Combating Plagiarism

Anniversary80 1923-2003th T H E

CQ ResearcherPUBLISHED BY CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC. WINNER: SOCIETY OF PROFESSIONAL JOURNALISTS AWARD FOR EXCELLENCE AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION SILVER GAVEL AWARD Combating Plagiarism

Is the Internet causing more students to copy?

orty-eight University of Virginia students quit or were expelled recently for plagiarism. New York Times reporter Jayson Blair plagiarized or fabri- cated parts of more than three-dozen articles. FBest-selling historians Doris Kearns Goodwin and Stephen Ambrose were accused of stealing from other writers. Jour- nalists and educators alike call plagiarism a growing problem, and many say the Internet is partly to blame. Studies show I 90 percent of college students know plagiarism is wrong, N THIS ISSUE but educators say many do it anyway because they don’t S THE ISSUES ...... 775 think they’ll get caught, or because in today’s ethical climate I BACKGROUND ...... 782 they consider plagiarism trivial compared to well-publicized D CHRONOLOGY ...... 783 E instances of political and corporate dishonesty. Other educa- CURRENT SITUATION ...... 787 tors say many high-school students don’t understand — AT ISSUE ...... 789 or were never taught — about copyright regulations and OUTLOOK ...... 790 how to properly cite sources. BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 793 THE NEXT STEP ...... 794

Sept. 19, 2003 • Volume 13, No. 32 • Pages 773-796

www.cqpress.com COMBATING PLAGIARISM T H CQE Researcher Sept. 19, 2003 THE ISSUES OUTLOOK Volume 13, No. 32

• Has the Internet in- Internet Blamed MANAGING EDITOR: Thomas J. Colin 775 creased the incidence of 790 Educators and journalists alike plagiarism among students? say the Internet fosters ASSISTANT MANAGING EDITOR: Kathy Koch • Should teachers use pla- plagiarism. ASSOCIATE EDITOR: Kenneth Jost giarism-detection services? STAFF WRITERS: Mary H. Cooper, • Are news organizations SIDEBARS AND GRAPHICS David Masci doing enough to guard CONTRIBUTING WRITERS: Rachel S. Cox, against plagiarism and other College Students Consider Sarah Glazer, David Hosansky, types of journalistic fraud? 776 Plagiarism Wrong Patrick Marshall, Jane Tanner Ninety percent view copying PRODUCTION EDITOR: Olu B. Davis BACKGROUND as unethical. ASSISTANT EDITOR: Benton Ives-Halperin Imitation Encouraged How Much Plagiarism? 782 Plagiarism has not always 777 Plagiarism is probably on the been regarded as unethical. rise, although it appears to have remained stable over 784 Rise of Copyright the past 40 years. Attitudes about plagiarism Confronting Plagiarism A Division of began to change after the 779 Poses Risks Congressional Quarterly Inc. printing press was invented. Students sometimes challenge SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT/GENERAL MANAGER: teachers who accuse them. John A. Jenkins ‘Fertile Ground’ 785 IRECTOR, IBRARY UBLISHING: Rising college admissions in 783 Chronology D L P Kathryn C. Suárez the mid-1800s led to more Key events since 1790. DIRECTOR, EDITORIAL OPERATIONS: writing assignments — and Ann Davies more chances to cheat. Rogue Reporter at The 784 New York Times CIRCULATION MANAGER: Nina Tristani Second Chances Jayson Blair didn’t fool 786 everybody. CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC. Some journalists who were CHAIRMAN: Andrew Barnes caught plagiarizing recov- At Issue VICE CHAIRMAN: Andrew P. Corty ered from their mistakes. 789 Should educators use commercial services to PRESIDENT AND PUBLISHER: Robert W. Merry combat plagiarism? CURRENT SITUATION Copyright © 2003 CQ Press, a division of Congres- sional Quarterly Inc. (CQ). CQ reserves all copyright Plagiarism and Politics FOR FURTHER RESEARCH and other rights herein, unless previously specified 787 Sen. Joseph Biden, D-Del., in writing. No part of this publication may be re- is among the politicians For More Information produced electronically or otherwise, without prior who got caught plagiarizing. 792 Organizations to contact. written permission. Unauthorized reproduction or transmission of CQ copyrighted material is a viola- ‘Poisonous Atmosphere’ Bibliography tion of federal law carrying civil fines of up to $100,000. 787 793 Selected sources used. Some journalists say news The CQ Researcher (ISSN 1056-2036) is printed on organizations overreacted fol- The Next Step acid-free paper. Published weekly, except Jan. 3, June lowing the Jayson Blair affair. 794 Additional articles from current 27, July 4, July 18, Aug. 8, Aug. 15, Nov. 28 and Dec. periodicals. 26, by Congressional Quarterly Inc. Annual subscrip- 788 Action by Educators tion rates for libraries, businesses and government start U.S. schools have taken a 795 Citing The CQ Researcher at $600. Single issues are available for $10 (subscrib- variety of steps to stop Sample bibliography formats. ers) or $20 (non-subscribers). Quantity discounts apply plagiarism. to orders over 10. Additional rates furnished upon re- quest. Periodicals postage paid at Washington, D.C., and additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to The CQ Researcher, 1255 22nd Cover: Educators and journalists say the easy access to information provided by the Internet St., N.W., Suite 400, Washington, D.C. 20037. is partly to blame for student plagiarism and journalistic fraud. (Corbis Images)

774 CQ Researcher Combating Plagiarism BY BRIAN HANSEN

paper and turning it in as one’s own to copying a few THE ISSUES sentences from a book or usan Maximon, a so- Web site without citing the cial-studies teacher at source. 3 According to the au- S Fairview High School thoritative Modern Language in Boulder, Colo., knows Association, plagiarism is “a teenage writing when she form of cheating that has sees it. So a bright red flag been defined as the false as- went up last year when one sumption of authorship: the of her 11th-grade students wrongful act of taking the turned in a research paper product of another person’s teeming with $10 words. mind, and presenting it as “I knew he didn’t write one’s own.” 4 (See box, p. 790.) it,” Maximon says. “It was Although plagiarism among filled with big words and ex- high school and college stu- pressions that he never used dents is not new, some edu- and probably didn’t even un- cators say students today are derstand.” more likely to plagiarize be- Robert Rivard, editor of the cause of the Internet. “Kids San Antonio Express-News, had have always plagiarized, but AP Photo/Janet Hostetter a similar revelation last April Best-selling author Doris Kearns Goodwin is among the Web has made it a lot as he was reading a New York several well-known writers who have faced plagiarism easier,” says Joyce Valenza, a Times article about the moth- charges. Goodwin recently acknowledged her publisher librarian at Springfield Town- er of an American soldier miss- had paid an undisclosed sum to settle plagiarism ship High School in Erden- ing in Iraq. “I was bewildered,” charges. Many educators say the Internet is partly to heim, Pa. “It’s given them an blame for student plagiarism. Others say high schools Rivard recalls. “I thought I’d aren’t teaching students how to avoid it. Meanwhile, enormous resource for find- read it before.” He had — in some media critics say news organizations ing materials that they don’t his own paper — eight days haven’t been doing enough to crack down on think their teachers can veri- earlier. That’s why The Times’ plagiarism and other forms of journalistic fraud. fy as not their own.” story by Jayson Blair sound- “Academic honesty is the ed so familiar. cornerstone of college learning “It suddenly dawned on me that it papers and wire services,” The Times said and liberal education and, indeed, is a was an act of plagiarism,” Rivard says. in a front-page, 14,000-word mea culpa continuing problem that colleges face,” “It was subtly changed and manipu- published on May 11. 1 says Debra Humphreys, vice president lated, but it was clearly” by Express- The much-publicized scandal dealt of communications and public affairs at News reporter Macarena Hernandez. a devastating blow to the 152-year-old the Association of American Colleges and In the Fairview High case, the stu- Times, widely considered the greatest Universities. “Our members are facing dent confessed after Maximon con- newspaper in the world. Some experts different challenges than in the past as fronted him with evidence his paper worried that Blair had tarnished the a result of the Internet. Problems relat- was nearly identical to one available reputations of all news organizations. ed to plagiarism on campus parallel on the Internet. Maximon gave him a “In a lot of people’s minds, The Times problems in the larger society, such as zero for the assignment. is the bell cow of American journal- newspaper plagiarism scandals and ille- Blair’s case was not resolved so qui- ism,” said Don Wycliff, public editor gal file sharing of music and movies.” etly. The 27-year-old resigned on May 1, of the Chicago Tribune. “They’ll think, Moreover, Internet resources are wide- shortly after Rivard alerted Times editors. ‘Well, if it’s done there, you know it’s ly considered to be free for the taking. They soon discovered that Blair had pla- done everywhere.’ ” 2 “There’s a belief among young people giarized, fabricated or otherwise falsified Derived from the Latin word pla- that materials found online are free, or parts of at least three-dozen articles. “He giarius (“kidnapper”), plagiarism can are somehow inherently different from fabricated comments. He concocted range from purloining someone else’s something you buy at a record store scenes. He lifted material from other news- reportage or buying a prewritten term or get out of a book or magazine,” says

CQ on the Web: www.cqpress.com Sept. 19, 2003 775 COMBATING PLAGIARISM

the Kennedys contained plagiarized text Most Students Say Plagiarism Is Wrong from Lynne McTaggart’s Kathleen Many educators say today’s students don’t understand what Kennedy: Her Life and Times. plagiarism is or don’t consider it as serious cheating. But according Ambrose was criticized for not putting quotation marks around passages in his to a recent survey, nearly 90 percent of college students strongly celebrated World War II book The Wild view major acts of plagiarism as unethical. Blue that were identical to passages in Wings of Morning, an earlier chronicle by University of Pennsylvania history Students’ Ethical Views on Acts of Plagiarism Professor Thomas Childers. Ambrose Strongly Agree or Neither Agree Somewhat Disagree had cited Childers’ book in his foot- Somewhat Agree nor Disagree or Strongly Disagree notes and claimed the mistake was in- advertent. Journalists later found un- It is Wrong To: quoted passages from other authors in Hand in Someone 89.1% 7.0% 3.9% at least six of Ambrose’s other books, Else’s Writing as but he vigorously denied he was a pla- One’s Own giarist. “I stand on the originality of my work,” he wrote last May, just before Use the Internet to 89.3% 7.7% 3.1% Copy Text to Hand his death. “The reading public will de- in as One’s Own cide whether my books are fraudulent and react accordingly.” 6 Purchase Papers 89.1% 6.8% 4.1% Punishments for students who pla- From Print Term- giarize range from failing grades on Paper Mills individual assignments to flunking an Purchase Papers 89.8% 6.1% 4.1% entire course — or worse. Some From Online Term- schools have revoked degrees from Paper Mills people whose plagiarism came to light months or years after they grad- uated. At other schools — especially Source: Patrick M. Scanlon and David R. Neumann, “Internet Plagiarism Among those with strict honor codes — pla- College Students,” Journal of College Student Development, May/June 2002. giarism can be grounds for suspen- sion or expulsion. John Barrie, president of TurnItIn.com, damages, a plaintiff must typically prove For example, at the University of an Oakland, Calif., firm that sells soft- that the plagiarism harmed “the po- Virginia — famous for its tough honor ware that helps thousands of schools tential market for, or value of,” their code — 48 students quit or were ex- detect plagiarism. “Kids download music copyrighted work. 5 pelled for plagiarism between April from the Internet even though it’s a Last April, French jazz pianist Jacques 2001 and November 2002. The uni- form of intellectual-property theft. It’s Loussier sued the rapper Eminem for versity revoked the degrees of three naive to think that attitude is not going $10 million, claiming his hit song “Kill of the plagiarists who had graduated to have a large impact on plagiarism You” borrowed heavily from Loussier’s before their cases were adjudicated by at educational institutions.” 20-year-old song “Pulsion.” The suit is the student-run Honor Committee. “The “On a given day, we process be- pending. Even former Beatle George cases ranged from the wholesale copy- tween 10,000 and 15,000 student pa- Harrison was successfully sued for pla- ing of entire papers to copying a few pers, and about 30 percent are less than giarism (see p. 783). sentences here and there,” says Nicole original,” Barrie says. In addition to musicians, several Eramo, special assistant to the com- Recent studies indicate that 40 per- best-selling historians have run into mittee. “Most of our students are fair- cent of college students have plagia- plagiarism problems, including Doris ly intolerant of that type of cheating.” rized material at least once. (See graph, Kearns Goodwin and Stephen Am- However, some experts say educa- p. 777.) Although plagiarism is not a brose. Goodwin acknowledged in Jan- tors are going overboard in trying to crime, authors and musicians who uary her publisher had paid an undis- root out plagiarism. Rebecca Moore think they have been plagiarized can closed sum in 1987 to settle allegations Howard, an associate professor of writ- sue for copyright infringement. To win that Goodwin’s The Fitzgeralds and ing and rhetoric at Syracuse University,

