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A GARDEN IN THE The landscaped roof garden in the Medici residence Loggia of Saturn, of , May 23rd through September 25th, 2016 2 3

The landscaped roof garden on the Loggia of Saturn at Palazzo Vecchio recalls the orticini adorning the ducal residence of Cosimo I de’ Medici and Eleonora de Toledo in the middle of the sixteenth century.

Please read the following pages to fully comprehend how and why we chose to have this ephemeral setup dedicated to nature and plants, hoping it will increase the understanding and appreciation of this striking palace.

A maximum of 30 people is allowed on the loggia for safety reasons.

We recommend to avoid touching the plants. 4

The ducal palace Serena Pini

The and his family left the Medici palace give stability to his rule by defeating the to move to the public palace that had once host- supporters of the Republic in the battle ed the Republican rulers. The duke renovated of . A year before this he had the rooms once used by the , turning them married Eleonora, the daughter of Pedro into ’s rooms…to show he was the Alvarez de Toledo, who in 1532 had been absolute ruler of the . sent by Emperor Charles V to be Viceroy (G.B. Adriani, Istoria de’ suoi tempi, 1583) of . Growing up between the rigours of Spanish Catholicism on one hand and This is how Cosimo’s contemporaries the splendor of Naples’ court on the other, recalled his move with the court from the Eleonora de Toledo was to deeply influence family house on Via Larga (today Via the ’s dukedom, for the Cavour) to the palace that had hosted aristocratic turn she gave to the Medici the Republican government of Florence; lifestyle with her customs and marked this occurred in May, 1540. The young administrative skills. A faithful wife, she Cosimo had taken the place of Alessandro was to give birth to 11 children before dying de’ Medici, first duke of Florence, three of malaria in 1562. years before, but had already managed to The court’s move led to a radical campaign 5

of renovation and expansion of the Priors’ the palace, between Via dei Gondi and Via ancient seat, “so that the Duke could live in dei Leoni. Amongst the “new rooms” of the the palace more comfortably”, (B. Segni, Storie Quarter of the Elements, another balcony, fiorentine dall’anno 1527 all’anno 1555, dedicated to the duchess and in her honor 1723), and in a way suitable to his role. named after the goddess , appeared on Work started before 1540 with the creation the same side of the building but looking of the duchess Eleonora’s apartment on south. Planned so as to contain a the noble floor of the building’s original and an ancient of the goddess, that central core and went on in the following was to come from , it remained decades with the making of additions facing unfinished and was later closed and turned towards Via dei Leoni, the creation of into the room today hosting the con staircases, the elevation of the Great Hall delfino by . and the decoration of all the rooms, under The only loggia still preserving its original the direction of Battista del Tasso and later aspect, accessible to the public during the . warm months and offering a spectacular If, during the Republic, the only place view of the southeastern part of the city, the Priors could go to breathe fresh air is on the corner of Via dei Leoni and Via and take a stroll was the walkway on the della Ninna. Built by Battista del Tasso battlements crowning the oldest part (1551-1555) and later decorated by Giorgio of the building, the sixteenth-century Vasari and Giovanni Stradano (1560-1566), renovation was characterized by the it is dedicated to the god Saturn, who in creation of a great number of open spaces, the oil on the ceiling, ruined by loggias and balconies, mostly meant for the devastating fire of 1690, is celebrated the entertainment of the duchess and her in connection with the room of Clement ladies-in-waiting. One of the earliest was VII on the floor below, as father of Jupiter the loggia decorated by Francesco Bachiacca and founder, together with Janus, of the and referred to as Eleonora’s loggia, on the mythical of . Via della Ninna side, right over the rooms of the princes’ quarter, reserved for the duchess and her ladies-in-waiting. It is not accessible nowadays but it is visible from the walkway. A balcony used to be on the noble floor, overlooking the Courtyard of Customs’ Inspectors, and adjacent to Eleonora’s , though actually built a few years after her death. Later split into two parts with the making of a central cabinet, it had on its walls a painted loggia with landscapes, today almost entirely gone. A terrace and a balcony were in the “new apartment” of the Guardaroba, made by Tasso at the back of 6

