjærgaard. The Current State of Knowledge.” ture and the Need for Social Connection and the ture New Literary History Practice and Sciences Bridge: Uniting the Humanities win’s University Press. Oxford Dutton, Dennis. 2009. Creed, Creed, Barbara. 1996. “Horror and the Monstrous-Feminine.” In the Around Strain Under Studies “Humanities 2013. Ella. Delany, Clasen, Mathias. 2016. “Terrifying Clasen, Monsters, Mathias. Malevolent 2016. Ghosts, “Terrifying Dumas, Chris. 2014. “Horror and Psychoanalysis: A In Primer.” Dupré, John. 1993. Carroll, Carroll, Joseph, Mathias Clasen, Emelie Jonsson, Alexandra R. Clasen, Mathias. 2012. “Monsters Evolve: A Biocultural Approach Cacioppo, John T. and William Patrick. 2008. and William Cacioppo, John T. Carroll, Joseph. 2010. “Three scenarios for literary Darwinism.” ---. 2013. eds. Wilson, O. Edward and McAdams, P. Dan Joseph, Carroll, quarter

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. 78 (1): 81-91. . PC. Helsing https://www. (15h ed.), edit 27 (2): 255-268. http://frictional Volume 13 . In The Games of Madness 42 (2): 221-240. doi:10.1353/ 47 (3): 295–314. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/ . Style Human: The Science Behind What MakesHuman: The Science Literature, Science, and a New Humanities Science, and a New Literature, Darwinian Misadventures in the Humani Darwinian Misadventures Mathias Clasen, Jens Kjeldgaard-Christiansen Clasen, Mathias Amnesia: The Dark Descent Amnesia: The Dark A Consilient Approach to Horror Video Games to Horror Approach A Consilient Philosophy and Literature , November 22. Accessed January 17, 2016.17, January Accessed 22. November , . College Literature 34 (4): 451-458. . New York: Ecco. York: . New Journal of Personality and Journal of Personality and cies-and-the-good-gripping-dreams-of . New Brunswick and London: Transaction Publishers. Transaction and London: . New Brunswick Atkinson & Hilgard’s Introduction to Psychology Introduction Atkinson & Hilgard’s borg: Frictional Games. Us Unique Dreams Dreams of H. G. Wells.” questia.com/library/journal/1G1-354858554/the-human- spe In R.Geoff Fredrickson, L. Barbara Nolen-Hoeksema, Susan by ed Loftus and A. 497. Willem Wagenaa, Hampshire, UK: Cengage Learning EMEA. September 10. Accessed January 17, 2016. games.blogspot.dk/2012/09/amnesia-two-years-later.html ciplinary Age.” lit.2015.0018. New A Theory: Perspective on Biases in Cross-Sex Mind Read ing.” http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/10653507 New York: Palgrave Macmillan. Palgrave York: New Startle Conditioning in Humans: Explicit and Contextual Cue Training.” Unpaired Versus Paired Following Conditioning chophysiology pubmed/9260498 The Games of Madness http://frictionalgames.blogspot.com/2010/11/how-player- becomes-protagonist.html ties ian Literary Study.” doi:10.1353/phl.2003.0047. Kihlstrom, Kihlstrom, John 2009. F. “Freud is a Dead on Weight Psychology.” ---. 2012. “Amnesia – Two Years Later.” ---. Later.” 2012. “Amnesia Years – Two G. 2015.Harpham, “DefendingGeoffrey Disciplines in an Interdis Management “Error 2000. Buss. M. David and G., Martie Haselton, Gripping Good the and Species Human “The 2013. Emelie. Jonsson, Gottschall, Jonathan. 2008. Grillon, Christian, and Michael Davis. 1997. “Fear-Potentiated Becomes the Protagonist.” Grip, Thomas. 2010. “How the Player Frictional Games. 2010. S. 2008. Gazzaniga, Michael Goodheart, Eugene. 2007. Gottschall, Jonathan. of 2003. Knowledge “The and Tree Darwin quarter

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