776 CQ Researcher blames the crackdown more on “hys- teria” than real understanding of the is- How Much Plagiarism? sues. She says plagiarism is frequently High-school students plagiarize significantly more than college stu- the result of students not knowing — dents, according to several studies in which students are asked to or never having been taught — how to properly cite sources. “self-report” copying. Although plagiarism appears to have remained “All writers appropriate language relatively stable during the past 40 years, Donald McCabe of Rutgers from other sources and reshape it as University thinks it is actually far more prevalent today because their own, but inexperienced writers many students don’t consider cut-and-paste Internet copying as don’t do that very well,” Howard says. cheating. In addition, McCabe notes other types of dishonesty — “They don’t realize that what they’re such as cheating on exams — have skyrocketed. doing is plagiarism.” According to University of Col- Percentage of Students Admitting to orado freshman Liz Newton, “It was One or More Acts of Plagiarism kind of unclear at my high school Percentage what plagiarism really was. You were 80 76% just kind of expected to know what it was and not do it.” 70 1989 “The perception [among college pro- 60 51% 52% fessors] is that students are no longer 50 43% learning about plagiarism adequately 40% 1985 2001 38% 40 at the high-school level, so there’s an 1964 2003 education and re-education process that 30 2003 needs to take place,” says renowned 20 academic-integrity researcher Donald 10 McCabe. Some high-school teachers California Georgia 0 themselves “don’t even understand” College Level High School Students High School College what constitutes plagiarism in the dig- Students Level ital age, adds the Rutgers University Plagiarism Using Conventional Sources Internet Plagiarism professor and founder of the Center for Academic Integrity at Duke Uni- Sources: W.J. Bowers, “Student Dishonesty and Its Control in College,” Columbia versity. “They’re still catching up, par- University, 1964; Donald McCabe, unpublished study, Rutgers University, 2003; ticularly with regard to plagiarism Donald McCabe, “Cheating: Why Students Do It and How We Can Help Them Stop,” using the Internet.” American Educator, winter 200l; B. Brandes, “Academic Honesty: A Special Study Because students are arriving at col- of California Students,” 1986; Fred Schab, “Schooling Without Learning: Thirty lege without a sound understanding of Years of Cheating in High School,” Adolescence, Vol. 23, 1991. what plagiarism is, some colleges and universities are spending more time Has the Internet increased the Experts generally agree that the than they used to teaching newly ar- incidence of student plagiarism? Internet and other modern tech- riving students how to avoid it. In the past, students who plagiarized nologies have made plagiarism eas- “There’s a concerted effort across cam- first had to spend hours poring over ier. They disagree, however, about pus for courses that require any kind dusty library books to find material to whether the new technologies en- of writing to really work with students copy, then retype it. If they bought ma- courage more students to plagiarize. so they understand what plagiarism is,” terial from a term-paper mill, they had Louis Bloomfield, a University of Vir- says Fran Ebbers, librarian at St. Ed- to wait for it to arrive through the mail. ginia physics professor who two years ward’s University, in Austin, Texas. Today, students surfing the Web can ago accused 158 students of sub- “We’ve had university-wide discussions access millions of documents on every mitting plagiarized term papers, says about this.” subject imaginable — without leaving technology is partly to blame. “Pla- As plagiarism scandals plague cam- their desks. With the click of a mouse, giarism has become so easy,” he puses and newsrooms across the coun- they can electronically “cut and paste” says, “It’s everywhere, and if you try, here is a closer look at some of text — a few sentences or entire doc- think you don’t have it going on in the questions being debated: uments — into their “own” work. your institution, you’re naive.”

CQ on the Web: www.cqpress.com Sept. 19, 2003 777 COMBATING PLAGIARISM

But Jim Purdy, assistant director of indicates that some of the estimates of the 2,294 juniors surveyed by McCabe the Center for Writing Studies at the Internet-facilitated plagiarism are in 2000-2001, for example, 52 percent University of Illinois, Urbana-Cham- overblown,” Scanlon says. “We didn’t said they had “copied a few sentences paign, says the Internet is simply not find evidence of the epidemic of Inter- from a Web site without footnoting creating vast numbers of new student net plagiarism that’s been touted in the them,” and 16 percent acknowledged plagiarizers. “Based on my personal ex- popular press. If anything, the numbers turning in papers “obtained in large periences,” he says, “this fear is being for plagiarism have actually gone down part from a term-paper mill or Web blown somewhat out of proportion.” [from the pre-Internet era], or it’s a wash.” site.” 10 McCabe contends that many Over the years, researchers have According to Scanlon and Neumann, high-school students plagiarize more tried to quantify the incidence of pla- nearly 25 percent of the students ad- than their college counterparts because giarism and other forms of academic mitted to plagiarizing from the Internet: they don’t fully understand what pla- cheating. 7 Most of the studies are based 16.5 percent “sometimes” cut and paste giarism is or how to avoid it. But oth- on surveys in which ers do it because they students “self-report” believe they won’t get their behaviors. Taken caught, he says. at face value, the stud- However, pre-Internet ies generally belie era studies also found high the notion that the incidences of high-school advent of the Inter- plagiarism. In a 1985 Cal- net has led to an in- ifornia survey, 51 percent crease in academic of the students admitted plagiarism. plagiarizing. 11 And 76 Professor W. J. percent of the high- Bowers of Columbia schoolers surveyed by a University document- University of Georgia re- ed the incidence of searcher in 1989 admitted plagiarism and acad- to copying “word for emic cheating among word” out of a book. 12 college students 40 Critics maintain there years ago — long is much more Internet-fa- AP Photo/Mary Altaffer before the advent of New York Times Executive Editor Howell Raines, center, and cilitated plagiarism oc- the Internet. In a Managing Editor Gerald Boyd, right, resigned under pressure from curring today than self- 1964 survey, Bowers Publisher Arthur Sulzberger Jr., left, in the wake of the scandal reporting studies indicate, found that 43 percent involving rogue reporter Jayson Blair. because many students of the respondents ac- — at both the high-school knowledged plagiarizing at least once. text from an Internet source without ci- and college levels — either don’t un- 8 In a recent survey of 18,000 U.S. col- tation, 8 percent do so “often.” The study derstand or refuse to admit that copy- lege students by Rutgers University’s Mc- found that 6 percent “sometimes” buy ing from the Web is wrong. Cabe, 38 percent of respondents ac- papers from online term-paper mills and “A lot of kids don’t understand that knowledged engaging in one or more 2.3 percent do so “often. they can’t cut and paste text from the instances of Internet-facilitated “cut-and- Notably, the respondents thought other Internet into their own papers [with- paste” plagiarism. But notably, a slight- students plagiarized much more frequently out citing the source],” says Leigh Camp- ly bigger group — 40 percent — said than they did. For example, while only bell-Hale, a social-studies teacher at they had plagiarized using convention- 8 percent “often” took text from Inter- Boulder’s Fairview High School. “I even al books, journals and other sources. net sources without citation, 54.4 per- had one kid say to me, ‘If I pay for In another recent study, Rochester cent believed their peers often did so. a paper I bought online, it’s mine.’ ” Institute of Technology (RIT) profes- “That’s consistent with studies of other McCabe found similar attitudes in sors Patrick Scanlon and David Neu- kinds of things,” Scanlon says. “People his recent college survey: 44 percent mann found that the number of stu- will overestimate behaviors in others that of the students considered minor, cut- dents who admitted to Internet they themselves are not taking part in.” and-paste Internet plagiarism as “triv- plagiarism was about the same as dur- Significantly more plagiarism is self- ial” cheating or not cheating at all. ing the pre-Internet era. 9 “Our study reported by high-school students. Of Continued on p. 780

778 CQ Researcher Confronting Plagiarism Can Pose Risk

unishments for plagiarism usually are meted out with- pass the course. Pelton spelled that out in a contract she had her out incident. But occasionally, things get ugly — for the students and their parents sign. Section No. 7 warned, “Cheating P accusers. Teachers and professors who impose harsh and plagiarism will result in the failure of the assignment.” consequences on plagiarizing students sometimes face unpleasant After checking her students’ reports with TurnItIn.com, a consequences from their students, parents and unsupportive plagiarism-detection service, Pelton concluded that 28 of her colleagues and administrators. 118 students — one-quarter of the entire sophomore class — Law Professor John L. Hill, for example, was sued, verbal- had plagiarized from Internet sites, books or each other. Pel- ly harassed and had his house vandalized after he filed pla- ton flunked them all. Outraged parents demanded that Pelton giarism complaints against five law students at St. Thomas Uni- change the grades, arguing she hadn’t adequately explained versity in Miami, Fla., in 1995. But “the worst part” of the what constitutes plagiarism. Pelton, noting the contract, ordeal was the lack of support from colleagues and school of- adamantly denied the charge. “I made a big point of telling ficials, recalls Hill, who now teaches law at Indiana Universi- them [that plagiarism] would cause them to fail,” she said. “I ty in Indianapolis. gave them ample warning.” 3 Hill says the five students incorporated materials from the When Pelton refused to change the grades, the parents went Stanford Law Review and other publications into their own pa- to the school board. On Dec. 11, 2001, the board and District pers without attribution. One student copied “about 30 pages” Superintendent Michael Rooney decreed that the project would of text — original footnotes and all. “It was pretty clear-cut,” count for only 30 percent of the students’ semester grades. All Hill recalls. “It was verbatim plagiarism.” the students who would have failed due to plagiarism would Thus Hill was shocked when his own colleagues and the now pass. student-run honor committee did not support him. “A number Rooney announced the policy change the following morn- of faculty just refused to accept that [plagiarism] was a signif- ing. Pelton was furious that her authority had been stripped icant problem,” Hill says. “One colleague insisted I was on a away. “I went to my class and tried to teach the kids, but they ‘witch hunt.’ And the president of the university ordered the were whooping and hollering and saying, ‘We don’t have to dean to punt — to basically do nothing — because he didn’t listen to you anymore,’ ” she said. 4 want to deal with any possible legal implications.” Pelton immediately resigned, telling Rooney that she could- When the students refused to admit wrongdoing, Hill re- n’t work in a district that didn’t support her. “I knew I could- ferred them to the honor committee. Shortly thereafter, Hill says n’t teach,” she later recalled. “I left at noon and didn’t come he started getting harassing phone calls, his house was egged back.” 5 and his front door was twice ripped from its hinges. During At least nine other Piper teachers quit in protest. The town’s the trial proceedings, students booed and hissed at him. One residents, many of whom had supported Pelton throughout the of the defendants even tried to taint Hill as a plagiarist. “They ordeal, ousted one school board member in a special recall tore apart everything I’d ever written in the hope of finding election. Another board member resigned and a third did not some plagiarism, which they didn’t,” Hill says. “I was really seek re-election. Rooney also resigned under pressure last year. portrayed as the bad guy.” Pelton, who opened a home day-care center after the pla- Ultimately, two of the cases were dismissed and a third stu- giarism imbroglio, was honored last year with a certificate of dent was acquitted. A fourth student pleaded guilty, and the appreciation from Kansas lawmakers. “I knew what I did that final defendant was convicted on a split vote. For punishments, day would have an impact on my future,” she said of her de- the two guilty students were ordered to write five-page papers cision to resign. “Students not only need the building blocks on plagiarism. of learning, but [also] morals and values.” 6 Later, one of the convicted plagiarists sued Hill and the uni- 1 versity for “loss of ability to obtain a job as an attorney.” 1 For background, see Carolyn Kleiner and Mary Lord, “The Cheating Game,” Some educators refrain from pursuing student plagiarizers U.S. News & World Report, Nov. 22, 1999, p. 55. because they fear either litigation or lack of support from ad- 2 For background, see Kathy Koch, “Cheating in Schools,” The CQ Re- ministrators wishing to avoid negative publicity. 2 But Hill says searcher, Sept. 22, 2000, pp. 745-768. 3 Quoted in Richard Jerome and Pam Grout, “Cheat Wave: School Officials he’d do the same thing again. “It was an unpleasant experi- Let Plagiarists Off Easy, So Teacher Christine Pelton Quit — Sending Her ence, to say the least,” Hill says, “but I just wouldn’t feel good Town into a Tizzy,” Time, June 17, 2002, p. 83. about letting something like [plagiarism] ride.” 4 Quoted in Diane Carroll, “Plagiarism Dispute Divides a School District,” Christine Pelton, a biology teacher at Piper High School in Piper, The Kansas City Star, Jan. 29, 2002, p. A1. 5 Quoted in Bill Lagattuta, “Paying the Piper,” CBS News’ “48 Hours,” May Kan., had a similar experience in 2001 after assigning her 10th- 31, 2002. graders to write scientific reports about leaves. The project repre- 6 Quoted in “House Honors Teacher Who Resigned in Plagiarism Incident,” sented half of the semester’s grade, so students had to do well to The Associated Press, May 6, 2002.

