DOCSLIB.ORG

Hazards to Children in Traffic a Paediatrician Looks at Road Accidents

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Hazards to Children in Traffic a Paediatrician Looks at Road Accidents Arch Dis Child: first published as 10.1136/adc.53.10.807 on 1 October 1978. Downloaded from Archives of Disease in Childhood, 1978, 53, 807-813 Current topics Hazards to children in traffic A paediatrician looks at road accidents R. H. JACKSON From the Royal Victoria Infirmary, Newcastle upon Tyne SUMMARY An overall view is presented of the hazards to children in traffic. The importance of the developmental aspects of childhood accidents is stressed, and a plea is made for doctors working with children to recognise the part they could play in reducing the number of road accidents to children by their understanding of child development and behaviour. It is an aspect of preventive paediatrics that is largely neglected at present. Whether they are measured in terms of mortality or Table 1 Total and accidental deaths by age groups morbidity, accidents are one of the most important and years problems of child health today. The facts are clear Age group Deaths 1951 1966 1971 1974 and incontrovertible: they are the commonest single copyright. 1-4 Total 4133 2662 2204 1922 cause of death between ages 1 and 15, account for Accident 583 605 617 447 one-fifth of all hospital admissions in that age group, (%) 14.1 22.7 27.9 22-25 result in about one-third of all attendances at 5-9 Total 1771 1320 1484 1225 Accident 565 473 552 442 accident and emergency departments, and bring one (%) 31.9 33.1 37.2 36.1 in 6 of all the children in our cities to their local 10-14 Total 1328 1186 1109 1091 Accident 323 364 439 468 accident and emergency department in any single (%) 24-3 30-7 39-5 42-8 year. Yet doctors, whether they are working in the fields of primary care, community medicine, or From The Registrar General. http://adc.bmj.com/ hospital-based paediatrics, take little notice of accidents, and I believe those who deal with children and proportion of deaths caused by accidents has could do more in the preventive field than is being risen. The decrease in the proportion of accidental done at present. Because of the large energy forces deaths in the 1-4 age group is associated with more in a moving vehicle, road accidents cause the greatest accurate certification of the cause of death: certain problem in terms of the severity of injuries, and this children previously categorised as dying from suffocation, etc. are now more properly included in paper aims to give an account of the problem in on September 30, 2021 by guest. Protected terms of mortality and morbidity, and then to the sudden infant death syndrome. analyse the factors from the viewpoints of child In a similar way the proportion of deaths caused growth, development, and behaviour. by road accidents has risen slightly in the last few years, although the total number has fallen, as has Statistics the death rate per 100 000 population (Table 2). This reduction in total numbers should not make Mortality. Table 1 shows the total number of deaths us complacent. In the 7 years, 1968-74, 5354 and the proportion of accidental deaths in 3 different children were killed on the roads: 3756 as pedestrians, age groups during 4 separate years. In the last few 745 as passengers, and 710 as cyclists. Not all these years the total number of deaths from all causes and deaths were due to actual collisions, but children from accidental deaths has fallen in the younger knocked down by cars accounted for 3675 out of age groups, but in the 10-14 group the total number the 3756 pedestrians, collisions between vehicles for 545 out of the 745 passenger deaths, and vehicles Received 15 June 1978 hitting cyclists for 634 out of the 710 cycle deaths. 807 Arch Dis Child: first published as 10.1136/adc.53.10.807 on 1 October 1978. Downloaded from 808 R. H. Jackson Table 2 Total deaths from accidents, and road Table 4 Statistics on road accidents to children in accident deaths by years, in children England and Wales 1976 1967 1976 Killed Seriously Slightly injured injured Total no. Of accident deaths 2194 1306 Pedestrians 405 7461 21072 Of road accident deaths 812 557 Cyclists 102 2022 7937 Percentage of accidental deaths 37 42 Passengers in vehicles 100 1759 10209 due to road accidents Driver or passenger on 2 94 266 Road accident deaths/100 000 population 7-25 5*0 motor bicycle, etc. From Office of Population Censuses and Surveys, 1977. From Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents, 1978. The suggestion of improvement in the figures is most pronounced in the younger age group, the study of all traffic accidents attending the Battle numbers of deaths in the 10-14 age group remaining Hospital, Reading in the course of