Jati, Bilangan 3, Ogos 1997 63 PULAU SINGAPURA, 1819-1930

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Jati, Bilangan 3, Ogos 1997 63 PULAU SINGAPURA, 1819-1930 Jati, Bilangan3, Ogos1997 63 PULAU SINGAPURA, 1819-1930:PERANAN PULAU-PULAU LAIN YANG TERPINGGIR DI DALAM SEJARAHNYA Hanizah ldris Penyelidikanmengenai sejarah Singapura telah menemuitema-tema persoalan baru yang tersirat daripadayang tersurat. Tema yang dominan dan mula mendapat tumpuanadalah mengenai pembangunan dan perkembanganpelabuhan khasnya PelabuhanSingapura. Singapurasering digambarkan sebagai sebuah pulau yang berjayadibangunkan oleh pihak British.Tetapi pada hakikatnya wilayah Singapura itu sendiri meliputi rangkaian pulau-pulau, selat-selatdan laut-laut yang mengelilinginyaiaitu dalam lingkunganwilayah l0 batu. Ia juga termasuk kemasukandari masake semasapetempatan-petempatan baru sepertiKepulauan Kokos dan Keeling di LautanHindi di bawahAkta ParlimenBritish. Walaubagaimanapun artikel ini akanmelihat betapa pentingnya peranan yang dimainkan oleh pulau-pulaulain selain daripadapulau utama Singapuradalam menyediakaninfrastruktur pelabuhan serta kemudahan perkhidmatan perkapalan bagi PelabuhanSingapura. Selain daripada itu tumpuanyang diberikanoleh para sarjanaterdahulu ke atas pulau utama Singapuratelah menyebabkanperanan penting yang dimainkan oleh pulau-pulau lain di dalam wilayahnya menjadi terpinggir. Dalam masayang samajumlah pulau yang termasukdi dalamwilayah Singapurasemakin bertambah seperti yang telah diwartakan di dalam Gezetterbitan tahun1953. TheRural Board area at the end of theyear comprised the following, the additional islands broughtinto theRural Board area during the year being shown in italics:that portion of SingaporeIsland outside Municipal Limits andalso thti outlyingislands of PulauUbin, PulauTekong, Pulau Brani, Pulau Sebarok, Pulau Blakang Mati, PulauSudong, Pulau Pesek,Pulau Marlimau, Pulau Ayer Chawan, Pulau Mesemut Darat, Pulau Mesemut Laut, PulauBukom Kechil,Pulau Bukom Besar, Pulau Hantu, Pulau Batu Berduan,Pulau Chichir Pulau Damar Laut, Pulatt Peropok,Pulau Semulun,Pulau Merawang,Pulau Pergam,Pulau Sarimbun, Pulau Seletar Pulau Serangoon, Pulau Kitam, Pulau Sekudu, Pulau kkong Kechil, Pulatr Sejahat,Pulau Sunjungkong,Ptrlau Unum,Pulau Semecheck, Pulau Sakijang Pelepah,Pulatr kmbakul, Pulau Subar Laut, Pulau Subar Darat, Pulau Busing, Pulau Ular Pulau Jong, Pulau Sakeng, Pulau Semakau,Pulau Satu, Pulau Berkas,Pulau Pawai, Pulau Senang,Pulatt Biola and Pulau Satumu. Sungguhpunbegitu, amat sedikit kajian dilakukanke atasperkembangan pulau- pulau lain di dalam wilayah Singapuraini. Walau bagaimanapundalam tahun Hanizah ldris-Pulou Singupura, 1I I 9-1930: Peranan Puluu-Pulau Lsin 64 Yang Terpinggir Di Dalsm Sejarahnya 1995,sebuah artikel bertajuk Singapore (1824-1958): This is M1tIsland in the Sun oleh ShaharilTalib yang telahditerbitkan di dalamJurnal JATI, BilanganI telah mengutarakanpersoalan ini. Artikel tersebuttelah memberi keterangansecara terperincimengenai Pulau Singapura serta pulau-pulau lain yangtermasuk di dalam lingkungan l0 batu. Di dalam arlikel tersebutbeliau telah menyatakanbahawa sehinggaawal abadke-20 tidak diketahuijumlah sebenarpulau-pulau yang terdapat di dalam lingkungan 10 batu dalam wilayah