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Combating Plagiarism Anniversary80 1923-2003th T H E CQ ResearcherPUBLISHED BY CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC. WINNER: SOCIETY OF PROFESSIONAL JOURNALISTS AWARD FOR EXCELLENCE N AMERICAN BAR ASSOCIATION SILVER GAVEL AWARD Combating Plagiarism Is the Internet causing more students to copy? orty-eight University of Virginia students quit or were expelled recently for plagiarism. New York Times reporter Jayson Blair plagiarized or fabri- cated parts of more than three-dozen articles. FBest-selling historians Doris Kearns Goodwin and Stephen Ambrose were accused of stealing from other writers. Jour- nalists and educators alike call plagiarism a growing problem, and many say the Internet is partly to blame. Studies show I 90 percent of college students know plagiarism is wrong, N THIS ISSUE but educators say many do it anyway because they don’t S THE ISSUES ......................775 think they’ll get caught, or because in today’s ethical climate I BACKGROUND ..................782 they consider plagiarism trivial compared to well-publicized D CHRONOLOGY ..................783 E instances of political and corporate dishonesty. Other educa- CURRENT SITUATION ..........787 tors say many high-school students don’t understand — AT ISSUE ..........................789 or were never taught — about copyright regulations and OUTLOOK ........................790 how to properly cite sources. BIBLIOGRAPHY ..................793 THE NEXT STEP ................794 Sept. 19, 2003 • Volume 13, No. 32 • Pages 773-796 www.cqpress.com COMBATING PLAGIARISM T H CQE Researcher Sept. 19, 2003 THE ISSUES OUTLOOK Volume 13, No. 32 • Has the Internet in- Internet Blamed MANAGING EDITOR: Thomas J. Colin 775 creased the incidence of 790 Educators and journalists alike plagiarism among students? say the Internet fosters ASSISTANT MANAGING EDITOR: Kathy Koch • Should teachers use pla- plagiarism. ASSOCIATE EDITOR: Kenneth Jost giarism-detection services? STAFF WRITERS: Mary H. Cooper, • Are news organizations SIDEBARS AND GRAPHICS David Masci doing enough to guard CONTRIBUTING WRITERS: Rachel S. Cox, against plagiarism and other College Students Consider Sarah Glazer, David Hosansky, types of journalistic fraud? 776 Plagiarism Wrong Patrick Marshall, Jane Tanner Ninety percent view copying PRODUCTION EDITOR: Olu B. Davis BACKGROUND as unethical. ASSISTANT EDITOR: Benton Ives-Halperin Imitation Encouraged How Much Plagiarism? 782 Plagiarism has not always 777 Plagiarism is probably on the been regarded as unethical. rise, although it appears to have remained stable over 784 Rise of Copyright the past 40 years. Attitudes about plagiarism Confronting Plagiarism A Division of began to change after the 779 Poses Risks Congressional Quarterly Inc. printing press was invented. Students sometimes challenge SENIOR VICE PRESIDENT/GENERAL MANAGER: teachers who accuse them. John A. Jenkins ‘Fertile Ground’ 785 IRECTOR, IBRARY UBLISHING: Rising college admissions in 783 Chronology D L P Kathryn C. Suárez the mid-1800s led to more Key events since 1790. DIRECTOR, EDITORIAL OPERATIONS: writing assignments — and Ann Davies more chances to cheat. Rogue Reporter at The 784 New York Times CIRCULATION MANAGER: Nina Tristani Second Chances Jayson Blair didn’t fool 786 everybody. CONGRESSIONAL QUARTERLY INC. Some journalists who were CHAIRMAN: Andrew Barnes caught plagiarizing recov- At Issue VICE CHAIRMAN: Andrew P. Corty ered from their mistakes. 789 Should educators use commercial services to PRESIDENT AND PUBLISHER: Robert W. Merry combat plagiarism? CURRENT SITUATION Copyright © 2003 CQ Press, a division of Congres- sional Quarterly Inc. (CQ). CQ reserves all copyright Plagiarism and Politics FOR FURTHER RESEARCH and other rights herein, unless previously specified 787 Sen. Joseph Biden, D-Del., in writing. No part of this publication may be re- is among the politicians For More Information produced electronically or otherwise, without prior who got caught plagiarizing. 792 Organizations to contact. written permission. Unauthorized reproduction or transmission of CQ copyrighted material is a viola- ‘Poisonous Atmosphere’ Bibliography tion of federal law carrying civil fines of up to $100,000. 787 793 Selected sources used. Some journalists say news The CQ Researcher (ISSN 1056-2036) is printed on organizations overreacted fol- The Next Step acid-free paper. Published weekly, except Jan. 3, June lowing the Jayson Blair affair. 794 Additional articles from current 27, July 4, July 18, Aug. 8, Aug. 15, Nov. 28 and Dec. periodicals. 