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Klara and the Sun: a Fable of Humanity in a Posthuman World by Ms Global Journal of HUMAN-SOCIAL SCIENCE: A Arts & Humanities - Psychology Volume 21 Issue 7 Version 1.0 Year 2021 Type: Double Blind Peer Reviewed International Research Journal Publisher: Global Journals Online ISSN: 2249-460x & Print ISSN: 0975-587X Klara and the Sun: A Fable of Humanity in a Posthuman World By Ms. Anupama Hosuri Karnatak University Abstract- Kazuo Ishiguro sets his eighth novel, Klara and the Sun in the future and uses a robot to narrate the story. Ishiguro uses a posthumanistic scenario to tell a tale of humanity. The essential questions like- what are the qualities of the human beings? And do the non-human ‘others’ like machines, robots or cyborgs display the human qualities? What can we learn from our surroundings and all the non-human factors, which will help us to lead a more fulfilling life? How should one treat the non-human ‘others’? Are explored in Klara and the Sun. Klara and the Sun is studied under the lens of the humanism, postmodernism and posthumanism to arrive at the conclusions to these above stated questions. Ishiguro uses the setting as the metaphor to convey his heartfelt message to his readers across the world. Klara and the Sun conveys the message of kindness, empathy and love to the world. Keywords: artificial friend (AF), artificial intelligence, cognition, enlightenment period, genetic modification, homo sapiens, humanism, postmodernism and posthumanism. GJHSS-A Classification: FOR Code: 190499 KlaraandtheSunAFableofHumanityinaPosthumanWorld Strictly as per the compliance and regulations of: © 2021. Ms. Anupama Hosuri. This is a research/review paper, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution- Noncommercial 3.0 Unported License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/), permitting all non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Klara and the Sun: A Fable of Humanity in a Posthuman World Ms. Anupama Hosuri Abstract- Kazuo Ishiguro sets his eighth novel, Klara and the convey his message to his readers. Klara and the Sun Sun in the future and uses a robot to narrate the story. Ishiguro can also be called as the posthumanistic fiction. uses a posthumanistic scenario to tell a tale of humanity. The Posthumanism is the period or: essential questions like- what are the qualities of the human beings? And do the non-human ‘others’ like machines, robots The century of the gene, therefore, but also the century of neuro- and cognitive science and thus equally the century of or cyborgs display the human qualities? What can we learn the brain. The particular challenge for science currently is to from our surroundings and all the non-human factors, which 2021 connect the diverse strands of innovative technologies, will help us to lead a more fulfilling life? How should one treat namely digital, and nanotechnologies, neuro-cognitive the non-human ‘others’? Are explored in Klara and the Sun. ear medicine, robotics and digital mechanics and genetics in Y Klara and the Sun is studied under the lens of the humanism, postmodernism and posthumanism to arrive at the order to make the new image of the human more palatable 71 conclusions to these above stated questions. Ishiguro uses for the public and for potential investors and for politics; and the setting as the metaphor to convey his heartfelt message to there is no lack of initiatives. (Herbrechter 28) his readers across the world. Klara and the Sun conveys the a) Tenets of Humanism, Postmodernism and message of kindness, empathy and love to the world. Posthumanism Keywords: artificial friend (AF), artificial intelligence, It is essential to know some of the tenets of cognition, enlightenment period, genetic modification, Humanism, Postmodernism and Posthumanism before homo sapiens, humanism, postmodernism and studying Klara and the Sun. Ishiguro can be considered posthumanism. as a posthumanist writer and Klara and the Sun as a I. Introduction posthumanist novel, but the message conveyed in this novel is fairly simple, “be empathetic and loving towards azuo Ishiguro is one of the prominent Nobel others.” In Klara and the Sun the ‘others’ are the Award winning contemporary Japanese -British genetically unmodified kids and the robots. authors in the world. His eighth novel, Klara and K Aristotle said that the “Man is a Social Animal.” ) the Sun was published in March 2021. Ishiguro’s novels A He distinguished human from other animals in the ( can be read as the fables if only one can really see Volume XXI Issue VII Version I nature. Anything that does not belong to the homo through the heart of his works. He is one of the most sapiens is termed as non-human or ‘others’. The human humane of the contemporary writers. Alex Preston race has a tendency to rank itself as superior. Rene reviewed