a year Grattan virtually unchanged. The 10-year totals show that et al. (1976), from the Transport and Road Research 1185 children were killed in the age group 0-4, Laboratory (TRRL), found that only 32% of cycle 1861 in the 5-9, and 1384 in the 10-14 age group. accidents at all ages had been reported to the police, As may be expected, more boys than girls are and even more significantly, Craft et al. (1973) in a killed-for example, in 1976, 365 boys were killed study of 400 consecutive bicycle accidents to compared with 189 girls. Figures issued recently children in Newcastle, found that only 11% were from the Office of Population Censuses and Surveys known to the police. It is therefore difficult to know have again drawn attention to the striking social how much reliance to place on reports, such as class differentiation both in accidental deaths from leaflet 395 (Transport and Road Research Labora- all causes and road accident deaths (Table 3). tory, 1974b), which reports a study of pedestrian and cycle accidents to schoolchildren in 6 towns Morbidity. Mortality figures are of course accurate, (total population about 784000) collected over 2 but morbidity figures for the total number of years, during which time only 417 bicycle accidents children injured on the roads must be interpreted in were reported. In contrast, the 400 cases of Craft copyright. the light of the means used to obtain them. They are, et al. (1973) were collected in the space of a few in fact, obtained from the police, who make out a weeks from accident and emergency departments. report (Stats. 19) on road accidents that come to Havard (1974) drew attention to this problem of their notice: the constable filling in the form esti- data collection for pedestrian accidents. In his paper mates the degree ofseverity. This has two drawbacks: he stated, 'The first comment to be made is that the firstly, the police can only report on those accidents epidemiological information on child pedestrian of which they are informed-a child who fractures accidents is very inadequate in relation to the size of his skull after coming off his bicycle when he hits a the problem. .. The question must therefore be http://adc.bmj.com/ stone might well not come to their notice at all- asked if the public health authorities are assigning and, secondly, the constable's estimate of severity the right priorities to childhood accidents, having may well be inaccurate. regard to the fact that children are far more liable Figures published by the Department of the to be killed or disabled by accidents, and especially Environment (Table 4) show that in 1976 over road traffic accidents, than by any other cause'. It 11 000 children were seriously injured, nearly 7000 would seem that the best place to collect such data is as pedestrians, and nearly 40 000 were slightly at the accident and emergency (A and E) department on September 30, 2021 by guest. Protected injured, just over half as pedestrians. of the local hospital: there are not likely to be many The validity of these data is particularly question- road accidents of any degree of severity which do able when they relate to bicycle accidents. In a not come either directly to that department or in- directly via the family doctor. This has been receiving Table 3 Death rates (per 100 000 population) by social attention, and to try to bring greater concordance class in age groups, 1959-63 between police and hospital statistics, revised Age group Accident Social class instructions have been of deaths - issued (Department I lI III IV V Transport, 1977). In due course more reliable 1-4 Total 9-5 12-77 16-87 24-00 44-86 figures may therefore become available. Road 2-85 3.87 7-35 9.25 15-80 5-9 Total 6.28 9.73 12-68 16-10 28-90 The child Road 3-61 5-23 7-00 8.08 14-76 10-14 Total 7.36 8.09 9.70 11-23 15-50 Road 2.91 4.03 5.12 5.35 7.30 However, figures themselves do not tell us every- From Office of Population Censuses and Surveys, 1976. thing about accidents. Road accidents, like other Arch Dis Child: first published as 10.1136/adc.53.10.807 on 1 October 1978. Downloaded from Hazards to children in traffic 809 accidents, can be looked at from 3 different aspects: signs: in no age group did all the children under- the child himself, the 'agent' causing the accident- stand even the best understood signs (pedestrian the car, bus, bicycle, etc., and the circumstances crossing and school). The pedestrian crossing surrounding the accident.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The Gibraltar Highway Code
