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Þorsteinn Ólafsson

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Þorsteinn Ólafsson MS ritgerð Viðskiptafræði Sjóræningjar Frumkvöðlar eða sníkjudýr? Þorsteinn Ólafsson Viðskiptafræðideild Háskóla Íslands Leiðbeinandi: Margrét Sigrún Sigurðardóttir Júní 2010 Ágrip Ólögleg dreifing afþreyingarefnis á borð við tónlist og kvikmyndir hefur aukist gífurlega á síðustu árum og hefur myndast mikil umræða um neikvæð áhrif hennar. Byltingin byrjaði með Napster árið 1999 og rúmum tíu árum síðar hefur orðið mjög einfalt og hraðvirkt að sækja alla afþreyingu frítt á netinu. Jafningjanet komu afþreyingariðnaðinum í opna skjöldu og gjörbreytti því umhverfi sem hann er rekinn í. Flest sjóræningjaefnis sem dreift er á netinu má rekja til neðanjarðarsamfélags sem kallast senan. Rannsókn ritgerðarinnar fólst í eigindlegum viðtölum við einstaklinga innan hennar og eru niðurstöður notaðar til að meta réttmæti fyrirliggjandi gagna um senuna og fá betri skilning á hvata, hugmyndafræði og siðferðislegum skoðanir sjóræningja. Í þessari ritgerð er fjallað um sjóræningjastarfsemi og hvaða áhrif hún hafi á rekstrarumhverfi hugverka. Neikvæðum áhrifum er skipt í beina- eða skapandi eyðileggingu, en seinna hugtakið lýsir því hvernig tækni- eða markaðsbreytingar geta lagt heilan iðnað í rúst á meðan að nýr og betri rís úr öskunni. Þrátt fyrir að höfundur telur aðgerðir sjóræningja ekki vera dæmi um skapandi eyðileggingu þá sé hlutverk þeirra aftur á móti mjög stórt í framþróun markaðsins. Í stað þess að berjast gegn aðgerðum þeirra ættu fyrirtæki að horfa aðgerðir sjóræningja sem vísbendingu um breyttar kröfur markaðsins og keppast við að fullnægja þeim. Íslenskar sölutölur miða í kvikmyndahús og DVD diska benda til þess að sjóræningjaefni sé ekki staðgengisvara fyrir myndefni og er horft til verðteygni og breytta neyslumynstra í stað sjóræningja þegar horft er á minnkun í sölu tónlistar. Neytendur vilja einföldustu leiðina og með því að gera löglegu leiðina einfaldari en sjóræningjastarfsemi muni þá fjöldinn frekar kjósa að borga og sleppa umstanginu sem fylgir ólöglegu niðurhali. Iðnaðurinn er hægt og rólega aðlagast tæknibreytingum og bendir ekkert til þess að endalokum hans megi vænta í náinni framtíð. - 2 - Formáli Ritgerð þessi er lokaverkefni til meistaraprófs í viðskiptafræði við Viðskiptafræðideild Háskóla Íslands. Ritgerðin telst til 30 ECTS eininga og var unnin á vorönn 2010. Leiðbeinandi verkefnisins var Margrét Sigrún Sigurðardóttir lektor við Viðskiptafræðideild Háskóla Íslands og þakka ég henni fyrir ánægjulegt samstarf og góða leiðsögn. Páll Valmundsson og Tómas Hansson sáu um yfirlestur og tæknilega ráðgjöf á sviði tölvunarfræði og fá þeir miklar þakkir fyrir það. Ég vill þakka Thelmu Rut Morthens og Hermanni Grétarssyni fyrir andlegan stuðning og langar nætur í Odda. Að lokum vill ég þakka foreldrum mínum fyrir fyrir ómetanlegan stuðning í gengum háskólagönguna. Reykjavík 12. júní 2010 Þorsteinn Ólafsson - 3 - Efnisyfirlit 1 Inngangur ........................................................................................................... - 9 - 2 Skapandi eyðilegging ...................................................................................... - 12 - 2.1 Forsendur skapandi eyðileggingar ............................................................. - 13 - 2.2 Tækniframfarir ........................................................................................... - 14 - 2.3 Ferli skapandi eyðileggingar ...................................................................... - 15 - 2.4 Af hverju fyrirtæki hunsa skapandi eyðileggingu ...................................... - 16 - 2.5 Áhrif ........................................................................................................... - 18 - 2.6 Gangrýni .................................................................................................... - 19 - 2.7 Polaroid ...................................................................................................... - 21 - 2.8 Frumkvöðlar og sjóræningjar ..................................................................... - 23 - 2.9 Nýir möguleikar ......................................................................................... - 26 - 2.9.1 Xbox .............................................................................................................................. - 26 - 2.9.2 iPhone ............................................................................................................................ - 27 - 2.10 Skapandi eyðilegging og hugverk .............................................................. - 29 - 3 Sjóræningjar .................................................................................................... - 33 - 3.1 BBS ............................................................................................................ - 37 - 3.1.1 Skráaskipti ..................................................................................................................... - 38 - 3.1.2 Phreaking ....................................................................................................................... - 40 - 3.1.3 Fidonet ........................................................................................................................... - 40 - 3.1.4 Tilkoma Internetsins ...................................................................................................... - 41 - 3.2 Senan (e. The Scene) ................................................................................. - 42 - 3.2.1 Grúppur.......................................................................................................................... - 43 - 3.2.2 Reglur ............................................................................................................................ - 46 - 3.2.3 Toppsíður ....................................................................................................................... - 48 - 4 Skráaskipti almennings .................................................................................. - 52 - 4.1 Jafningjanet (P2P) ...................................................................................... - 53 - 4.1.1 Napster ........................................................................................................................... - 54 - - 4 - 4.1.2 Gnutella ......................................................................................................................... - 56 - 4.1.3 Kazaa ............................................................................................................................. - 57 - 4.1.4 Torrent ........................................................................................................................... - 59 - 4.2 Usenet ........................................................................................................ - 62 - 4.2.1 Skráaskipti á Usenet ...................................................................................................... - 64 - 4.3 IRC ............................................................................................................. - 66 - 4.3.1 Skráaskipti á IRC ........................................................................................................... - 67 - 4.4 Direct Connect ........................................................................................... - 69 - 4.5 Skráhýsing ................................................................................................. - 69 - 4.5.1 RapidShare .................................................................................................................... - 70 - 4.5.2 Bækur ............................................................................................................................ - 71 - 4.6 Streymimiðlun ........................................................................................... - 72 - 4.6.1 Lögleg streymimiðlun .................................................................................................... - 74 - 4.6.2 Hulu ............................................................................................................................... - 75 - 4.6.3 Netflix ............................................................................................................................ - 76 - 4.6.4 Svæðisbundnar læsingar og VPN .................................................................................. - 76 - 5 Siðferði og lagaleg staða sjóræningja ............................................................ - 79 - 5.1 Lagalegar aðgerðir ..................................................................................... - 81 - 5.1.1 Operation Buccaneer ..................................................................................................... - 83 - 5.1.2 Operation Fastlink ......................................................................................................... - 84 - 5.1.3 Operation SiteDown ...................................................................................................... - 85 - 5.2 DMCA ....................................................................................................... - 88 - 5.3 Ábyrgð skráaskipta .................................................................................... - 90 - 5.4 Íslenskt lagaumhverfi ................................................................................. - 92 - 5.4.1 Stóra DC++ málið .......................................................................................................... - 94 - 6 Aðgerðir rétthafa ............................................................................................
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