Klara and the Sun in The Guardian as, “a novel Descartes states that the humans have the reasoning expands on his theme of what it means to be not-quite- capacity, which enables them to reach the truth and the human, exploring love and loyalty through the eyes of an - highest form of perfection. The reasoning capacity android.” The time period or the exact setting of Klara makes humans different and superior than the other and the Sun is not mentioned. Although, the setting of animals. It is also said that the human beings are the the novel resembles our own time period i.e. the early rational and the makers of their own destiny. These are part of the twenty-first century, but one realises that the some of the main tenets of the Enlightenment Age and similarities are only superficial in nature. The society Humanism. In Klara and the Sun humans do believe that presented in Klara and the Sun has made a vast with the help of modern science and technology development in the field of artificial intelligence, robotics humans can better themselves by modifying their genes and genetic engineering. Klara and the Sun is narrated to become academically advanced. Hence, it can be by the first person narrator called Klara, who is a high- termed as a humanistic as well as the posthumanistic tech robot with excellent observation skills and learning Global Journal of Human Social Science novel. abilities. The highly intelligent robots are called as AFs There was a time before the emergence of the i.e. Artificial Friends in this novel. Hence, Klara and the homo sapiens and there will be a time where the homo Sun can be considered as a science fiction-cum- sapiens will be in extinct. The Enlightenment Age dystopian novel. Ishiguro is not fond of sticking to one considered human as a supreme being with reason, particular genre in his works. He likes to play with the logic, and capacity to attain the truth and perfection. genre conventions and subvert them as he wishes fit to Most of the human beings were in smug attitude due to Author: Ph.D Research Scholar, Department of Studies in English, their supremacy and centeredness in the world. The Karnatak University, Dharwad , Karnataka- State, India. e-mail: [email protected] German philosopher, Friedrich Nietzsche in his essay ©2021 Global Journals Klara and the Sun: A Fable of Humanity in a Posthuman World “On Truth and Lies in an Extra-Moral Sense” (1873) but the AFs in Klara and the Sun display the humanity reprimands humans for their smug attitude of superiority lost in there human creators and become target of their and states that a mosquito also has a self-contended bad behavior. One of the posthuman thinkers, Chris attitude of being the centre of the world just like human Hables Gray in his Citizen: Politics in the Posthuman Age beings. He dismantles the basic tenets of humanism by (2001) argues, “for a ‘Cyborg Bill of Rights’ that wishes granting the equal status to human and the mosquito. to ask future ethical and political questions already in This is the beginning of the new thought process, which the present” (Herbrechter 189-90). The Posthumanism is thought beyond humans and included the ‘others’ or defined as: non-human in the mainstream. For this reason a replacing of the species homo sapiens by a representative Nietzsche is known as “proto-posthumanistic thinker” of a superior but possibly merely intermediate stage within (Herbrechter 2). In Klara and the Sun humans develop further “human” development, i.e. the so-called “robo the highly efficient artificial robots, but they are only sapiens”, or cyborg, or in the ultimate form of a appliances for the ease of human beings and never transhumanity or, basically, “artificial intelligence. considered and treated as equals. So, ultimately (Herbrechter 13) 2021 humans are the heroes of the story and the ‘others’ are The role of the technological is crucial whenever just the sidekicks, who can be kicked. one talks about the future in the science fictions. The ear Y The tenets of humanism were also condemned futuristic generations are depicted as much more by the postmodern critics like Jean-Francois Lyotard technologically advance than the present generation. 72 and Michel Foucault, which claimed superiority of man Only a technologically well-equipped human can and the man-made institutions like science, technology, possibly attain the next evolutionary stage i.e. the history and ethics which worked in his sole benefits by posthuman. Technology has always helped the man to excluding the ‘others’. The posthumanism takes a make his life easier and luxurious. Technology cannot further step by including the ‘others’: be termed as beneficial or harmful, but the usage of the Humans and their humanity are historical and cultural technology can bring the merits or demerits to its users.
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