    P ! CONTENTS Introduction Rules for pedestrians 3 Rules for users of powered wheelchairs and mobility scooters 10 Rules about animals 12 Rules for cyclists 13 Rules for motorcyclists 17 Rules for drivers and motorcyclists 19 General rules, techniques and advice for all drivers and riders 25 Road users requiring extra care 60 Driving in adverse weather conditions 66 Waiting and parking 70 Motorways 74 Breakdowns and incidents 79 Road works, level crossings and tramways 85 Light signals controlling traffic 92 Signals by authorised persons 93 Signals to other road users 94 Traffic signs 96 Road markings 105 Vehicle markings 109 Annexes 1. You and your bicycle 112 2. Vehicle maintenance and safety 113 3. Vehicle security 116 4. First aid on the road 116 5. Safety code for new drivers 119 1 Introduction This Highway Code applies to Gibraltar. However it also focuses on Traffic Signs and Road Situations outside Gibraltar, that as a driver you will come across most often. The most vulnerable road users are pedestrians, particularly children, older or disabled people, cyclists, motorcyclists and horse riders. It is important that all road users are aware of The Code and are considerate towards each other. This applies to pedestrians as much as to drivers and riders. Many of the rules in the Code are legal requirements, and if you disobey these rules you are committing a criminal offence. You may be fined, or be disqualified from driving. In the most serious cases you may be sent to prison. Such rules are identified by the use of the words ‘MUST/ MUST NOT’.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of Pedestrian Safety Research in the United States and Abroad
    A Review of Pedestrian Safety Research in the United States and Abroad PUBLICATION NO. FHWA-RD-03-042 JANUARY 2004 Research, Development, and Technology Turner-Fairbank Highway Research Center 6300 Georgetown Pike McLean, VA 22101-2296 FOREWORD The overall goal of the Federal Highway Administration’s (FHWA) Pedestrian and Bicycle Safety Research Program is to increase pedestrian and bicycle safety and mobility. From better crosswalks, sidewalks, and pedestrian technologies to expanded public educational and safety programs, the FHWA’s Pedestrian and Bicycle Safety Research Program aims to pave the way for a more walkable future. The following document summarizes research on pedestrian safety in the United States with a focus on crash characteristics and the safety effects of various roadway features and traffic-control devices; it also considers pedestrian educational and enforcement programs. This pedestrian safety synthesis was part of a large FHWA study (“Evaluation of Pedestrian Facilities”) that has generated several other documents on the safety of pedestrian crossings and the effects of innovative engineering treatments on pedestrian safety. These other reports on pedestrian safety likely will interest readers. The results of this research will be useful to transportation researchers, engineers, planners, and safety professionals involved in improving pedestrian safety and mobility. Michael F. Trentacoste Director, Office of Safety Research and Development NOTICE This document is disseminated under the sponsorship of the U.S. Department of Transportation in the interest of information exchange. The U.S. Government assumes no liability for its contents or use thereof. This report does not constitute a standard, specification, or regulation. The U.S.
    [Show full text]
  • Road Safety London Fire Brigade (LFB) Attend at Least 10 Road Traffic Collisions a Day in London
    Road Safety London Fire Brigade (LFB) attend at least 10 road traffic collisions a day in London. Whether you’re a pedestrian, cyclist, motorcyclist or driver, we hope the information in this booklet will help you to complete your journey safely. Contents Pedestrians 1 Children 2 Cyclists 3 Motorcyclists 5 Protective clothing 6 Ride safely 6 Collisions at junctions 7 Road surface 7 Overtaking 7 Biker Down! 8 Drivers 9 The fatal four 10 Young drivers 11 Peer pressure 11 Vehicle maintenance 12 When you travel 12 During your journey 13 Road traffic collisions 14 Breaking down 14 Heavy goods vehicles, vans and buses 15 Pedestrians Start road safety education early. Teach children the Green Cross Code. 1 Pedestrians account for the highest number of deaths on our roads. You are more at risk of being killed or injured in a road traffic incident than a car driver; take care near the road and follow our top tips. TOP TIPS CHILDREN Do not cross the road near parked Children cannot always judge how fast cars or large vehicles; they will limit vehicles are going or how far away your view and prevent you from they are. being seen by other road users. Remind them about the dangers of being Look out for traffic; many vehicles distracted when using a mobile phone. are now quieter and you may not Set a good example, teach children the hear them approaching. Green Cross Code and always use it Don’t let mobile phones, crowded when you are out and about. places and noise distract you.
