Georgia State University ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University History Theses Department of History 5-21-2009 A Small Place in Georgia: Yeoman Cultural Persistance Terrence Lee Kersey Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_theses Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Kersey, Terrence Lee, "A Small Place in Georgia: Yeoman Cultural Persistance." Thesis, Georgia State University, 2009. https://scholarworks.gsu.edu/history_theses/34 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Department of History at ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. It has been accepted for inclusion in History Theses by an authorized administrator of ScholarWorks @ Georgia State University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. A SMALL PLACE IN GEORGIA: YEOMAN CULTURAL PRESISTANCE by TERRENCE LEE KERSEY Under the Direction of Glenn Eskew ABSTRACT In antebellum Upcounty Georgia, the Southern yeomanry developed a society independent of the planter class. Many of the studies of the pre-Civil War Southern yeomanry describe a class that is living within the cracks of a planter-dominated society, using, and subject to those institutions that served the planter class. Yet in Forsyth County, a yeomanry-dominated society created and nurtured institutions that met their class needs, not parasitically using those developed by the planter class for their own needs. INDEX WORDS: Yeomanry, Antebellum, South, Upcountry, Georgia, Slavery, Country store, Methodist, Baptist A SMALL PLACE IN GEORGIA: YEOMAN CULTURAL PRESISTANCE by TERRENCE LEE KERSEY A Thesis Submitted in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts in the College of Arts and Sciences Georgia State University 2009 Copyright by Terrence Lee Kersey 2009 A SMALL PLACE IN GEORGIA: YEOMAN CULTURAL PRESISTANCE by TERRENCE LEE KERSEY Committee Chair: Glenn Eskew Committee: Wendy Venet Electronic Version Approved: Office of Graduate Studies College of Arts and Sciences Georgia State University August 2009 iv TABLE OF CONTENTS LIST OF TABLES vi LIST OF FIGURES vii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION 1 TWO: FORSYTH COUNTY POPULATIONS, 1850 AND 1860 FEDERAL 23 CENSUS Free Inhabitants of Forsyth County 27 Slave Inhabitants of Forsyth County 32 Agricultural Foundations of Forsyth County 43 Tenancy in 1850 vs. 1860 57 The Yeoman Defined 63 THREE: COMMERCE, CREDIT, AND JURISPRUDENCE 66 Daybooks and Ledgers of Forsyth County 71 Forsyth Legal System 77 The Mercantile Agency and the Character of Credit 82 FOUR: FORSYTH COUNTY AND THE FRONTIER RELIGION 91 The Baptist and Methodist in Forsyth County 100 Camp Meetings 106 Basis of Methodist Frontier Success 110 FIVE: CONCLUSION 118 v REFERENCES 124 APPENDICES Appendix A: MILTON COUNTY CREATION 130 Appendix B: GEORGIA COUNTY FORMATION BETWEEN 1850 AND 1860 135 Appendix C: OCCUPATION DATA FROM 1850 TO 1860 CENSUS 139 vi LIST OF TABLES Table 1.1. Slave Ratios across Datum Line from Savannah to Chattanooga 16 Table 1.2. Analysis of Transitional Counties on the Chattahoochee River 19 Table 2.1. Labor Availability on the Beverly Allen Farm from 1850 to 1860 38 Table 2.2. Comparison of 1850 vs. 1860 farm Production for Harmon Bagley 62 Table 2.3. Analysis of1850 and 1860 Yeomanry Production 63 Table A.1. Analysis of Forfeited Acreage to Form Milton County 132 Table A.2. Analysis of Population Forfeited to Form Milton County 132 Table A.3. Analysis of Cotton Bale Production for Aggregate Counties 134 Table B.1. Counties Created and Counties that Forfeited Land from 1850 to 1860 135 Table C.1. Occupations Listed in the 1850 and 1860 U.S. Census 139 vii LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1. Georgia Geographic Regions and Forsyth County 17 Figure 2.1. Percentage Age Distribution for 1850 28 Figure 2.2. Family Size Comparison between 1850 and 1860 30 Figure 2.3. Comparison of Size of Slave Unit between Forsyth and Hancock Counties 33 Figure 2.4. Analysis of Age of Slaves between Clark, Forsyth, and Hancock Counties 34 Figure 2.5. Analysis of Population to Swine Production across Regions 46 Figure 2.6. Comparison of Tobacco Production 1850 vs. 1860 48 Figure 2.7. Comparison of Cotton Production 1850 vs. 1860 50 Figure 2.8. Comparison of Wool Production 1850 vs. 1860 50 Figure 2.9. Railroad and Cotton Production in Georgia 51 Figure A.1. Milton County 131 Figure B.1. Haralson County 137 Figure B.2. Carroll County 138 1 CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION The Methodist Conference, held in Franklin, Tennessee in 1817, appointed Peter Cartwright to ride the Red River Circuit in Tennessee for the next year. This circuit had especially difficult circumstances with a prosperous membership that evidently dressed fashionable, danced, drank, and traded in slaves. Initially Cartwright resisted the appointment because of the potential troubles he foresaw. Nevertheless, Bishop M’Kendree persuaded Cartwright to assume responsibility for the circuit. At one particular stop on one particular Sunday, the membership approached Cartwright concerning one of the local preachers and they expressed their concern about his habit of drinking what they considered too much at every marriage that he attended. During the class meeting that day, Cartwright inquired of the preacher whether or not he drank and if so how much he drank. The preacher replied that he was not one for keeping track of how much he imbibed. After considering the preacher’s retort, Cartwright ordered that the preacher on ―the Saturday before my next appointment here you must meet a committee of local preachers at ten o’clock to investigate this matter.