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Continued from p. 778 Researchers, for their part, ac- why 82 percent of your paper came Kids dismiss Internet plagiarism as knowledge that self-reporting studies from this book or Web site,’ ” Barrie trivial because they have bought into may underrepresent the true size of says. “Instructors no longer have to the “techie” culture, which holds that the plagiarism problem, given stu- rely on gut feelings when they sus- anything found on the Web is “free” dents’ wide-ranging views on the moral- pect plagiarism. There is just no way — that copyright laws do not apply ity of the activity. to sneak plagiarized material through on the Internet, according to some ex- “It’s a moving target as far as students our system — no way.” perts. Students regard Internet plagia- are concerned as to what actually con- But some educators consider de- rism much like downloading music stitutes plagiarism,” says Rutgers’ McCabe. tection services as superficial “quick files, they say. But as the music in- “When I debrief a small percentage of fixes” that allow teachers to sidestep dustry’s recent copyright-infringement them [after a survey], some of them say, the issues that caused their students suit indicates, such piracy is consid- ‘Yeah, I did that, but I don’t consider it to plagiarize in the first place. “Teach- ered intellectual-property theft. 13 cheating, so I didn’t check it off.’ ” ers who get too caught up acting like “A lot of high-school and college detectives ignore what they really ought students don’t see that as a problem Should teachers use plagiarism- to be doing as teachers, which is talk- at all,” says librarian Ebbers, at St. Ed- detection services? ing to students about things like orig- ward’s University. Many schools use private companies inality and using sources correctly,” Jill Vassilakos-Long, a librarian at to ferret out student plagiarism. Chica- says RIT’s Scanlon. “Using a plagia- California State University, San Bernardi- go-based Glatt Plagiarism Services — rism checker gives you a reason to no, has a slightly different view. “A lot whose clients include DePaul Universi- avoid having those conversations.” of students would agree that plagia- ty and the U.S. Naval Academy — op- Syracuse’s Howard agrees, adding that rism and downloading music are theft, erates on the premise that students should lazy teachers are also partly to blame but they see them as victimless crimes.” be able to reproduce any document for the plagiarism problem. “Giving stu- But the music industry blames on- they actually wrote. After the compa- dents canned, mindless assignments that line music-sharing and downloading ny’s software eliminates every fifth word have no meaning for them just invites in part for a 26 percent drop in CD of a suspected plagiarist’s paper, the stu- plagiarism,” Howard says. “Those as- sales and a 14 percent drop in rev- dent is then asked to fill in the blanks signments are so mind-deadening that enues. “Our industry is being ravaged to prove authorship. The program cal- students who have not managed their by piracy,” said Zack Horowitz, pres- culates a “plagiarism probability score” time well may look for papers online, ident and chief operating officer of based on the number of correct re- because they’re not getting anything out Universal Music Group. 14 sponses, the time it took a student to of the experience anyway.” There are non-economic repercus- complete the task and other factors. Howard says teachers who use pla- sions as well, says Barrie, of TurnItIn.com. “We authenticate authorship using giarism-detection services risk alienat- “A lot of students bust their derrières to techniques of cognitive science,” said ing their students — especially the hon- get into the best university or medical company founder Barbara Glatt. “It’s est ones — by sending the message school or law school, but some get out- easy and accurate.” 15 that everyone is a potential plagiarist. competed by students who cheat,” he The system developed by TurnItIn.com She likens teachers who use the ser- says. “I have zero sympathy for that. functions like a supercharged search en- vices to employers who subject their Students should be held accountable for gine, comparing students’ papers to doc- employees to mandatory drug testing. what they do.” uments residing in three places: public “Using [detection services] to certi- Moreover, if plagiarism were allowed portions of the Internet; a proprietary fy students’ honesty, paper by paper, to go unchecked, the impact on soci- database of books, journals and news- what that does to pedagogy is, to me, ety could be catastrophic, according to papers; and a proprietary database of all just horrific,” Howard says. Lawrence M. Hinman, director of the the student-authored papers ever sub- Howard and other critics also con- Values Institute at the University of San mitted to it by all its clients. An “origi- tend that copying students’ papers into Diego. Hinman says trust is funda- nality report” prepared for every paper TurnItIn.com’s “proprietary” database mental to the social, political and eco- checked by TurnItIn.com tells instructors and providing them to clients violates nomic fabric of any successful society. what percent of the paper, if any, match- students’ privacy rights and amounts “Without trust in public and business es text (“strings” of approximately eight to unauthorized copying and distrib- institutions outside the family, an econ- words or more) in other documents. ution of their intellectual property. omy stops developing after a certain “An instructor can sit down with a But many teachers say they inform point,” he says. student and say, ‘Please explain to me their students at the start of a course

780 CQ Researcher that their work will be copied, re- tion occurred, regardless of the reporter’s But no news organization did more tained and perhaps used as “evidence” physical location. But Bloomberg changed to shore up its ethical standards than by the detection service. However, its policy after The Times revealed Blair The New York Times. Shortly after the some schools, including the Universi- had falsified datelines to conceal the fact Blair scandal broke, Assistant Manag- ty of California, Berkeley, have refused that he hadn’t traveled to the scene. ing Editor Allan Siegal was asked to to use TurnItIn due to concerns about Bloomberg Editor-in-chief Matthew Win- form a committee to determine why privacy and copyright violations. kler said his organization had decided Blair hadn’t been stopped sooner. The “There probably were ways we the old policy “could be misleading.” 17 so-called Siegal Committee of 25 Times could have done it legally, but given Still other organizations revamped staffers and three distinguished outside all the questions, the administration here their policies regarding the use of un- journalists began its work in mid-May. just felt that it really didn’t want to go named or “anonymous” sources. Quotes Heads also rolled at The Times. On in that direction,” says Mike Smith, Berke- that Blair fabricated and attributed to June 5, Executive Editor Howell Raines ley’s assistant chancellor for legal affairs. law-enforcement officials while cover- and Managing Editor Gerald Boyd both Barrie maintains that his company ing the sniper case prompted a pros- resigned under pressure from Publish- is on “very solid legal ground” and ecutor in the case to call a news con- er Arthur Sulzberger Jr. On July 14, op- uses students’ papers only in ways au- ference to deny the made-up assertions. ed columnist Bill Keller, a former Times thorized by the U.S. Copyright Act. 16 Many experts were shocked when The managing editor, became executive ed- “The thousands of institutions that are Times conceded this spring that Blair’s itor. On June 30, his first day on the currently our clients all sign an agree- editors never asked him to identify his job, Keller unveiled the committee’s re- ment with us, and we wouldn’t have anonymous sources. port and announced that he would ac- one client if what we were doing was “That’s just unbelievable,” says cept its major recommendations, which illegal,” Barrie says. Thomas Kunkel, dean of Blair’s alma he said would “improve the way we mater, the University of Maryland School run the newsroom” and “protect our Are news organizations doing of Journalism. “If I’ve got a reporter precious credibility.” 19 enough to guard against plagia- making accusations [like Blair did] on Among its many recommendations, rism and other types of journal- the front page of The New York Times, the report suggested the appointment istic fraud? if I’m the editor, I’m going to want to of a “public editor” — a position known The Jayson Blair scandal has prompt- know where they’re coming from.” at other newspapers as an ombuds- ed news organizations everywhere to Rivard discourages the use of anony- man — to deal with reader complaints re-examine their ethics policies. mous sources at the San Antonio Ex- and write periodic columns about the The Miami Herald, for example, was press-News. But if they are used, their Times’ “journalistic practices.” Keller one of many newspapers that revamped identities must be revealed to senior said the public editor “can make us its policy regarding the use of wire- editors. “If a reporter came in and said, more sensitive on matters of fairness service copy in articles written by staff ‘I’ve got something but I can’t tell you and accuracy, and enhance our cred- reporters. The Herald’s new policy re- who the source is,’ we wouldn’t pub- ibility.” 20 Keller also tapped Siegal as quires reporters to more clearly dis- lish it,” Rivard says. the paper’s new “standards editor,” tinguish the wire copy from their own At the Seattle Times, the Blair affair who will establish journalistic standards text and tell readers specifically where prompted editors to revive the paper’s and educate staffers on accuracy and it came from. Executive Editor Tom old system of newsroom “accuracy ethics. Fiedler says he was surprised that some checks,” in which news sources are Geneva Overholser, a former edi- of his reporters didn’t think such at- contacted and asked about the accu- tor of the Des Moines Register and a tribution was necessary. racy, fairness and completeness of the one-time ombudsman at The Wash- “They thought if it was on the paper’s coverage. ington Post, calls the Times’ decision wires, it was fair game” for them to “Accuracy is our prime directive,” to appoint a public editor “a terrific use without attribution, Fiedler says. Executive Editor Michael Fancher wrote first step. [It’s] something that could Other news organizations clarified or in a June 15 column announcing he have been helpful to them in the dif- changed their policies regarding the use was resurrecting the old policy. “Each ficulties of the last few months.” 21 of datelines, which traditionally indicate of us in the newsroom has a per- But Washington Post columnist where the reporter actually worked on sonal responsibility to the highest stan- Robert J. Samuelson thinks the Times the story. New York-based Bloomberg dards of integrity and honesty, start- still doesn’t get it. “No place in Amer- News had bucked convention and used ing with devotion to accuracy in all ican journalism is so smug and supe- datelines to reflect where a story’s ac- our work.” 18 rior as The New York Times,” he wrote