    [Show full text]
  • Highway Code for Northern Ireland
    The OFFICIAL HIGHWAY CODE For Northern Ireland © Crown copyright 2015 This publication is licensed under the terms of the Open Government Licence v3.0 except where otherwise stated. To view this licence, visit nationalarchives.gov.uk/doc/open-government- licence/version/3 or write to the Information Policy Team, The National Archives, Kew, London TW9 4DU, or email [email protected] The publication of facsimile versions of this publication or any other versions that closely resemble the style and appearance of the original may confuse the public. Any publisher wishing to reproduce the content of this publication should not replicate the official version’s style and appearance. Other versions should not be presented as being an official version. Where we have identified any third-party copyright information you will need to obtain permission from the copyright holders concerned. Material used from this document/publication must be acknowledged as Crown copyright and you must give the title of the source document/publication. Prepared by the Department for Infrastructure. This document/publication is also available at www.nidirect.gov.uk/the-highway-code Nineteenth impression 2019 ISBN 978 0337 08886 5 The Department for Infrastructure recognises and values its customers. We will treat all our customers with respect and deliver our services in an objective, polite and fair way. We’re turning over a new leaf. Contents Introduction 3 Rules for pedestrians 5 Rules for powered wheelchairs and powered scooters 15 Rules about animals 18 Rules for cyclists 21 Rules for motorcyclists 26 Rules for drivers and motorcyclists 28 General rules, techniques and advice for all drivers and riders 34 Using the road 53 Road users requiring extra care 70 Driving in adverse weather conditions 76 Waiting and parking 80 Motorways 85 Breakdowns and incidents 91 Road works 96 Level crossings 97 Tramways 100 Light signals controlling traffic 102 Signals to other road users 103 Signals by authorised persons 104 Traffic signs 106 Road markings 114 Vehicle markings 117 Annexes 1.
    [Show full text]
  • Driver Education
    Driver Education Mr. Wysocki Class Requirements DMV/High School • 24 Hours in Classroom • 24 Hours in Car • Passing Grade of 65 in Class • Passing Grade of 65 in Car • Pen or Pencil • Notebook Course Benefits • Pre-Licensing Certification • Insurance Reduction 10%-15% during Risk Pool Years (ages 16-25) • Senior License at Age 17 • Road test Preparation • * Insurance and Point Reduction Class * All Time Must be Made Up ! Units of Study: Classroom • Car Controls • Defensive Driving Concepts and Strategies • Signs and Lines • Intersections • NYS Laws and Regulations • Situational Driving (Expressways, City, Suburbs) • Restraint Systems Units of Study: Classroom • Accident Procedures • Driving Forces • Driving Emergencies • Distracted Driving • Alcohol • Map Reading • Insurance • Aggressive Driving In-Car Topics • Basic Car Controls • Turning • Passing and Being Passed • Expressway Driving • City Driving • Parallel Parking • 3-Point Turns In-Car Topics • Controlled and Uncontrolled Intersections • Tire Change • Defensive Driving Principles • Practice Road Test • Cone Course • Drive Throughs ?? • And Much More……… Resources • Driver Education Notes • Road Test Tips • Insurance and Point Reduction Class • What’s New in Driver Education • Parent Resources • “Preparing to Drive e-Book” www.driveredcoach.com Basic Controls • Hand Position on Wheel • Braking • Pre-Start Protocol 1. Adjust Seat 2. Adjust Mirrors 3. Seat Belt 4. Head Rest 5. Lock Doors Basic Controls • Hand Over Hand Steering • Driving in Reverse • Lateral Maneuver 1. Signal 2. Mirror 3. Blind Spot Check • Instrument Checks • Stopping (X-walk, stop line, no line, Behind cars) Defensive Driving Strategies 80% of Accidents are Preventable! • Following Distance 1. Under 45 mph= 2 seconds 2. Over 45 mph= 4 seconds 3.