The palace’s Orticini Elisabetta Stumpo and Valentina Zucchi 7

Right here on Saturn’s Loggia a landscaped roof garden comes to life to recall the orticini created for the ducal couple in their new residence: grafted onto the palace’s austere walls of sandstone to compensate for the lack of a true garden, they offered a pleasant source of entertainment and were able to satisfy the slightest whim “enjoying salads and fruits at whatever moment of the and of the ” (G.V. Soderini, Trattato degli orti e dei Giardini, published only in 1814). Such hanging gardens appeared also in the first residence of the family, Palazzo Medici, that displayed a magnificent garden with citrus fruits and in other Florentine noble residences: “and these hanging gardens must display flowerbeds, vases, water, to bring comfort to the people of the house who can accede to vegetable gardens directly from their home” (A. Del Riccio, Agricoltura Sperimentale, 1595). What were these orticini? The term could refer to limited portions of a garden but also to big vases and containers – in or bronze – where plants and early produce grew. And such a vegetable garden had by rights to be in the ducal palace, considering the interest and passion that Cosimo I de’ Medici and Eleonora de Toledo shared for the natural world. The duke, a dedicated scholar of natural sciences, was able to promote a real “botanical ” in . He decided to summon the most famous Italian botanist, Luca Ghini, to the Studio in , attending with him to the realization of giardino dei semplici, with an academic and experimental function. Ghini himself also created the Florentine botanical garden, nearby San Marco convent. The duchess, on the other hand, having enjoyed wonderful landscaped roof gardens overlooking the gulf at her father’s palace, 8

Castel Nuovo, in Naples, once in Florence are brimming with floral decoration and was to carefully attend to the management fruits, symbolizing the wealth of the state of the gardens in all the Medici residences. but also accurately depicting new plants Among these, the one in the new residence, coming from all over the world. We must Pitti Palace, she had personally contributed also recall Cosimo’s studio, painted by to buy, and the orticini of the palace Francesco Ubertini called Bachiacca, where overlooking the square, probably located the botanical description reaches its climax: on top of the building, near the walkway the walls display all sorts of plants, fruits on the battlements: “the new mansion was and vegetables, almost a painted natural beautifully adorned and the Duchess added encyclopedia. the delight of hanging gardens, admired Theorticini of Palazzo Vecchio are no more, by the entire city” (R. Galluzzi, Istoria del but a study of the sources allows us to derive Granducato di Toscana sotto il governo precious information useful for trying to Medici, 1781). Places of pleasure to delight describe their main characteristics. We can and surprise, mirrored by a decorative imagine a kind of nature that, as in regular plan strongly inspired by nature. The gardens, could not ignore that “geometrical painted ceilings and walls of the palace spirit” typical of Renaissance men: that 9

is why the arrangement of the garden, evergreen shrubs “in the shape of balls, spires, following a regular spacing and enlivened horses, dragons and other animals that create by plants in vases harmoniously combined wonder in the visitors” (Del Riccio, 1595). in big containers, suggests order and A “green marvel” for the eyes and for the symmetry, though updated to contemporary nose, that we hope will offer not only a times. Hiding the vases inside bigger moment of aesthetical pleasure but also containers so as to offer a uniform, coherent deepen the knowledge of the tastes and and suggestive sensation was a trick atmosphere of the Medici court in the common in the sixteenth century. Lastly sixteenth century. came the plants themselves: fruit trees, aromatic species, vegetables and flowering plants selected by studying historical and iconographic documents. So the garden hosts vases of citrus fruits, espaliers with fruit-bearing plants, pomegranate trees and roses, artificially shaped boxwood and laurel, echoing the fantastical Renaissance 10 11 MAP

Cedar Citrus medica (L.), Lemon Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck, Sweet orange Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck

Apple tree Malus domestica Borkh., Pear tree Pyrus communis (L.), Quince Cydonia oblonga Mill.