26, by Congressional Quarterly Inc. Annual subscrip- 788 Action by Educators tion rates for libraries, businesses and government start U.S. schools have taken a 795 Citing The CQ Researcher at $600. Single issues are available for $10 (subscrib- variety of steps to stop Sample bibliography formats. ers) or $20 (non-subscribers). Quantity discounts apply plagiarism. to orders over 10. Additional rates furnished upon re- quest. Periodicals postage paid at Washington, D.C., and additional mailing offices. POSTMASTER: Send address changes to The CQ Researcher, 1255 22nd Cover: Educators and journalists say the easy access to information provided by the Internet St., N.W., Suite 400, Washington, D.C. 20037. is partly to blame for student plagiarism and journalistic fraud. (Corbis Images) 774 CQ Researcher Combating Plagiarism BY BRIAN HANSEN paper and turning it in as one’s own to copying a few THE ISSUES sentences from a book or usan Maximon, a so- Web site without citing the cial-studies teacher at source. 3 According to the au- S Fairview High School thoritative Modern Language in Boulder, Colo., knows Association, plagiarism is “a teenage writing when she form of cheating that has sees it. So a bright red flag been defined as the false as- went up last year when one sumption of authorship: the of her 11th-grade students wrongful act of taking the turned in a research paper product of another person’s teeming with $10 words. mind, and presenting it as “I knew he didn’t write one’s own.” 4 (See box, p. 790.) it,” Maximon says. “It was Although plagiarism among filled with big words and ex- high school and college stu- pressions that he never used dents is not new, some edu- and probably didn’t even un- cators say students today are derstand.” more likely to plagiarize be- Robert Rivard, editor of the cause of the Internet. “Kids San Antonio Express-News, had have always plagiarized, but AP Photo/Janet Hostetter a similar revelation last April Best-selling author Doris Kearns Goodwin is among the Web has made it a lot as he was reading a New York several well-known writers who have faced plagiarism easier,” says Joyce Valenza, a Times article about the moth- charges. Goodwin recently acknowledged her publisher librarian at Springfield Town- er of an American soldier miss- had paid an undisclosed sum to settle plagiarism ship High School in Erden- ing in Iraq. “I was bewildered,” charges. Many educators say the Internet is partly to heim, Pa. “It’s given them an blame for student plagiarism. Others say high schools Rivard recalls. “I thought I’d aren’t teaching students how to avoid it. Meanwhile, enormous resource for find- read it before.” He had — in some media critics say news organizations ing materials that they don’t his own paper — eight days haven’t been doing enough to crack down on think their teachers can veri- earlier. That’s why The Times’ plagiarism and other forms of journalistic fraud. fy as not their own.” story by Jayson Blair sound- “Academic honesty is the ed so familiar. cornerstone of college learning “It suddenly dawned on me that it papers and wire services,” The Times said and liberal education and, indeed, is a was an act of plagiarism,” Rivard says. in a front-page, 14,000-word mea culpa continuing problem that colleges face,” “It was subtly changed and manipu- published on May 11. 1 says Debra Humphreys, vice president lated, but it was clearly” by Express- The much-publicized scandal dealt of communications and public affairs at News reporter Macarena Hernandez. a devastating blow to the 152-year-old the Association of American Colleges and In the Fairview High case, the stu- Times, widely considered the greatest Universities. “Our members are facing dent confessed after Maximon con- newspaper in the world. Some experts different challenges than in the past as fronted him with evidence his paper worried that Blair had tarnished the a result of the Internet. Problems relat- was nearly identical to one available reputations of all news organizations. ed to plagiarism on campus parallel on the Internet. Maximon gave him a “In a lot of people’s minds, The Times problems in the larger society, such as zero for the assignment. is the bell cow of American journal- newspaper plagiarism scandals and ille- Blair’s case was not resolved so qui- ism,” said Don Wycliff, public editor gal file sharing of music and movies.” etly. The 27-year-old resigned on May 1, of the Chicago Tribune. “They’ll think, Moreover, Internet resources are wide- shortly after Rivard alerted Times editors. ‘Well, if it’s done there, you know it’s ly considered to be free for the taking. They soon discovered that Blair had pla- done everywhere.’ ” 2 “There’s a belief among young people giarized, fabricated or otherwise falsified Derived from the Latin word pla- that materials found online are free, or parts of at least three-dozen articles. “He giarius (“kidnapper”), plagiarism can are somehow inherently different from fabricated comments. He concocted range from purloining someone else’s something you buy at a record store scenes. He lifted material from other news- reportage or buying a prewritten term or get out of a book or magazine,” says CQ on the Web: www.cqpress.com Sept. 19, 2003 775 COMBATING PLAGIARISM the Kennedys contained plagiarized text Most Students Say Plagiarism Is Wrong from Lynne McTaggart’s Kathleen Many educators say today’s students don’t understand what Kennedy: Her Life and Times. plagiarism is or don’t consider it as serious cheating.
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