CQ on the Web: www.cqpress.com Sept. 19, 2003 781 COMBATING PLAGIARISM on Aug. 13. “It [is] this conceit — the Michael Richards and Clay Calvert, even similar passages or phrases — belief that The Times must be right be- professors of journalism and law at was a mark of pride, not plagiarism. cause it is The Times and sets the rules Pennsylvania State University, argue in Imitation was bad only when it was — that ultimately caused the Jayson a forthcoming article that rogue jour- disguised or a symptom of laziness. It Blair debacle. Until that conceit is nalists — and their employers — should was not denounced simply on the purged, The Times will remain vul- be legally liable for plagiarism and grounds of being ‘unoriginal.’ ” 25 nerable to similar blunders.” 22 other journalistic fraud. 23 Examples of this tradition abound In addition, Samuelson groused, In the Blair case, according to Richards, in literature. In ancient Greece, for ex- “The public editor’s appointment will The Times acted negligently and perpe- ample, writers such as Homer, Plato, last for a year and be reviewed; the trated fraud on its readers because it “ig- Socrates and Aristotle borrowed heav- editor’s independence is compromised nored the warning signs” that Blair was ily from earlier works. “Aristotle lifted by being responsible to the executive filing demonstrably false stories. “The whole pages from Democritus,” wrote editor; and it’s unclear how often the Times’ top editors knew they had a prob- Alexander Lindey in his 1952 book public editor will write.” lem, but they chose to ignore it,” he Plagiarism and Originality. Rivard and other experts say news says. “They abrogated their responsibili- Novelist and former Vassar College organizations are not doing enough to ty by ignoring the warning signs.” 24 English Professor Thomas Mallon agrees guard against plagiarizing reporters. “I But the University of Maryland’s that the concept of originality was rad- think plagiarism is a bigger problem in Kunkel and other experts point out ically different centuries ago. “Jokes American journalism today than many that no news organization is safe from about out-and-out literary theft go of us [in the media] have understood a rogue reporter. “Somebody who back all the way to Aristophanes and or acknowledged,” he says. “The de- wants to undermine the system can “The Frogs” [a play written in 405 velopment of the Web may be the sin- do it very easily,” Kunkel says. “You B.C.], but what we call plagiarism was gle, most important factor in both spawn- can say what you want and put in all more a matter for laughter than liti- ing an environment where plagiarism kinds of safeguards, but basically, it’s gation,” Mallon wrote in his 1989 book is committed more and where people a system that depends on the trust- Stolen Words: Forays into the Origins succumb to that weakness more.” worthiness of the reporters.” and Ravages of Plagiarism. “The Ro- Kelly McBride, an ethics instructor at mans rewrote the Greeks. Virgil is, in the St. Petersburg, Fla.-based Poynter In- a broadly imitative way, Homer, and stitute for journalism, says few news or- for that matter, typologists can find ganizations devote much time to train- BACKGROUND most of the Old Testament in the New.” ing their reporters to recognize and The Greek concept of imitation — avoid plagiarism. “I don’t think there’s known as mimesis — continued to much conversation about plagiarism in influence writers during the Middle most newsrooms, other than ‘don’t do Imitation Encouraged Ages. According to Syracuse’s Howard, it,’ ” McBride says. the Catholic Church promoted the Trudy Lieberman, a contributing ed- medieval emphasis on mimesis be- itor at the Columbia Journalism Review lagiarism has not always been re- cause it was concerned with spread- and a media ethics instructor at New P garded as unethical. In fact, for ing the message of God. “The indi- York University, agrees. Lieberman says most of recorded history, drawing vidual writer in this economy of journalistic plagiarism persists, in part, from other writers’ works was en- authorship is beside the point, even because news organizations don’t deal couraged. This view was grounded in a hindrance,” Howard writes in her with plagiarizing reporters in a consis- the belief that knowledge of the human 1999 book Standing in the Shadow of tent manner. “Plagiarism is acceptable at condition should be shared by every- Giants: Plagiarists, Authors, Collabo- some organizations but not at others,” one, not owned or hoarded. The no- rators. “Instead, the writer voices God’s Lieberman says. “Somebody can plagia- tion of individual authorship was truth . . . and participates in the tra- rize and still be ‘king of the hill’ if they’re much less important than it is today. dition of that truth-telling. Even in pa- a good columnist or someone the or- “Writers strove, even consciously, to tron-sponsored writing for the pur- ganization wants to keep. But more mar- imitate earlier great works,” wrote au- pose of entertainment, the writer’s ginal employees [who get caught pla- thors Peter Morgan and Glenn Reynolds identity and originality are only tan- giarizing] may be asked to leave. There in their 1997 book The Appearance of gentially at issue. Plagiarism was a doesn’t seem to be a standard punish- Impropriety. “That a work had obvi- concern that seldom arose.” ment for journalistic plagiarism at all.” ous parallels with an early work — Continued on p. 784

782 CQ Researcher Chronology

September 1987 “obtained in large part from a Before 1600 Sen. Joseph Biden Jr., D-Del., term-paper mill or Web site.” Writers are encouraged to draw abandons his presidential bid after from others’ works until printing reporters catch him plagiarizing April 2001 press is invented and authorship speeches from other politicians. University of Virginia physics Profes- becomes a profession. sor Louis Bloomfield refers 158 cases 1989 of alleged plagiarism to the school’s • University of Georgia researcher student-run Honor Committee. Fred Schab finds that 76 percent of high-school students have copied January 2002 1700-1900 material “word for word” out of a Best-selling authors Stephen Am- Copyright laws make plagiarism book without attributing it. brose and Doris Kearns Goodwin an issue for schools, publishing are accused of plagiarism. Both houses and other institutions. • claim they did so unintentionally.

1710 May 2002 England passes first copyright law. 1990-Present A multi-campus survey concludes The advent of the Internet makes that the incidence of Internet- 1790 committing plagiarism easier facilitated plagiarism among col- Congress passes first U.S. copy- than ever. But experts disagree lege students is no greater than right law. as to whether or not the inven- the level of “conventional” copy- tion is creating more plagiarists ing in the pre-Internet era. 1890s than would otherwise exist. Plagiarism is commonplace at Feb. 5, 2003 many colleges and universities. 1997 In an address to the United Na- Boston University sues to prohibit tions Security Council, Secretary of • term-paper mills from operating State Colin Powell cites a British via the Internet. The court dismiss- government report detailing Iraq’s es the suit, saying the mills did efforts to conceal alleged weapons 1900-1990 not violate federal racketeering of mass destruction. The report is Schools, news organizations and laws, as the university alleged. later found to be based largely on other institutions struggle with outdated plagiarized articles from plagiarism. April 1998 the Internet. Boston Globe columnist Mike Bar- 1964 nicle resigns amid allegations he May 1, 2003 Thirty percent of the college stu- plagiarized and fabricated articles. Reporter Jayson Blair resigns from dents polled by Rutgers University The New York Times after getting researcher Donald McCabe admit May 1998 caught plagiarizing an article from plagiarizing at least once. The New Republic fires writer the San Antonio Express-News. Stephen Glass for fabricating an 1971 article and later finds that he had May 11, 2003 Beatle George Harrison is sued for plagiarized or fabricated at least The New York Times publishes a plagiarizing a copyrighted song and two-dozen other articles. 14,000-word account of Blair’s pla- ordered to pay $587,000 in damages. giarism and other acts of journalis- February 2001 tic fraud. 1972 Researcher McCabe finds that 52 Boston University successfully sues percent of high-school juniors ad- June 5, 2003 several Massachusetts-based term- mitted to copying “a few sen- New York Times Executive Editor paper mills for fraud. The following tences from a Web site without Howell Raines and Managing Edi- year, the Massachusetts legislature footnoting them.” Sixteen percent tor Gerald Boyd resign in wake of outlaws term-paper sales in the state. said they had turned in a paper the Blair scandal.

CQ on the Web: www.cqpress.com Sept. 19, 2003 783 COMBATING PLAGIARISM

Rogue Reporter at The New York Times

e have to stop Jayson from writing for The Times. problems with reliability, the Siegal Committee found. The Times Right Now.” When Jonathan Landman, the metro- gave Blair another internship the following summer. After that, W politan editor of The New York Times, wrote that the paper hired him as an “intermediate” reporter, meaning he now-famous e-mail message to two newsroom colleagues in would be closely supervised for up to three years. April 2002, he had good reason for concern. Jayson Blair, a Blair performed well for about a year. But in fall 2000, he young reporter on his staff, was making numerous mistakes started making frequent errors. Nevertheless, he became a reg- and was behaving erratically. ular staff reporter in early 2001, almost two years before his But Times officials didn’t stop Blair. In fact, they assigned probationary period ended. “I think race was the decisive fac- the 27-year-old to the prestigious national desk, where he cov- tor in his promotion,” Landman told the Siegal Committee. 4 ered high-profile stories such as the Washington, D.C., sniper But Gerald Boyd, the then-deputy managing editor who had case. Blair’s work on those stories was nothing short of a “jour- recommended Blair’s promotion, said it was “absolute drivel” nalistic disaster,” declares a report by 25 Times staffers and that he had disregarded the reporter’s mistakes on account of three outside journalists. Known as the Siegal Committee re- his race. Like Blair, Boyd is also African-American. “Did I pat port, it concludes that Landman’s “stop Jayson” e-mail was just [Blair] on the back? Did I say ‘hang in there’? Yes, but I did one of several red flags about Blair that were ignored by top that with everybody,” Boyd said after the scandal broke. 5 management at the Times. 1 That fall, Blair claimed his problems stemmed from the an- Blair resigned from the Times last May 1, two days after guish of losing a cousin in the Sept. 11 terrorist attacks. In fact, The San Antonio Express-News accused him of plagiarizing an he did not, The Times discovered after he resigned. Express-News story about the mother of a Texas soldier miss- In February 2002, with Blair’s mistakes mounting, Boyd ing in Iraq. In the days that followed, Times journalists un- warned the young reporter that he was “blowing a big op- covered problems in dozens of other articles by Blair. 2 Be- portunity.” Blair, who said he was struggling with serious “per- sides lifting materials from other newspapers and wire services, sonal problems,” was granted a leave of absence. “When he Blair fabricated comments and scenes and otherwise misled returned, so did his errors,” the Siegal report declares. Blair readers about what he allegedly witnessed. Today, Blair is wide- was warned that his job was in peril, and his editors began ly regarded as one of the most notorious plagiarists and fab- supervising him closely. Blair resented the short-leash approach ricators in journalism history. and asked to be transferred to another department. Landman Blair reportedly exhibited poor journalistic ethics before the reluctantly sent him to the sports desk, warning the editor there Times first hired him in June 1998. He had attended the Uni- to “be careful” with the young reporter. 6 versity of Maryland in the mid-1990s and served as editor of Blair’s sports stint was short-lived. On Oct. 20, 2002, Times the school’s newspaper, The Diamondback, from 1996 to 1997. officials assigned him to a team of reporters covering the This summer, after the Times published a 14,000-word account sniper shootings. The Times had been scooped on some de- of Blair’s ethical breaches, some 30 former Maryland students velopments in the story, and Boyd and Howell Raines, the said his “disgraceful behavior at The New York Times resem- paper’s executive editor — thought Blair, who was familiar bled a recurring pattern we witnessed when he worked at The with the D.C. suburbs, could help bolster the paper’s cover- Diamondback.” 3 age. Times National Editor Jim Roberts, who was in charge of But Blair received good reviews from his professors, who the coverage team, says no one warned him about Blair’s bad helped him land an internship at the Times in June 1998. Blair track record. “This was an invitation to disaster,” the Siegal had a “strong start” at the paper, though he occasionally had Committee declared.

Continued from p. 782 ments gave new importance to the — first proposed in the late 1400s — concepts of originality and individual because they believed human learning Rise of Copyright thought. These ideals were spread far should circulate unrestricted for the com- and wide through the use of the print- mon good and betterment of mankind. ing press — invented in 1440 — and “Much like defenders of Internet ttitudes about plagiarism began new copyright laws, which advanced freedoms of access and speech today, A to change in the 16th century, the notion that individual authorship Luther and others objected that copy- as the Protestant Reformation swept was good and that mimesis was bad. right laws would limit the free circu- across Western Europe. The notion Notably, religious reformers like Mar- lation of ideas and knowledge that that salvation could be attained with- tin Luther were among the staunchest had been made so widely and in- out adhering to strict Catholic sacra- opponents of the new copyright laws stantly available . . . [by] the printing