Laurel Laurus nobilis (L.)

Peach tree Prunus persica (L.) Batsch, Pomegranate Punica granatum (L.), Quince Cydonia oblonga Mill.

Carnation Dianthus caryophyllus (L.), Daisies Bellis perennis (L.) , Hollyhock Alcea rosea (L.), Rosa damascena Rosa x damascena Herrm. Rosa alba Rosa alba, Rosa gallica Rosa gallica

Boxwood Buxus sempervirens (L.) 12

THE PLANTS OF THE GARDEN Maria Adele Signorini and Elisabetta Stumpo

Originating in distant Asia, the first citrus CITRUS FRUITS fruits reached in the pre-Christian era thanks to the Persians, the Greeks and finally the Romans, who knew cedar Cedar Citrus medica (L.) and almost certainly lemons, too. The sour Lemon Citrus limon (L.) Osbeck orange, grown as a decoration and a healing Sweet orange Citrus sinensis (L.) Osbeck plant, was introduced to by the Arabs in the 10th century, while the sweet variety of orange started circulating between the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries. As we also 13

find in Tuscany nowadays, in the gardens of the time citrus fruits were planted in large ROSEs terracotta vases that were kept inside during winter; sour oranges, more resistant to cold, Rosa di Damasco Rosa x damascena Herrm. could be planted in espaliers adhering to Rosa alba Rosa alba walls with a good exposure. The Medici Rosa gallica Rosa gallica family particularly appreciated citrus fruits, for the beautiful evergreen leaves, the wonderfully scented flowers and the Known and used since antiquity to make colorful round fruits, that they connected , cosmetics and medicines, roses to the balls evidenced on their family crest. have been cultivated for thousands of years The Florentine grandukes contributed to for the beauty of their flowers, as appears in the success of such fruits in and in the paintings in Pompei showing gardens European courts in the Renaissance, turning filled with red roses. Ancient varieties, them into a symbol of wealth and power. obtained by crossbreeding some of the Many documents reveal the Medici love for many native species, used to be much more citrus fruits, in particular for lemons, which scented than those of today, but save for a few were always present on the ducal table, as exceptions they would bloom only once per shown by Eleonora’s request to have sliced season. Reblooming roses appeared in the lemons covered in sugar served for dinner: eighteenth century, thanks to crossbreeding Having received a basket filled with beautiful with Chinese varieties. Finally in the lemons, I showed them to their Excellencies and nineteenth century the appearance of the the Duchess herself chose four to be cut up and Tea Rose group led to modern roses, with sprinkled with sugar. their characteristic tapered flowers. Amongst the roses known in the Letter by Girolamo Marinozzi d’ to Renaissance, Rosa alba, grown since the Pier Francesco Riccio dated the 17th of May classical period, displayed or pink 1545 flowers that consisted of a single layer right up to multilayered varieties. Rosa Cosimo I introduced citrus fruits to the damascena had strongly scented pink flowers gardens of the Medici , starting the and was one of the few roses of the time habit of collecting unusual specimens that that could, with a specific type of pruning, was to last for centuries in the Florentine bloom several times per season. According court. In particular Cosimo requested many to tradition, Rosa gallica, a variety displaying lemons to be planted in the garden of the pink or purple flowers, known since Roman Castello and the gardens of Pisa: times and later forgotten, would be brought back to Europe by the crusaders during the Having decided to plant a garden here in Pisa . we order the purchase of 200 orange trees and In our culture today the rose is perhaps 240 lemon trees. the flower with the richest allegorical Letter by Cosimo I de’ Medici to Matteo meanings. Since antiquity it is the symbol Inghirami dated the 11th of January 1565 of springtime and all that is beautiful and 14

ephemeral: beauty, youth, love. The rose, Furthermore, in the Studiolo of Francesco sacred to , in the classical period with I, a by Lorenzo dello Sciorina the coming of Christianity, turned into the represents fighting with a dragon main attribute of the Virgin together with in front of the garden of the Hesperides the . that clearly resembles the one in the Medici The presence of roses in the Medici gardens at Castello. Here rose plants with white is documented both in paintings and literary and pink flowers climb up the balustrade sources. Here is an example: delimiting the garden along with the jasmine that abounds within its walls. This evening Cosimo stayed in his garden for an hour and watched as they planted rose plants in the labyrinth.