Singapura. Sungguhpundemikian JohnCrawfurd di dalamjurnalnya telahmenyatakan bahawa terdapat kira-kira 50 buahpulau yang terletakdidalam lingkungan 10 batu wilayah Singapura. SejarahSingapura tidak boleh difahami tanpamengambilkira peranan pulau- pulau lain yang mengelilinginya. Masalahhistoriografi ini seringtimbul apabila para sarjanayang terdahuludi dalampenulisan mereka sering melihat Singapura seolah-olahsebagai sebuah pulau yang terpisahdari rangkaianpulau-pulau lain yangmengelilinginya. Tetapi pada realitinya rangkaian pulau-pulau yang termasuk di dalam lingkungan10 batu tersebuttelah banyak memberi sumbangan di dalam pembangunandan perkernbangansejarah Singapura termasuk dalam pembangunan pelabuhandan pertahananPulau Singapura. Antara pulau-pulauyang memainkanperanan penting dalam pembangunan Pulau Singapurasecara umumnya termasuklah Pulau Ubin, Pulau TekongBesar, PulauBukum, PulauSt. John,Pulau Coney, Pulau Senang, Pulau Nanas dan Pulau Chombon.Pulau Ubin yang terletakdi bahagiantimur PulauSingapura merupakan sebuahpulau yang kaya dengankandungan batu granit. Dari pulau inilah Pulau Singapuramendapat bekalan granit untuk membina bangunan-bangunannya. Antaranyatermasuklah pembinaan infrastruktur Pelabuhan Singapura. Batu granit dari pulautersebut juga digunakanuntuk membinaRumah Api Horsburghdi Pulau Batu Putehdalam tahun 1851dan RumahApi Aqualdadi Moulmein, Myanmar. PulauTekong Besar yang j.rgu terletakdi bahagiantimur PulauSingapura pula pernah menjadi kubu pertahananbagi Wan Ahmad dalam usahanyauntuk menyerangPahang. Di Pulau Coney, sebuahrumah api yang dikenali sebagai Rffies Lighthousetelah dibina dalamtahun 1855. Manakaladi SultanShoal dan Johore Shoal yang terletak di bahagianbarat dan timur Pulau Singapurapula telahdibina sebuahsignal station yang menjadi panduan kepada kapal-kapal untuk berlabuhdi PelabuhanSingapura. Pulau Senangyang terletak di selatanPulau Singapurapula pentingkerana perdagangan perfukaran barang. Selaindaripada itu sebuahpusat kuarantin telah dibina di Pulau St. John manakalasebuah pusat pemprosesanminyak telahdidirikan di PulauBukum dalamtahun 1892. Selaindaripada pulau-pulau yang dinyatakandi atas,terdapat jrgu pulau-pulau yang terlibat di dalam pertelingkahanhakmilik di antara Singapuradan Johor Jati, Bilangan 3, Ogos 1997 65 sepertiPulau Nanas (Pulo Kirimkin) yang terletakdi SelatTebrau. Akhirnya pulau tersebutberjaya dimiliki oleh Johor setelahtiada tunfutandilakukan oleh pihak Singapura.Pulau Chombonyang terletakdi Ialuanperairan yang dalam di Selat Tebrautelah dituntut oleh SultanJohor. Mengikut PerjanjianPersempadanan tahun 1927,pulau tersebuttelah diserahbalik ke negeri Johor. Kedudukanpulau ini terletak di laluan perairan yang dalam dan menjadi penandasempadan antara Negeri Johor dan Pulau Singapura. Pulau tersebutkemudian ditukar namanya kepadaPulau Malang Berdaunseperti yang terteradi dalampeta yang dikeluarkan dalam tahun 1925. Dari apa yang telah dinyatakandi atasjelas menunjukkan pelbagaiperanan yang dimainkanoleh pulau-pulautersebut ke ataskeseluruhan pembangunanPulau Singapura. Sekitarawal abadke- 19, pelbagai tinjauan telah dilakukan di kawasanperairan Singapura termasuk pulau-pul au berhampiranoleh peninj au-peninj au Briti sh sep erti JamesHorsburgh, J.T. Thomson, John