    [Show full text]
  • Scunthorpe & Grimsby Advanced Motorists
    Scunthorpe & Grimsby Advanced Motorists Group No 7080 Charity No. 10631 June 2021 Edition Inside this month’s edition…. Editors Blog 1 Where’s our little Herbina? WIN! 1 of 5 Fitbit 2 Versa’s Committee 2 SAGAM Committee Members Composition of Group Contact Details Chairman’s Chatter 3 Dates for your Diary Advertising in our Newsletter Did You Know? - Interstellar Visitor 4 Dates for your Diary A Bit of What You Fancy 5 Chocolate Cup Cakes Road Death Investigation - Incorporating Slice of Life – Peter Serhatlic 6 Support your Family and Friends 9 Observer Team News 10 Visit the IAM Shop Spinalonga – The Original Pandemic 11 SAGAM Social Night with Tim Stanley 12 Cast Your Mind Back 13 Info from the IAM Caught My Eye - Ford Mustang E 14 Dates in June 18 NEW – What am I? 19 Including lasts months answer! Just to make you Smile 21 Scrummy Yummy – get 10% off! Last in Series - Brief History of Road Safety 22 Elizabeth II (1971 - 2005) DM Commercials 24 We Got Mail! 25 How to Claim Laughter is Just the Best Medicine And Finally….. Welcome to SAGAM’s June Newsletter…….. Well, most of May was a bit of a wash-out, wasn’t it? Lets hope the month of June is much better…..YES PLEASE!!! I hope you are keeping well and if you are back at work, have settle nicely back into the routine. Maybe holidays are on the horizon; not necessarily going abroad as per government guidelines but enjoy our great British country side or lovely sea side resorts.
    [Show full text]
  • Presenting Road Safety : a Guide for the Media
    Presenting Road Safety A Guide for the Media Produced with the support of the Department for Transport Contents Introduction 1 Drivers 2 Driving for Work 3 Safety Cameras 4 Speed 6 Drinking and Driving 8 Drugs and Driving 9 Distraction 10 Fatigue 11 Seat Belts 12 Children in Cars 14 Adult Pedestrians 16 Child Pedestrians 17 Pedal Cyclists 18 Motorcyclists 20 Useful Websites 22 © 2004 Published by The Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents, Edgbaston Park, 353 Bristol Road, Birmingham B5 7ST www.rospa.com Introduction Road accidents kill 3,400 people every year dangerous behaviour may, inadvertently, in Great Britain – that’s over 9 people have the opposite effect. killed on average every day. A further 37,000 are seriously injured and over A news item intended to highlight a road 250,000 are slightly injured. Almost all of safety issue, can give the opposite visual these deaths and injuries involve human message if it shows a reporter driving error, either in the form of careless and while talking to camera. dangerous behaviour or in the form of mistakes and misjudgements. Of course, bad or dangerous behaviour on the road may be an integral part of the The aim of the guide is to provide easy to character or plot, in this case showing good read information and simple advice to help practice is not feasible. But, glamorising programme and advert makers depict dangerous behaviour should be avoided, positive images and behaviour, and to help and as far as possible, the consequences of them avoid showing bad road behaviour, dangerous behaviour should be shown.