784 CQ Researcher Blair’s stories about the sniper knowing that Roberts did not buy case contained numerous factu- his explanation, Blair resigned. 8 al errors, fabricated or plagiarized A few weeks later, Blair told quotes and other problems, the The New York Observer his actions Times’ internal investigation found. stemmed, in part, from a host of In a Dec. 22, 2002, article, for personal problems and that he example, Blair wrote that “all the had turned to alcohol and co- evidence” pointed to [Lee] Malvo caine in an effort to cope. When as the triggerman in the attacks.” he finally got caught, he said, he The piece drew strong criticism was pretty desperate. “I was ei- from a prosecutor in the case, ther going to kill myself or I was who called a press conference Times New York going to kill the journalist per- and denounced much of the re- sona,” he said. “So Jayson Blair port as “dead wrong.” 7 the human being could live, Jayson Still, The Times kept Blair on Blair the journalist had to die.” 9 the high-profile national staff Blair authored a short narra- when the war in Iraq started. tive about his experiences at The Blair’s home-front reports about Times for the October 2003 issue AFP Photo/Courtesy the war, like his sniper stories, Former New York Times reporter Jayson Blair of Jane magazine. He is also writ- were riddled with factual errors committed plagiarism and other forms of journalistic ing a book about his experiences; and fabricated quotes. In a March fraud in more than three-dozen articles. the working title reportedly is 27 piece, for example, Blair Burning Down My Master’s House: claimed to have traveled to Palestine, W. Va., to interview fam- My Life at The New York Times. ily members of then-missing Pvt. Jessica Lynch. Blair wrote that Lynch’s father “choked up as he stood on his porch here over- 1 The Siegal Committee’s “Report of the Committee on Safeguarding the In- tegrity of Our Journalism,” was published on July 28, 2003. It is available looking the tobacco fields and cow pastures.” In fact, the porch on The New York Times Web site at www.nytco.com. overlooks no such thing. According to The Times, Blair never 2 For background, see Dan Barry, et. al., “Correcting the Record: Times Re- visited the Lynch home, but instead tried to concoct the scene porter Who Resigned Leaves Long Trail of Deception,” The New York Times, by drawing details from other published news accounts. May 11, 2003. 3 Blair was finally tripped up when the San Antonio Express- Quoted in the Siegal Committee report, op. cit. 4 Ibid. News complained in April that Blair had plagiarized a News ar- 5 Quoted in Howard Kurtz, “To the Editors: How Could This Happen? N.Y. ticle about the family of a soldier from Los Fresnos, Texas. Times Staff, Execs in ‘Painful and Honest’ Meeting Over Plagiarism Fiasco,” Roberts called Blair into his office and asked him to describe The Washington Post, May 15, 2003, p. C1. what he had seen in Texas. Blair did so in great detail, de- 6 Quoted in the Siegal Committee report, op. cit. 7 scribing the family’s white stucco house, the red Jeep in the For background, see Matthew Barakat, “Prosecutor Denies Teen Was Sole Sniper,” The Associated Press Online, Dec. 23, 2002. driveway, and the roses blooming in the yard. In fact, Blair 8 See Barry, op. cit. had not gone to Texas, but instead had viewed pictures of the 9 Quoted in Sridhar Pappu, “So Jayson Blair Could Live, the Journalist Had house stored in the Times’ computerized photo archives. But to Die,” The New York Observer, May 26, 2003, p. 1. press,” scholar C. Jan Swearingen wrote to sweep the ground clear and build his capital and identity were at stake. in a 1999 essay. 26 from scratch,” Morgan and Reynolds Things were now competitive and per- Passage of the first copyright laws write. “Once money was involved, peo- sonal, and when writers thought they’d — in England in 1710 and in the Unit- ple became more vigilant for copy- been plundered they fought back.” 28 ed States in 1790 — transformed writ- ing, whether real or imagined.” 27 ing into a viable economic pursuit. Mallon agrees. “Plagiarism didn’t be- Mimesis was no longer tolerated or come a truly sore point with writers until ‘Fertile Ground’ encouraged — in fact it was illegal. they thought of writing as their trade,” “No longer was a writer supposed to he writes in Stolen Words. “The writer, build on top of the structures left by a new professional, was invented by a eanwhile, other forces were cre- earlier figures; now one was supposed machine [the printing press]. Suddenly M ating “fertile ground for plagia-

CQ on the Web: www.cqpress.com Sept. 19, 2003 785 COMBATING PLAGIARISM rism” at America’s colleges and uni- began to level off in the 1920s, as versities, explains Sue Carter, an as- specialized handbooks began to ap- Second Chances sociate professor of English at Ohio’s pear providing guidelines on the cor- Bowling Green State University. Ad- rect use of sources. Even so, the num- missions started rising dramatically in ber of students who patronized s in the literary and academic the mid-1800s, in part because schools term-paper mills continued to grow. A worlds, attitudes toward plagia- began accepting women for the first Calling themselves academic “research” rism also have changed over time in time. As enrollments increased, companies, they advertised in campus the realm of journalism. “Twenty or schools began requiring students to newspapers and “alternative” publica- 30 years ago, there was plenty of pla- present more of their work in writing, tions and often employed graduate giarism, embellishment and other eth- rather than orally, as they had in the students to do the writing. ical shortcuts,” said Howard Kurtz, past, Carter says. In Boston in the 1960s and ’70s, for media critic for The Washington Post. “At Harvard . . . by the 1890s, first- example, term papers were hawked on “But they didn’t always come to light, year students wrote a new paper every street corners and from Volkswagen in part because journalists were re- two weeks as well as one short paper buses, says Kevin Carleton, assistant luctant to expose one another.” 31 six days a week for the entire acade- vice president for public relations at The University of Maryland’s mic year,” Carter wrote in a 1999 arti- Boston University (BU). “You could Kunkel agrees. “When I first broke cle on the history of plagiarism. “In such find them in Kenmore Square and Har- into the business 30 years ago, I worked a climate . . . students may have felt vard Square and at Boston College and with a guy who once in a while made plagiarism to be a viable option.” 29 Northeastern University,” Carleton says. up quotes and things,” Kunkel recalls. Aside from the sheer volume of In 1972, BU sued several local term- “It was in high-school sports, and he writing, students also may have felt paper mills for fraud and won an in- sort of viewed it as saving everybody’s pushed toward plagiarism because junction prohibiting them from oper- time because the quotes were so pre- many schools assigned unimaginative, ating. The following year, the dictable and innocuous. I don’t think “canned topics” for those papers, Carter Massachusetts legislature banned the his editors knew, but it was pretty says. “Some students believed it was sale of term papers. Today, 16 states common knowledge in newsrooms OK to cheat because the teachers ban term-paper mills, according to the around the county that there were weren’t doing their jobs. For them, it Denver-based National Conference of people who did stuff like that.” made sense to plagiarize.” State Legislatures. In 1972, for example, the now-de- To be sure, not all the student pla- But BU wasn’t so successful in 1997 funct National Observer fired journalist giarism of the mid-19th century was in- when it tried to use federal anti-rack- Nina Totenberg for lifting without at- tentional. There were no universally eteering laws to prohibit all term- tribution several paragraphs from a agreed-upon guidelines for using sources paper mills from using the fledgling Washington Post profile of Rep. Thomas properly. Writer’s manuals didn’t appear Internet. A federal court dismissed the P. “Tip” O’Neill, D-Mass., who was about until the late 19th or early 20th cen- university’s suit on the grounds that to become House majority leader. “I turies. “It’s not like there was an MLA the Internet-based mills could not be was in a hurry. I used terrible judg- Handbook or a Chicago Manual of Style,” prosecuted under the racketeering ment,” Totenberg said in a 1995 inter- Carter says. “Students knew they could- law. The judge also ruled that the uni- view. “I should have been punished. n’t claim another person’s words as versity could not prove that it had I have a strong feeling that a young their own, but there was nothing to been substantially harmed by the mills, reporter is entitled to one mistake and give them specific, concrete guidelines since it could name only one student to have the holy bejeezus scared out about avoiding plagiarism, such as who tried to pass off an Internet-pur- of her to never do it again.” 32 using quotation marks or footnotes.” chased paper as his own. Totenberg got a second chance and Still, students who were so inclined The mills named in the suit had today is a well-regarded legal-affairs in the mid-1800s could easily obtain planned to mount a free-speech de- correspondent for National Public Radio. completed papers from fraternity fense, but they didn’t have to use it. Other high-profile cases in which houses or “term-paper mills” that set “We prepared a very strong First admitted or alleged plagiarists re- up shop near many universities. A Amendment stance,” said Boston lawyer turned to journalism after their work graduate student who taught writing Harvey Schwartz, who represented two was questioned include: at Harvard in the 1890s even sold term of the operations. “This case was • Mike Barnicle — the legendary papers himself, Carter says. about academic freedom on the In- Boston Globe columnist resigned Inadvertent academic plagiarism ternet.” 30 in 1998 amid allegations of pla-

786 CQ Researcher giarism and fabricating articles. and cynicism. It really says something dom distributed yesterday which de- Today he writes a column for the about the entertainment society we live scribes in exquisite detail Iraqi decep- New York Daily News and frequently in — in that world, we don’t really care tion activities.” 38 appears on MSNBC’s “Hardball” how smarmy you are.” 35 Within hours, news organizations and other television programs. discovered that the report that Pow- • Elizabeth Wurtzel — was fired ell had cited was based largely on out- by The Dallas Morning News in of-date magazine articles from the 1988 for plagiarism. Wurtzel went CURRENT Middle East Review and other journals on to write for prestigious maga- that had been plagiarized — typo- zines such as New York and The graphical errors and all — from the New Yorker. She has also written SITUATION Internet. 39 two best-selling books, Prozac Na- In an interview with The New York tion: Young and Depressed in Times, a spokesman for Blair acknowl- America (1994) and Bitch: In edged that the report was, indeed, a Praise of Difficult Women (1999). Plagiarism and Politics “pull-together of a variety of sources.” • Marcia Stepanek, who was fired The spokesman added that “we should by Business Week magazine in Jan- rom time to time, plagiarism en- . . . have acknowledged which bits uary 2001 for plagiarizing a Wash- F snares politicians as well. Sen. came from public sources and which ington Post article on computer Joseph Biden Jr., D-Del., for example, bits came from other sources.” 40 privacy. Stepanek said she did not was forced to abandon his quest to Reporters quickly tracked down the intend to plagiarize. “I was slop- become his party’s 1988 presidential author of one of the plagiarized arti- py with my notes but nothing nominee when sleuthing reporters cles, Ibrahim al-Marashi, who said British more,” she said. 33 Today, she is caught him delivering campaign speech- officials had not asked permission to the executive editor of CIO In- es containing phrases plagiarized from incorporate his work into their intelli- sight, a magazine for information- other American and British politicians. gence dossier. Al-Marashi, who had writ- technology professionals. The senator also faced allegations he ten the article as a postgraduate stu- Stephen Glass, who was fired by had plagiarized a paper during law dent at the Monterey Institute of The New Republic in 1998 for plagia- school. In dropping out of the race, International Studies in Monterey, rizing and fabricating articles, also has Biden acknowledged that he “made Calif., said he believed his work was cashed in on his wrongdoing. His some mistakes,” but claimed the media accurate, but he told a New York Times “novel” about his exploits, The Fabu- “exaggerated” his missteps. 36 reporter, “Had they [British officials] con- list, was published in May. It recounts In recent months, critics have as- sulted me, I could have provided them the misadventures of a young writer sailed President Bush and British with more updated information.” 41 named Stephen Glass who gets fired Prime Minister Tony Blair over reve- In a later interview, al-Marashi said from a Washington, D.C.-based maga- lations that they touted two bogus re- British officials distorted his work to zine for making up news stories and ports about Iraq’s alleged weapons of make the Iraqi threat appear more se- features. The protagonist — like the mass destruction (WMD) — one found rious than he believed it to be. “It real Glass — even creates bogus voice- to contain plagiarized materials and connected me with the . . . case for mail recordings and Web sites to con- the other based on forged documents going to war,” al-Marashi said this ceal his deceit. A movie about the young — to win support for attacking Iraq. summer. “It was never my intention reporter’s deceptions, “Shattered The report containing plagiarized ma- to have it support such an argument Glass,” is slated to open next month. terials was posted on Blair’s official to provide evidence to go to war.” 42 Charles Lane, the editor who fired Web site on Feb. 3, 2003. 37 Among To date, none of the WMD de- Glass from The New Republic in 1998, other things, it claimed to provide “up- scribed by President Bush and Prime said he was stunned “that someone to-date details” of Iraq’s efforts to con- Minister Blair have been found in Iraq. could do what Steve did and cash in ceal its alleged weapons of mass de- on it.” 34 struction from U.N. weapons inspectors. “Being disgraced is not so bad these Secretary of State Colin Powell cited days,” said McBride, at the Poynter In- the report in his Feb. 5, 2003, address ‘Poisonous Atmosphere’ stitute. “In our society . . . people can to the U.N. Security Council, saying, “I capitalize on values [such as] cleverness, would call my colleagues’ attention to ome journalists say news organi- creativity, glibness, sharp-tongued wit the fine paper that the United King- S zations have gone overboard in