Crawfurd dan J.R. Logan. Sebenarnya kedudukanpulau-pulau lain di dalam wilayah Singapuradapat dibahagikan kepada tujuh kelompok utamaseperti yang dapatdilihat dalamPeta l. Lima daripadatujuh buah kelompok-kelompokpulau tersebutterletak di bahagianbarat dan selatan PulauSingapura. Bermula dari bahagianpalingbarat Pulau Singapuraterdapat satu kelompok pulau yangterdiri daripadalima buahpulau besardan beberapabuah pulau kecil. Pulau terbesardalam kelompok pulau tersebutialah PulauAyer Chawandiikuti oleh PulauMerlimau, PulauAyer Merbau,Pulau Serayadan PulauPesek. Pulau- pulau kecil lain di dalamkelompok tersebut ialah PulauBuaya, Pulau Mesemut Laut, Pulau Mesemut Darat, Pulau SeburusDalam, Pulau SeburusLuar, Pulau Meskol, Pulau Sakradan Pulau Bakau. Ke selatankelompok pulau ini terdapat sebuahlagi kelompokpulau yang terdiri daripadaPulau Bukum dan PulauSemakau sebagaipulau-pulau yang terbesardi dalam kelompok tersebutserta pulau-pulau kecil lain sepertiPulau Bukum Kecil, PulauUlar dan PulauSakeng. Bersebelahandengan kelompok pulau ini pula terdapatsatu lagi kelompok pulau yang terdiri daripadaPulau St.Johndan Pulau SakijangPelepah sebagai pulau-pulauyang terbesardi sampingpulau-pulau kecil yang lain sepertiPulau Tekukor,Pulau SubarLaut, Pulau SubarDarat dan Pulau Tembaku. Kelompok pulau yang terletakpaling selatanPulau Singapura pula terdiri dari PulauPawai dan Pulau Senangyang merupakanpulau-pulau yang terbesardiikuti oleh pulau-pulau kecil yang lain sepertiPulau Berkas, Pulau Biola dan PulauSatumu. Kelompok pulau yang terakhirsekali di bahagianselatan Pulau Singapura ialah yang terketakberhampiran dengannya yang dipisahkanoleh sebuahselat sempit. Terdapattiga buah pulau dalam kelompok ini. Pulau BlakangMati adalahpulau yangterbesar diikuti oleh PulauBrani dan PulauHantu. Di bahagiantimur Pulau HsrtiztrltIdris-Pulau Singupurq I I I 9-1930: Perunfin Pulsu-Pulrttt Luin 66 Yartg Terpinggir Di Dslsm Sejorahnya Peta1: Menunjukkan GeograliFizikal Pulau Singapura Sumber:Philippe Reigner, Singapore:City State In South-EastAsia. Kuala Lumpur, 1992(Lampiran) Jati, Bilangan 3, Ogos 1997 67 Singapurapula terdapatdua buah lagi kelompok pulau. Kelompok pulau yang paling timur sekali terdiri daripadaPulau Tekong Besar dan Pulau Tekong Kecil.Bersebelahandengan kelompok pulau Tekongini ialah Pulau Ubin yang merupakanpulau yangterbesar dalam kelompoknya diikuti oleh PulauSerangoon dan PulauKetam. Akhir sekaliterdapat sebuah pulau yang agakkecil iaitu Pulau Seletaryang terletak berhampiran dengan Selat Johor. Dari kelompok-kelompokpulau yang telah disenaraikandi atashanya satu kelompokpulau sahajayang akan dibincangkandi dalamartikel ini denganlebih terperinci.Ini disebabkanpr,rlau-pulau yang terdapatdi dalam kelompok tersebut iaitu Pulau Hantu, Pulau Brani dan Plulau Blakang Mati memainkanperanan pentingdalam pembangunan pelabuhan dan jrga pertahananPulau Singapura, I 8 l9 hingga1930. Perananpulau-pulau tersebut dalam menyediakanperkhidmatan perkapalan tambahandan pertahanan bagi PelabuhanSingapura memang tidak bolehdinafikan lagi. Singapuratelah menjadi salah sebuah pelabuhan yang berjayamenyediakan pelbagaijenis perkhidmatanperkapalan sejak pembukaannyaoleh pihak British
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