‖ Cartwright confessed that finding a jury of local preachers that did not drink required an effort, but when he did, ―the committee found him guilty of immoral conduct and suspended him until the next quarterly meeting.‖ Based on their findings, Cartwright read not only the preacher out of the congregation, but also his wife, his children, and the friends who persisted in defending him. In addition, Cartwright refused to give any of them a letter of dismission, the ultimate coup de grace.1 While this may sound harsh, 1 Peter Cartwright, Autobiography of Peter Cartwright, the Backwoods Preacher, ed. W. P. Strickland (London: Arthur Hall, Virtue, and Co., 1862), 76-77. 2 Methodist and Baptist congregations expelled their members for a wide range of offenses from marrying an unbeliever, slave trading, drunkenness, gambling, fighting, dancing, adultery, nonattendance, violating the Sabbath, and disputes with other members to list just a few. It was not an uncommon event and easily found in virtually any Methodist or Baptist church minutes during the antebellum period. While the expulsion of such a large number of church members is curious, the pertinent question is why an antebellum Southern Upcountry yeomanry, known for their republican streak of individualism and independence, would knowingly seek membership in an organization that exercised rigorous discipline, public humiliation, and social ostracism? The answer is not that Methodist or Baptist churches had some distinctively attractive doctrine or members had some idiosyncratic psychological affliction. The answer lies in the fact that a church is a social institution and as such is reflective of the needs of the society of which it serves. It is not the beliefs of a church but the rituals that attract and hold members to it. Therefore, it is logical to conclude that the Methodist and Baptist churches must have fulfilled a specific need of the antebellum Southern yeomanry. This concept of institutions is critical in any attempt to explore the historical Southern yeomanry because of the basic nature of the individuals under examination: uneducated, often illiterate, physically isolated, politically unimportant, and socially marginalized. The point being, beyond their institutions the antebellum Southern yeomanry left little to examine and in those locales where planters dominated. Despite their superior numbers, the yeomen were marginal contributors to the agricultural economy.2 Some of the institutions, such as the Methodist Church, it can be argued, were the direct product of the yeomanry, while other institutions, such as the country store, serviced the need of several constituencies. Institutions are like Plato’s shadows on the cave wall, they are not the yeoman 2 Stephanie McCurry, Masters of Small Worlds: Yeoman Households, Gender Relations, and the Political Culture of the Antebellum South Carolina Low Country (New York: Oxford University Press, 1995), 95. 3 himself but a reflection of his needs. Evaluating and understanding the needs of the yeomanry offers the historian a clear outline of this social class. The argument posited here is that most studies of the Southern yeomanry examine an individual who lived within the cracks of a planter society. Within these cracks, the yeomen used to those institutions that the planter had created to serve his own needs. In counterpoint, the Southern yeomanry, where they were demographically dominant, developed and controlled their own society that fulfilled their needs, beyond the social jurisdiction of the planter elite. One of the initial questions regarding the antebellum Southern yeomanry was whether they existed or not. Despite the reality of Ulrich Bonnell Phillips being a victim of his own prejudices, he was clear about one thing, the factuality of a complex social structure in the South that included a large middle class yeomanry. While Phillips recognized their presence on the landscape, he still treated them much as Stephanie McCurry argued, invisible. Frank Lawrence Owsley, often considered the discoverer of the Southern yeomanry, argued that they were far from invisible. Owsley’s premise was not so much that a yeomanry existed as much, as contrary to a widely accepted belief among his contemporaries, the yeomanry left clear evidence of their passing. While the yeomanry was often illiterate and bequeathed posterity few diaries and other personal papers, public records give the historian a snap shot of the conditions of the yeomanry life.