CQ on the Web: www.cqpress.com Sept. 19, 2003 787 COMBATING PLAGIARISM their effort to enforce tougher, new his colleagues. Peter Kilborn, a reporter plagiarized paper within a week; write ethical standards in the wake of the in The Times’ Washington bureau, chas- an entirely different paper within a Jayson Blair scandal. tised Bragg in an e-mail to the news- week; or receive a zero on the reject- Many point to the trouble that be- paper’s national desk. “Bragg’s com- ed paper. Subsequent offenses receive fell Rick Bragg, a Pulitzer Prize-win- ments in defense of his reportorial automatic zeroes. The policy also out- ning New York Times reporter. Bragg routines are outrageous,” Kilborn wrote. lines procedures in which students can angrily resigned from the paper on “I hope there is some way that we as challenge plagiarism allegations. May 28, five days after The Times pub- correspondents . . . can get the word “School faculty members and admin- lished an editor’s note saying an arti- out . . . that we do not operate that istrators should take special care to de- cle he had written the previous June way. Bragg says he works in a poiso- fine [plagiarism] and explain how to had relied too heavily on the work of nous atmosphere. He’s the poison.” 46 avoid it,” Kelley R. Taylor, general coun- an uncredited freelance journalist, J. Despite his rocky departure from The sel of the National Association of Sec- Wesley Yoder. The Times stated in its Times, Bragg landed on his feet. He has ondary School Principals (NASSP), wrote editor’s note that the article, which de- negotiated a $1 million deal to write a in a recent issue of Principal Leadership, scribed the lives of oystermen on Flori- book about Pvt. Jessica Lynch — about the NASSP’s journal. “Teach your facul- da’s Gulf Coast, should have carried whom Jayson Blair had falsified one of ty members to teach students what pla- Yoder’s byline as well as Bragg’s. The his reports. (See sidebar, p. 785.) giarism is and how to avoid it with prop- Times suspended Bragg for two weeks er references and source citations.” 47 as a result of the incident. Taylor says teachers can do a num- Bragg readily admitted that he had ber of things in their classrooms to com- done little firsthand reporting on the Action in Schools bat plagiarism, such as structuring writ- story, and said he didn’t tell his edi- ing assignments so students have to tors about Yoder’s contribution to the eachers and schools across the coun- revise their work and requiring students story because it was The Times’ prac- T try are taking a variety of steps to to turn in annotated bibliographies, to tice not to credit freelancers. “It would combat plagiarism. Some school districts show they are familiar with their sources. have been nice for [Yoder] to share a have policies for dealing with plagiarism Many college professors and ad- byline, or at least a tagline, but that’s at the elementary, middle school and ministrators, though, complain that high not the policy,” he told the Columbia secondary school levels. The Springfield schools aren’t doing enough to teach Journalism Review on May 23. “I don’t Township School District in Erdenheim, students about plagiarism. “I don’t make the policies.” 43 Pa., for example, defines plagiarism as know what’s going on in high schools. Yoder saw it that way as well. “This “Direct copying of the work of another Some students don’t seem to be pre- is what stringers do — the legwork,” submitted as the student’s own.” Under pared to do proper citation and re- he said. “I did most of the reporting the district’s policy, plagiarism includes search” at the college level, says Ronald and Rick wrote it. Rick tried to bring “Lack of in-text or in-project documen- Stump, vice chancellor of student af- the piece alive, to take the reader there, tation; Documentation that does not check fairs at the University of Colorado at and he did a darn good job of it.” 44 out or does not match Works Cited/Works Boulder. “I don’t want to paint every In an interview a few days later, Consulted;” and “Work that suddenly ap- high school in the same way, but a lot Bragg blamed his suspension on the pears on final due date without a clear of students do seem to be surprised” “poisonous atmosphere” that he said provenance.” when they get accused of plagiarism. had developed at The Times follow- “We believe that we must not only Most Colorado professors talk to their ing the Jayson Blair incident. “Obvi- teach the ethics and mechanics of doc- classes about plagiarism or include warn- ously, I’m taking a bullet here; any- umentation, but we must also hold stu- ings about it on their course syllabi, one with half a brain can see that,” dents accountable for the ethical use of Stump says. Like many schools, the he told The Washington Post’s Kurtz. the ideas and words of others,” the dis- university has a student-run honor “Reporters are being bad-mouthed trict’s policy states. “Plagiarism, in any committee that disseminates informa- daily. I hate it. It makes me sick.” 45 form, is unethical and unacceptable.” tion about plagiarism and adjudicates Bragg quit the paper. But his de- Lawrence High School in Fairfield, plagiarism cases referred to it by school fense — that it was a common and Maine, requires students and parents faculty. Penalties for plagiarism range accepted practice at The Times for cor- to sign a plagiarism policy every year from a letter saying a student broke respondents to rely on the work of un- that defines plagiarism and lays out the the honor code to expulsion. In addi- attributed freelancers, stringers and in- consequences for violators. First-time tion, plagiarists frequently are required terns — didn’t sit well with some of offenders get three options: rewrite the Continued on p. 790

788 CQ Researcher At Issue: Should educators use commercial services to combat plagiarism?

JOHN BARRIE REBECCA MOORE HOWARD PRESIDENT, TURNITIN.COM ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR OF WRITING AND RHETORIC, SYRACUSE UNIVERSITY WRITTEN FOR THE CQ RESEARCHER, SEPTEMBER 2003 WRITTEN FOR THE CQ RESEARCHER, SEPTEMBER 2003 spent more than 10 years researching how our brains cre- ate a conscious representation of the world, and the take- eaching, not software, is the key to preventing plagiarism. home message is that we draw from the past to create the Today’s students can access an array of electronic texts i and images unimaginable just 20 years ago, and students’ present. Academic endeavors work in a similar manner. Students t from elementary school to postgraduate are constantly learning relationship to the practice of information-sharing has changed from and building upon the corpus of prior work from their along with the technology. peers, authors of books or journal articles, lectures from faculty But today’s students lack extensive training and experience or from information found on the Internet. One of the best in working carefully from print sources, and they may not un- methods for learning involves collaboration or peer review derstand that they need to learn this skill. They may also find among groups of students in order to share ideas and criticism it difficult to differentiate between kinds of sources on the In- regarding course material. ternet. With information arriving as a cacophony of electronic Subsequent intellectual accomplishments of students — or voices, even well-intentioned students have difficulty keeping academics — are sometimes measured by their ability to distill track of — much less citing — who said what. weeks, months or years of hard work into a manuscript of Moreover, the sheer volume of available information fre- original thought. For example, a high-school student might quently leaves student writers feeling that they have nothing compose a book report about Othello while a college under- new to say about an issue. Hence too many students — one grad might yeswrite a manuscript regarding the sublime philoso- in three, accordingno to a recent survey conducted by Rutgers phy of Nietzsche. In either case, the faculty is attempting to University Professor Donald McCabe — may fulfill assignments ascertain whether that student has understood the course ma- by submitting work they have not written. terial. The problem begins when faculty cannot determine Were we in the throes of widespread moral decay, capture- whether a student wrote a term paper or plagiarized it from and-punishment might provide an appropriate deterrent. We other sources. But is that a problem? are, however, in the midst of a revolution in literacy, and TurnItIn receives about 15,000 papers per day from stu- teachers’ responses must be more complex. They must ad- dents in 51 countries writing across the curriculum, and about dress the underlying issues: students’ ability to conduct re- 30 percent of those papers are less than original. This is sup- search, comprehend extended written arguments, evaluate ported by the largest-ever study of plagiarism involving more sources and produce their own persuasive written texts, in ex- than 18,000 students on 23 campuses. The study (released this plicit dialogue with their sources. month by Rutgers University Professor Donald McCabe) con- Classrooms must engage students in text and in learning — cluded that nearly 40 percent of college undergraduates admit- communicating a value to these activities that extends beyond ted to plagiarizing term papers using information cut-and-past- grades earned and credentials accrued. McCabe, who is a ed from the Internet. founder of the renowned Center for Academic Integrity at This raises the obvious question: “Why is Internet plagia- Duke University, recommends pedagogy and policies that rism growing exponentially in the face of honor codes, vigi- speak to the causes of plagiarism, rather than buying software lant faculty and severe punishments ranging all the way to ex- for detection and punishment. In a 2003 position statement, pulsion?” The answer: The status quo doesn’t work, and our the Council of Writing Program Administrators urges, “Students society’s future leaders are rapidly building a foundation of should understand research assignments as opportunities for shaky ethics while cheating their way to a degree. genuine and rigorous inquiry and learning.” The statement of- The real shame is that while some administrators shirk fers extensive classroom suggestions for teachers and cautions their responsibility to face the problem or are in complete that using plagiarism-catching software may “justify the avoid- dereliction of their duty as educators by not demanding origi- ance of responsible teaching methods.” nal work from all students, ethical, hard-working students are Buying software instead of revitalizing one’s teaching means being out-competed by their cheating peers — and it’s an that teachers, like students, have allowed the electronic envi- outrage. ronment to encourage a reductive, automated vision of the Digital plagiarism is a digital problem and demands a digi- educational experience. As one of my colleagues recently re- tal solution, whether it’s TurnItIn or otherwise. No one wants marked, “The ‘world’s leading plagiarism-prevention system’ is to live in a society populated by Enron executives. not TurnItIn.com — it’s careful pedagogy.”

CQ on the Web: www.cqpress.com Sept. 19, 2003 789 COMBATING PLAGIARISM

Eramo says the Honor Committee How to Avoid Plagiarism is trying to get faculty members to un- derstand that not every student has “Plagiarism involves two kinds of wrong,” according to the Modern the same understanding of what pla- Language Association (MLA). “Using another person’s ideas, infor- giarism is and how to avoid it. “So mation, or expressions without [acknowledgment] constitutes intel- many students are coming here with- lectual theft. Passing off another person’s ideas, information, or out that knowledge, and the faculty expressions as your own . . . constitutes fraud.” Here are the MLA’s are sort of expecting them to have it, plagiarism guidelines for writers: and they don’t,” Eramo says. The Honor Committee has its own You have plagiarized if you: plagiarism-education program, Eramo • Took notes without differentiating summaries, paraphrases or quota- says. Students who attend the summer tions from others’ work or ideas and then presented wording from the orientation session, for example, get a notes as if they were your own. 20-minute presentation about the honor system that includes information on pla- • Copied text from the Web and pasted it into your paper without quota- giarism. Each fall, Honor Committee staff tion marks or citation. visit every dormitory and speak to stu- • Presented facts without saying where you found them. dents about the consequences for pla- • Repeated or paraphrased wording without acknowledgment. giarism and other forms of cheating. The committee also hosts voluntary • Took someone’s unique or particularly apt phrase without acknowl- round-table discussions about the edgment. honor code during the year. • Paraphrased someone’s argument or presented someone’s line of thought without acknowledgment. • Bought or otherwise acquired a research paper and handed in part or all of it as your own. OUTLOOK To avoid plagiarism: • List the writers and viewpoints discovered in your research and use the list to double-check the material in your report before turning it in. Internet Blamed • While taking notes, keep separate and distinct your own ideas, summaries of others’ ideas or exact wording from other people’s work. lthough the Jayson Blair scandal • Identify the sources of all exact wording, paraphrases, ideas, A sent a loud wake-up call to all arguments and facts that you borrow. reporters and editors, academics and • Ask your instructor if you are uncertain about your use of sources. working journalists alike say journalism will continue, nonetheless, to be occa- sionally tainted by plagiarizing re- Source: Joseph Gibaldi, The MLA Handbook for Writers of Research Papers, Sixth porters. Many blame the ease of pla- Edition, Modern Language Association of America, 2003. giarizing from the Internet and the demands of online journalism’s round- Continued from p. 788 of the school’s Honor Committee. the-clock deadline pressure. to attend academic-integrity classes, says While most professors educate and Before the Internet, reporters’ dead- Allison Jennings, 21, a political science warn their students about plagiarism, lines typically fell only once a day, major and the director of adjudication the specifics of the warnings vary. notes the University of Maryland’s for the university’s honor code coun- “They often will put statements on Kunkel. Today, however, reporters for cil. “It really discusses how not to pla- their syllabi about what plagiarism is both print and electronic news outlets giarize,” Jennings says of the class. “It’s and what they will and will not ac- are often expected to break stories on really about education.” cept, and what kinds of citation re- their employers’ Web sites as soon as The University of Virginia also quirements they have,” Eramo says. possible, and update them whenever goes to great lengths to educate stu- “But it definitely varies from faculty the circumstances change. The pres- dents about plagiarism, says Eramo, member to faculty member.” sure-packed environment tempts some