    [Show full text]
  • 2018 New York State YMCA Youth and Government
    2018 New York State YMCA Youth And Government WWW.YMCANYS.ORG Committee Assignment: Assembly Freedom 1 Bill #:AF-01 1 Sponsors: Ben McNutt and Aidan Kendrick 2 3 AN ACT TO: Amend § 353 of Article 26 of the Agriculture and Markets Law to 4 create a registry for those who are convicted animal cruelty and subsequently 5 prohibit certain registrants from owning animals for a set period of time. 6 7 The People of the State of New York, represented in the Senate and Assembly, do enact as follows: 8 9 PURPOSE: 10 We initiate this bill to create an online registry that those who are convicted of 11 animal cruelty are legally required to enter their information into, in conjunction 12 with prohibiting abusive individuals from legally owning animals for a determined 13 period of time based on the number and severity of animal cruelty related offenses 14 they commit. 15 SUMMARY OF PROVISIONS: 16 Section 1: Definitions 17 Animal: In ordinary use, animal means all living beings except humans. 18 Animal Cruelty: The crime of inflicting physical pain, suffering or death on an 19 animal, usually a tame one, beyond necessity for normal discipline. It can include 20 neglect that is so monstrous (withholding food and water) that the animal has 21 suffered, died or been put in imminent danger of death. (Animal abuse and animal 22 cruelty are interchangeable terms). 23 Registry: A place where registers or records are kept. 24 Prohibition: The action of forbidding something, especially by law. 25 Ownership: The act, state, or right of possessing something, in this case an animal.
    [Show full text]
  • School Assembly Plans Using Road Safety Themes
    School Assembly Plans using Road Safety themes Contents Introduction 1 How to use the Pack 2 Background Information 4 Assembly Plans for 4-7 years 6 ■ Holding Hands 7 ■ Be Safe Be Seen 11 ■ Traffic 15 ■ Safe Places to Cross and Play 19 ■ Getting Lost 24 ■ Looking and Listening 28 Assembly Plans for 7-11 years 32 ■ Going on a School Trip 33 ■ Seeing and Being Seen 37 ■ Belting Up 41 ■ Safe Places to Cross 44 ■ Cycle Helmets 47 ■ Moving On 51 Assembly Plans for 11-14 years 52 ■ Responsibilities as Road Users 53 ■ Conspicuity 54 ■ Pedestrian Safety 55 ■ School Trips 56 ■ Safe Cycling 58 ■ In Car Safety 62 Assembly Plans for 15+ years 65 ■ Learning to Drive 66 ■ Being in Control 69 ■ Newly Qualified Drivers 72 ■ Mobile Phones 76 ■ Travelling to Work (work experience and careers education) 78 Further Information 81 Foreword e would like to express our gratitude to the following people and organisations for their help and Wadvice in producing this resource. Wendy Broome MBE Local Authority Road Safety Officers Association Nigel Horsley Local Authority Road Safety Officers Association Pat Dunkley Association of London Borough Road Safety Officers Barbara Baglee Primary School Head of Religious Education Thanks also to the Department of Transport, Local Government and the Regions for funding this project. Electronic Version This resource can be downloaded from RoSPA’s website: www.rospa.com Photocopying Extracts Extracts may be photocopied for use in assemblies or classroom activities. Introduction All children in school participate in some form of assembly which is one of the few times the whole school gets together.This time is used in many ways – for acts of worship, to give out notices, to meet visitors to the school, to react to incidents and as a learning experience.
    [Show full text]
  • Calendar of Events Affecting Road Safety and Traffic
    Calendar of events affecting road safety and traffic 1903-1904: Motor Car Act introduced driving licences. Vehicle braking requirements are introduced for the first time. 1927: First automatic traffic light signals installed. 1930: Speed limit of 20 mph is abolished for cars and cycles. PSVs are limited to 30 mph and maximum working hours for PSV and goods vehicle drivers are introduced. Testing for some driving licences is made compulsory. Third party insurance cover becomes necessary. Minimum driving age set. 1931: Highway Code first issued. 1934-1935: In built-up areas a speed limit of 30 mph is made compulsory. HGV licences are introduced. The first pedestrian crossings appear. Regulations concerning vehicle safety glass and windscreen wipers are introduced. Invention of “cats eyes” reflecting road studs. Compulsory driving tests introduced as part of the Road Traffic Act. “L” plates introduced. 1939-1945: Signposts removed during wartime. Driving tests are suspended with examiners designated as Traffic Officers, supervising fuel rationing. 1946-1948: Wartime lighting restrictions are relaxed and driving tests restored in 1946. Petrol allowance of 180 miles per month is permitted. 1949-1954: New anti-dazzle regulations are introduced. Legislation concerning new lighting and school crossing patrols are introduced. Flashing indicators on motor vehicles are legalised. Brakes on pedal cycles are made compulsory. Introduction of zebra crossings. New Highway Code features first colour illustrations. 1955-1957: Regulations concerning parking without lights in London are introduced. The maximum length allowed for vehicles is increased. Holders of lapsed licences issued over 10 years previously must retake driving test to obtain a new licence.