790 CQ Researcher reporters to plagiarize, he says. “Some McCabe says many feel that material 2003, p. A1. plagiarizing is certainly driven by [dead- found on the Internet is in the public 3 The Oxford English Dictionary defines pla- line] pressure,” says Kunkel, who adds domain and that they may freely “cut giarism as “the wrongful appropriation or pur- that “computers and electronic data- and paste” it into their own papers. loining, and publication as one’s own, of the bases have made it easy — maybe too “A large number of students under- ideas, or the expression of the ideas (literary, artistic, musical, mechanical, etc.) of another. easy — to co-opt other people’s work.” stand that adults — teachers and oth- 4 Alexander Lindey, Plagiarism and Originality The San Antonio Express-News’s Ri- ers — think that [cut-and-paste plagia- (1952), in Joseph Gibaldi, MLA Handbook for vard agrees. “People who might not rism] is wrong, but they don’t think it Writers of Research Papers, 6th ed. (2003), p. 66. have copied something out of anoth- is,” McCabe says. “Whether they believe 5 The effect that a plagiarized work has on er newspaper in the pre-electronic era it’s wrong or not, they’re trying to make the market value of a copyrighted work is can now get an extraordinary amount the argument that it’s not cheating.” a key provision of the Copyright Act of 1976. of information about any topic, any- Other experts say schools should com- For background, see Kenneth Jost, “Copy- time, using the Internet,” Rivard says. bat plagiarism — not by focusing on right and the Internet,” The CQ Researcher, “It’s easy to abuse that kind of access.” detection and interdiction — but by bet- Sept. 29, 2000, pp. 769-792. 6 Others downplay the connection be- ter clarifying what plagiarism is in a dig- Quoted in Stephen Ambrose, “Accusations tween plagiarism and online journal- ital age. “As teachers, we really own the of Plagiarism Deserve an Honest Reply,” Newhouse News Service, May 2, 2002. ism. “We do operate under more pres- problem,” says Springfield Township High 7 For background, see Kathy Koch, “Cheat- sure than in the past, but that’s no School librarian Valenza. “At our school, ing in Schools,” The CQ Researcher, Sept. 22, excuse for failing to follow the pro- we’re really trying to develop a culture 2000, pp. 745-768. tections and guidelines that should be where kids understand what plagiarism 8 Donald McCabe and Linda Trevino, “What in place for ensuring the integrity of is and how to avoid it.” We Know About Cheating in College: Lon- a story,” says The Miami Herald’s The Rochester Institute’s Scanlon gitudinal Trends and Recent Developments,” Fiedler. “We would never tell our re- agrees. “We seem to be turning over Change, January/February 1996, pp. 29-33. porters to cut corners or not verify to computers a problem that’s sup- 9 See Patrick M. Scanlon and David R. Neu- something in order to get it online posedly caused by computers and the mann, “Internet Plagiarism Among College quickly — we just don’t do that.” Internet, and I’m not so sure that’s Students,” Journal of College Student Devel- Fiedler does not believe the Blair scan- wise,” he says. “Plagiarism is not a opment, May/June 2002, pp. 375-384. 10 See Donald McCabe, “Cheating: Why Stu- dal will permanently alter the public’s technological problem — it’s a prob- dents Do It and How We Can Help them Stop,” perception of the media. “Most readers lem that has to do with ethical be- American Educator, winter 2001, pp. 38-43. who followed it did not leap to some havior and the correct use of sources. 11 See B. Brandes, “Academic Honesty: A drastically dark conclusion that the cred- And it existed long before the advent Special Study of California Students,” Cali- ibility of the media is now gone,” he of the Internet.” fornia State Department of Education, 1986. says. “If they were skeptical of what they 12 See Fred Schab, “Schooling Without Learn- saw in the media [before the scandal] Notes ing: Thirty Years of Cheating in High School,” they just added a count to their indict- Adolescence, Vol. 23 (1991), pp. 681-687. ment. But if they tended to give the media 13 Amy Harmon, “261 Lawsuits Filed on Music 1 generally good marks for credibility, I Quoted in Dan Barry et al., “Correcting the Sharing,” The New York Times, Sept. 9, 2003, think they will continue to do so.” Record: Times Reporter Who Resigned p. A1. See also John Leland, “Beyond File- Leaves Long Trail of Deception,” The New Sharing, A Nation of Copiers,” The New York Kunkel, ultimately, also is optimistic. York Times, May 11, 2003, p. A1. Times, Sept. 14, 2003, Sec. 9, p. 1. “American journalism has never been 2 Quoted in Peter Johnson, “Media Weigh In 14 Bruce Orwall, et al., “Music Industry Press- more professional than it is today, and On ‘Journalistic Fraud,’ ” USA Today, May 12, es ‘Play’ on Plan to Save Its Business,” The the instances of plagiarism are prob- ably rarer than ever,” he says. “But when somebody like Jayson Blair gets About the Author exposed, there’s such an uproar that Brian Hansen is a freelancer and former CQ Researcher staff writer who everybody believes the industry is going specializes in environmental and social-policy issues. He previously was a to hell in a handbasket. That’s not so.” reporter for the Colorado Daily in Boulder and the Environment News Ser- A similar debate promises to contin- vice in Washington. His awards include the American Bar Association’s Sil- ue raging over plagiarism in education. ver Gavel and the Scripps Howard Foundation Award for Public Service Re- Some experts say the problem is only porting. He holds a B.A. in political science and an M.A. in education from going to get worse until students change the University of Colorado. their perception of the Internet. Rutgers’

CQ on the Web: www.cqpress.com Sept. 19, 2003 791 COMBATING PLAGIARISM

Wall Street Journal, Sept. 9, 2003, p. A1. 15 Quoted in Tom Anderson, “Software Tat- tles on Academic Plagiarists,” The Oakland FOR MORE INFORMATION [California] Tribune, Feb. 4, 2002. American Library Association, 50 E. Huron St., Chicago, IL 60611; (800) 545- 16 For more information on U.S. copyright law, 2433; www.ala.org. Publishes articles about how educators can detect and prevent see Jost, op. cit. A detailed legal brief ad- plagiarism. dressing copyright-related questions directed against TurnItIn.com is at www.turnitin.com/sta- Berkman Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School, 511 Pound tic/legal/legal_document.html. Hall, 1563 Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, MA 02138; (617) 495-7547; 17 Quoted in Howard Kurtz, “Rick Bragg http://cyber.law.harvard.edu. The center’s Web site contains numerous articles Quits at New York Times,” The Washington about plagiarism in the Internet age. Post, May 29, 2003, p. C1. 18 Quoted in Michael R. Fancher, “Newspa- Center for Academic Integrity, Duke University, Box 90434, Durham, NC per Bringing Back System of Accuracy Checks,” 27708; (919) 660-3045; www.academicintegrity.org. A consortium of 200 colleges The Seattle Times, June 15, 2003, p. A2. and universities concerned about academic plagiarism. 19 Keller’s memo and the Siegal report are available at: www.nytco.com. Center for Excellence in Teaching and Learning, University of Albany, 1400 20 Ibid. Washington Ave., Albany, NY 12222; (518) 437-3920; www.albany.edu/cetl. The center’s Web site discusses avoiding plagiarism and has plagiarism-detection soft- 21 Quoted in Howard Kurtz, “N.Y. Times to ware available for downloading. Appoint Ombudsman,” The Washington Post, July 31, 2003, p. C1. 22 Center for the Study of College Student Values, Florida State University, 113 Robert J. Samuelson, “Smug Journalism,” Stone Building, Tallahassee, FL 32306-4452; (850) 644-3691; www.collegevalues.org. The Washington Post, Aug. 13, 2003, p. A27. Publishes the Journal of College and Character and studies ethical issues. 23 The article will be published this fall in the Fordham Intellectual Property, Media and Council of Writing Program Administrators, P.O. Box 8101, North Carolina State Entertainment Law Journal. University, Raleigh, NC 27695-8105; (919) 513-4080; www.ilstu.edu/~ddhesse/wpa. This 24 Quoted in Cynthia Cotts, “Can The Times be national association provides Web resources for preventing plagiarism. Sued?” The Village Voice, Sept. 10, 2003. 25 Quoted in Peter W. Morgan and Glenn H. Poynter Institute for Media Studies, 801 Third St. South, St. Petersburg, FL 33701- Reynolds, The Appearance of Impropriety: How 4920; (727) 821-9494; www.poynter.org. Conducts classes for journalism students, the Ethics Wars Have Undermined American teachers and professionals. Poynter columnist Jim Romenesko tracks plagiarism in Government, Business, and Society (1997). journalism. The nonprofit institute owns Congressional Quarterly Inc. 26 See C. Jan Swearingen, “Originality, Au- thenticity, Imitation and Plagiarism: Augus- TurnItIn.com, 1624 Franklin St., Suite 818, Oakland, CA 94612; (510) 287-9720; www.turnitin.com. A leading provider of plagiarism-detection services. tine’s Chinese Cousins,” in Lise Buranen and Alice M. Roy (eds.), Perspectives on Plagia- rism and Intellectual Prosperity in a Post- July/August 1995, p. 21. Feb. 8, 2003, p. A9. modern World (1999), pp. 19-30. 33 Quoted in Howard Kurtz, “Stephen Glass 40 Ibid. 27 Morgan and Reynolds, op. cit. Waits for Prime Time to Say ‘I Lied,’ ” The 41 Ibid. 28 Quoted in Thomas Mallon, Stolen Words: Washington Post, May 7, 2003, p. C1. 42 Quoted in Ben Russell, “Government Risked Forays into the Origins and Ravages of Pla- 34 Quoted in Howard Kurtz, “Business Week My Life by Copying Iraq Study,” The [Lon- giarism (1989), pp. 3-4. Fires Writer for Plagiarism; Story on Com- don] Independent, June 20, 2003, p. 10. 29 Quoted in Sue Carter Simmons, “Compelling puter Privacy Was Similar to Post Article,” 43 Quoted in Geoffrey Gray, “More Trouble Notions of Authorship: A Historical Look at Stu- The Washington Post, Feb. 10, 2001, p. C3. at The Times: Rick Bragg Suspended,” Co- dents and Textbooks on Plagiarism and Cheat- 35 Quoted in Maria Puente, “Disgrace, Dis- lumbia Journalism Review (online version), ing,” in Lise Buranen and Alice M. Roy (eds.), honor, Infamy: They’re Not So Bad Any- May 23, 2003. Perspectives on Plagiarism and Intellectual Prop- more,” USA Today, May 22, 2003, p. D1. 44 Ibid. erty in a Postmodern World (1999), pp. 41-51. 36 Quoted in David Espo, “Biden Quits Races, 45 Quoted in Howard Kurtz, “Suspended N.Y. 30 Quoted in Ralph Ranalli, “Judge Drops BU Cites ‘Exaggerated Shadow’ of Mistakes,” The Times Reporter Says He’ll Quit,” The Wash- Lawsuit Against Web ‘Paper Mills,’” The Associated Press, Sept. 23, 1987. ington Post. May 27, 2003, p. C1. Boston Herald, Dec. 8, 1998, p. A14. 37 The report can be viewed online at 46 Kilborn’s e-mail was quoted in Seth 31 Quoted in Kathy Koch, “Journalism Under www.number-10.gov.uk/files/pdf/Iraq.pdf. Mnookin, “Firestorm in the Newsroom: The Fire,” The CQ Researcher, Dec. 25, 1998, pp. 38 A transcript is available at: www.state.gov/sec- Times’s National Staff Defends Their Reporting 1121-1144. retary/rm/2003/17300.htm. Methods,” Newsweek (online version), May 32 Quoted in Trudy Lieberman, “Plagiarize, Pla- 39 For background, see Sarah Lyall, “Britain 28, 2003. giarize, Plagiarize . . . Only Be Sure To Call Admits That Much of Its Report on Iraq 47 Kelley R. Taylor, “Cheater, cheater . . .” It Research,” Columbia Journalism Review, Came From Magazines,” The New York Times, Principal Leadership, April 2003, pp. 74-78.