    [Show full text]
  • Mass Extraction: the Widespread Power of U.S
    October 2020 Mass Extraction: The Widespread Power of U.S. Law Enforcement to Search Mobile Phones Logan Koepke Emma Weil Urmila Janardan Tinuola Dada Harlan Yu Mass Extraction: The Widespread Power of U.S. Law Enforcement to Search Mobile Phones October 2020 Logan Koepke Emma Weil Urmila Janardan Tinuola Dada Harlan Yu This work is licensed under Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License. To view a copy of this license, visit: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ or send a letter to Creative Commons, PO Box 1866, Mountain View, CA 94042, USA. About Upturn Upturn is a 501(c)(3) nonprofit organization that advances equity and justice in the design, governance, and use of digital technology. For more information, see https://www.upturn.org. Mass Extraction: The Widespread Power of U.S. Law Enforcement to Search Mobile Phones | 3 Contents Executive Summary 4 1. Introduction 6 2. Technical Capabilities of Mobile Device Forensic Tools 10 A Primer 11 Device Extraction 13 Device Analysis 24 Security Circumvention 26 3. Widespread Law Enforcement Adoption Across the United States 31 Almost Every Major Law Enforcement Agency Has These Tools 35 Many Smaller Agencies Can Afford Them 36 Federal Grants Drive Acquisition 37 Agencies Share Their Tools With One Another 39 4. A Pervasive Tool for Even the Most Common Offenses 40 Tens of Thousands of Device Extractions Each Year 41 Graffiti, Shoplifting, Drugs, and Other Minor Cases 42 Officers Often Rely on Consent, Not Warrants 46 A Routine and Growing Practice 47 5. Few Constraints and Little Oversight 48 Many Agencies Have No Specific Policies in Place 49 Overbroad Searches and the Lack of Particularity 50 Police Databases and Unrelated Investigations 53 Expanding Searches From a Phone Into the Cloud 54 Rare Public Oversight 55 6.
    [Show full text]
  • Teachers' Guide to Pedestrian Skills
    CONTENTS Pedestrian Skills – Teacher’s Guide INTROdUCTION Introduction Page 2 How To Use This Resource Page 3 The Importance of Road Safety Page 4 UNITS First Steps Page 5 Crossing the Road Page 11 Safer Crossing Places Page 17 Rules of the Road Page 23 Hazards Page 29 Safer Journeys Page 35 ANSwERS ANd LINkS Answers Page 41 Useful Links Page 50 Curriculum Links Page 51 Pedestrian Skills 1 INTROdUCTION Pedestrian Skills – Teacher’s Guide Young children are vulnerable road users, particularly as pedestrians. They are eager to explore the world around them but usually have little idea of danger; their size is against them, restricting their view of oncoming traffic, and drivers and motorcyclists often don’t see them until too late; their inexperience means they frequently miscalculate traffic speed, distance and the time needed when crossing the road. We need to encourage their understanding of traffic in their environment, and help them develop their own risk assessment skills, building towards safer independent travel. This new edition of Pedestrian Skills is a classroom resource for 4-11 year olds to help develop their road safety understanding and skills, from very basic introductions to more complex topics, in a step by step approach. However, deskbound road safety education is not enough. It is vital that children get real life, hands- on experience out and about, both with their parents (hopefully setting a good example), and more importantly by structured practical activities with you, the teacher, and volunteers. Kerbcraft is run in many areas and provides opportunities for children to practise their crossing skills in a controlled environment, following good examples.
    [Show full text]