792 CQ Researcher Bibliography Selected Sources

Books The New York Times, Sept. 9, 2003, p. A29. Some professors think teachers need to stop looking ex- Buranen, Lise, and Alice M. Roy (eds.), Perspectives on clusively for technological solutions to the problem of pla- Plagiarism and Intellectual Property in a Postmodern giarism in schools. World, State University of New York Press, 1999. Essays by scholars and copyright attorneys on copyright Kumar, Anita, “High-Tech Sleuthing Catches College law, changing attitudes toward plagiarism and strategies for Cheats,” The St. Petersburg Times, Aug. 31, 2003, p. A1. dealing with academic plagiarism. A journalist interviews educators who say plagiarism-de- tection services are desperately needed and those who argue Glass, Stephen, The Fabulist, Simon & Schuster, 2003. they are the wrong way to deal with plagiarism. A fictionalized account of the author’s infamous career at The New Republic, where he was exposed as a plagiarist and Kurtz, Howard, “To the Editors: How Could This Happen? journalistic fraud in 1998. N.Y. Times Staff, Execs in ‘Painful and Honest’ Meeting Over Plagiarism Fiasco,” The Washington Post, May 15, Howard, Rebecca Moore, Standing in the Shadow of Giants: 2003, p. C1. Plagiarists, Authors, Collaborators, Ablex, 1999. The Washington Post’s media critic chronicles how New A professor of writing and rhetoric at Syracuse University York Times staffers reacted with shock and anger after Jayson chronicles attitudes toward plagiarism since ancient times, Blair was exposed as a fraud. maintaining academic plagiarism is frequently inadvertent. Lyall, Sarah, “Britain Admits That Much of Its Report on Lathrop, Ann, and Kathleen Foss, Student Cheating and Iraq Came From Magazines,” The New York Times, Feb. Plagiarism in the Internet Era: A Wake-Up Call, Libraries 8, 2003, p. A9. Unlimited, 2000. Reporter Lyall documents how the British government pla- This discussion deals with how students use the Internet giarized articles for its official report about Iraq’s efforts to to download term papers and purloin text from online sources. hide its weapons of mass destruction. Lathrop is a professor emeritus at California State Universi- ty, Long Beach; Foss is a librarian at the Los Alamitos Uni- Puente, Maria, “Disgrace, Dishonor, Infamy: They’re Not fied School District. So Bad Anymore,” USA Today, May 22, 2003, p. D1. Reporter Puente writes about disgraced journalists who Mallon, Thomas, Stolen Words: Forays into the Origins wrote books and articles after committing journalistic fraud. and Ravages of Plagiarism, Ticknor & Fields, 1989. A novelist and a former English professor discusses pla- Studies and Reports giarism in literature and popular culture, maintaining society is generally too lax in prosecuting plagiarists. McCabe, Donald, “Cheating: Why Students Do It and How We Can Help them Stop,” American Educator, winter 2001. Articles A management professor at Rutgers University and an ex- pert on academic cheating documents how and why high- Ambrose, Stephen, “Accusations of Plagiarism Deserve school students engage in plagiarism. an Honest Reply,” Newhouse News Service, May 2, 2002. The best-selling historian defends himself against the pla- Scanlon, Patrick M., and David R. Neumann, “Internet giarism allegations that dogged him in the final months of Plagiarism Among College Students,” Journal of College his life. Student Development, May/June 2002, pp. 375-384. Professors of communication at the Rochester Institute of Barry, Dan, et. al., “Correcting the Record: Times Reporter Technology conclude that the Internet has not caused a dra- Who Resigned Leaves Long Trail of Deception,” The New matic increase in plagiarism. York Times, May 11, 2003, p. A1. This is The Times’ internal account of Jayson Blair, the Siegal, Allan M., (ed.), “Report of the Committee on Safe- rogue reporter who plagiarized and fabricated dozens of ar- guarding the Integrity of Our Journalism,” The New York ticles. A companion piece documents problems The Times Times, July 28, 2003; www.nytco.com. found in 39 articles by Blair. Times staffers and outside journalists recommend a number of changes following the Jayson Blair scandal; the report is Edmundson, Mark, “How Teachers Can Stop Cheaters,” available at www.nytco.com.

CQ on the Web: www.cqpress.com Sept. 19, 2003 793 The Next Step: Additional Articles from Current Periodicals

Academic Honor Codes/Plagiarism Hastings, Michael, and Sonia Kolesnikov-Jessop, “Cheater Beaters,” Newsweek, Sept. 8, 2003, p. 32. Bartlett, Thomas, “Historical Association Will No Longer The Internet is as useful for cheating as it is for learning, Investigate Allegations of Wrongdoing,” The Chronicle and several new software companies are taking aim at pla- of Higher Education, May 23, 2003, p. 12. giarists. The American Historical Association announced it would no longer investigate complaints alleging plagiarism or other McCarroll, Christina, “Beating Web Cheaters at Their forms of professional misconduct by historians. Own Game,” The Christian Science Monitor, Aug. 28, 2001, p. 16. Boorstein, Michelle, “U-Va. Expels 48 Students After Pla- Cheating on schoolwork has simmered on as long as there giarism Probe,” The Washington Post, Nov. 26, 2002, p. B1. have been students averse to studying, but the Internet has Forty-eight students were dismissed from the University of woven new twists into the problem of plagiarism. Virginia (UVA) after a massive plagiarism investigation un- covered widespread cheating in some classes. Internet Plagiarism

Hoover, Eric, “Honor for Honor’s Sake?” The Chronicle Kellogg, Alex P., “Students Plagiarize Online Less Than of Higher Education, May 3, 2002, p. 35. Many Think, a New Study Finds,” The Chronicle of High- Some educators and students are very critical of UVA’s er Education, Feb. 15, 2002, p. 44. strict honor code, and others have accused the system of A new study by two professors at the Rochester Institute racial bias. of Technology concludes that online plagiarism is not near- ly as widespread as has frequently been suggested. Zernike, Kate, “With Student Cheating on the Rise, More Colleges Are Turning to Honor Codes,” The New York Rimer, Sara, “A Campus Fad That’s Being Copied: In- Times, Nov. 2, 2002, p. A10. ternet Plagiarism Seems on the Rise,” The New York Some colleges and universities have turned to low-tech so- Times, Sept. 3, 2003, p. B7. lutions for cheating: their honor codes. A study conducted among more than 15,000 students on 23 college campuses has found that Internet plagiarism is Anti-Plagiarism Programs/Companies rising among students.

“Let No One Else’s Work Evade Your Eyes,” The Econo- Schulte, Brigid, “Cheatin’, Writin’ & ‘Rithmetic,” The mist, March 16, 2002. Washington Post Magazine, Sept. 15, 2002, p. 16. A recent upsurge in cheating and plagiarism at schools has Many teachers and parents are increasingly worried about seen a rapid increase in interest in software designed to the ease with which many students are including plagiarized catch the cheats, like Turnitin.com. material from the Internet in their work.

Banks, Ann, “Web Can Thwart Word Thieves,” USA Today, Sessions Stepp, Laura, “Point. Click. Think?” The Wash- April 18, 2002, p. A11. ington Post, July 16, 2002, p. C1. With its anonymity, the Internet would seem to promise As students increasingly use the Internet for legitimate re- student cheaters endless bounty, but some students are find- search and learning, teachers are trying to warn them away ing the Internet can track their word-pilfering as well. from Internet-abetted cheating and plagiarism.

Eakin, Emily, “Stop, Historians! Don’t Copy That Pas- Wilogren, Jodi, “School Cheating Scandal Tests a Town’s sage! Computers Are Watching,” The New York Times, Values,” The New York Times, Feb. 14, 2002, p. A1. Jan. 26, 2002, p. B9. Even small-town America isn’t immune to Internet cheat- Over the last decade, plagiarism detection has gone high- ing scandals, as recent events in Piper, Kan., exposed a wide tech, and today’s software market is flooded with programs ring of computer-based cheating. designed to rout out copycats. Journalistic Plagiarism Foster, Andrea L., “Plagiarism-Detection Tool Creates Legal Quandary,” The Chronicle of Higher Education, Caldwell, Christopher, “The New York Times’s Meltdown,” May 17, 2002, p. 37. The Weekly Standard, May 26, 2003. Some college lawyers and professors are warning that one Media pundits argue that the Jayson Blair scandal at The of the most widely used plagiarism-detection services may New York Times is just one manifestation of a continuing be trampling on students’ copyrights and privacy. crisis in American journalism.

794 CQ Researcher Hernandez, Macarena, “What Jayson Blair Stole From McTaggart, Lynne, “Fame Can’t Excuse a Plagiarist,” The Me, and Why I Couldn’t Ignore It,” The Washington Post, New York Times, March 16, 2002, p. A15. June 1, 2003, p. B5. In cases where plagiarized words are protected by copy- Some journalists say Jayson Blair’s misdeeds are not, de- right, copying in more than minimal amounts is illegal, re- spite what the some critics say, about affirmative action. gardless of whether the copying was unintentional.

Kurtz, Howard, “N.Y. Times Uncovers Dozens of Faked Vincent, Norah, “Publishing, Pressure, Profits and Pla- Stories by Reporter,” The Washington Post, May 11, 2003, giarism,” Los Angeles Times, Feb. 28, 2002, p. B15. p. A1. Recent instances of plagiarism reveal a rash of mendacity The failure of the New York Times staff to catch Jayson in history and a serious betrayal of public trust, not to men- Blair’s deceit is more than just an editorial scandal, it’s also tion an egregious breach of intellectual copyright. a portrait of a wide-ranging newspaper management failure. Plagiarism by Leaders Mnookin, Seth, “Total Fiction,” Newsweek, May 19, 2003, p. 70. Broadway, Bill, “Borrowed Sermons Roil Downtown Con- Five years ago, a hot young writer for The New Republic gregation,” The Washington Post, Aug. 16, 2003, p. A1. got fired for making up outrageous yarns. A preacher in New York City has become embroiled in a plagiarism controversy, after Web-savvy congregation mem- Paulson, Amanda, “Beyond Jayson,” The Christian Sci- bers spotted lifted passages in his sermons. ence Monitor, May 16, 2003, p. 1. More than the Blair scandal, a much less sinister occurrence Cockburn, Alexander, “The Great ‘Intelligence’ Fraud,” undermines the credibility of most newspapers every day: the The Nation, March 3, 2003, p. 8. unintentional errors, that make their way into each issue. A recent British intelligence report turned out to be a se- ries of plagiarisms from news articles and a paper on Iraqi Plagiarism and Copyright politics written by a student at the Monterey Institute of In- ternational Studies. Eunjung Cha, Ariana, “Harry Potter and the Copyright Lawyer,” The Washington Post, June 18, 2003, p. A1. Hakim, Danny, “Clergyman Is Accused of Plagiarism,” Some book, music and movie houses argue that so-called The New York Times, March 13, 2002, p. A18. fan fiction is more plagiarism than art and have demanded The rector of a Detroit church has been suspended while that operators of Web sites remove the offending material. church officials investigate charges that he plagiarized some of his sermons from Internet sites and mailing lists. Leland, John, “Beyond File-Sharing, A Nation of Copiers,” The New York Times, Sept. 14, 2003, Sec. 9, p. 1. Pareles, Jon, “Plagiarism in Dylan, Or a Cultural Collage?” Citing the work of Rutgers University ethics researcher Don- The New York Times, July 12, 2003, p. B7. ald L. McCabe, Leland suggests that the growing incidence After recent uproars over historians and journalists who of copying from the Internet is “just one part of a broader used other researchers’ material without attribution, could it shift toward all copying, all the time.” be that Bob Dylan is one more plagiarist?

CITING THE CQ RESEARCHER Sample formats for citing these reports in a bibliography include the ones listed below. Preferred styles and formats vary, so please check with your instructor or professor.

MLA STYLE Jost, Kenneth. “Rethinking the Death Penalty.” The CQ Researcher 16 Nov. 2001: 945-68.

APA STYLE Jost, K. (2001, Nov. 16). Rethinking the death penalty. The CQ Researcher, 11, 945-968.

CHICAGO STYLE Jost, Kenneth. “Rethinking the Death Penalty.” CQ Researcher, November 16, 2001, 945-968.

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