Letter by Lorenzo Pagni to Pier Francesco Riccio dated the 24th of October 1544 15

AROMATIC PLANTS

Fennel Foeniculum vulgare Mill. Rosemary Rosmarinus officinalis (L.) Hyssop Hyssopus officinalis (L.) Sage Salvia officinalis (L.) Lavander Lavandula angustifolia Mill. Santolina Santolina chamaecyparissus (L.) Marjoram Origanum majorana (L.) Serpyllum thyme Thymus serpyllum (L.) (s.l.) Mint Mentha spicata (L.) (s.l) Summer savory Satureja montana (L.) Myrtle Myrtus communis (L.) Thyme Thymus vulgaris(L.) Oregano Origanum vulgare (L.) Tarragon Artemisia dracunculus (L.) Parsley Petroselinum crispum Mill. Fuss.

The intense, more or less pleasant, smell of History of the . leaves, flowers and other parts of the plants, Aromatic plants were the basic ingredients is one of the characteristics of the herbs of for a number of remedies: among these was greatest impact on human beings, who since especially rosemary, as appears in this letter antiquity have used them to create perfumes, by the granduke Ferdinando I de’ Medici: remedies and magical potions, their aromas to prepare and preserve food. Herbs and And with the same messenger I want pills made aromatic shrubs were always present in the with cinnamon and with rosemary oil that are Renaissance vegetable gardens and aromas, to be sent to my foundry. obtained by native varieties or exotic spices, were liberally used also in the cuisine of the Letter by Ferdinando I de’ Medici to Vincenzo time. A great variety of aromatic plants are Gonzaga duke of dated the 1st of mentioned and illustrated in the botanical October 1606 treatises and herbals of the sixteenth century. Samples of such species are also to be found among the earliest modern herbals, that is, the collections of dried samples of plants that are still a fundamental tool for botanical research and that started out in the sixteenth century in the circle of scientists active in Cosimo’s court. An example is Cesalpino’s herbal, drafted in 1563 by the physician and botanical scholar from , considered the founder of the systematic modern science of botany, currently kept in the botanical section of the Museum of Natural 16

by Filippo Strozzi. Then they started to VEGETABLES be grown again in Italy and in the rest of Europe. were really enjoyed by the grandukes and are often mentioned in Cynara scolymus (L.) the documents. Asparagus Asparagus officinalis (L.) Cabbage Brassica oleracea (L.) His highness was very pleased to find artichokes Chicory Cichorium intybus in the basket and I cooked them for him that Garlic Allium sativum (L.) same night. Onion Allium cepa (L.) Lettuce Lactuca sativa Letter by Girolamo Marinozzi d’Ancona to Pier Spinach Spinacia oleracea Francesco Riccio dated the 28th of September 1546

Wide areas were dedicated to edible plants in Renaissance gardens: fruit trees, aromatic plants, vegetables. Among the most FRUIT TREES common plants of the time, in addition to salad greens (lettuce, chicory and others), many are still present on our tables. Garlic Apple tree Malus domestica Borkh. and onion, used since antiquity as remedies Peach tree Prunus persica (L.) Batsch and in food, were also used for magical and Pear tree Pyrus communis (L.) superstitious practices. Cabbage was one Pomegranate Punica granatum (L.) of the most common vegetables in Greek, Quince Cydonia oblonga Mill. and medieval cuisine and was widely used in the Renaissance. Its significance in European cuisine emerges from the many Renaissance gardens never lacked fruit trees, kinds selected throughout thousands of planted in orchards, or placed in flowerbeds years: spring cabbage, cabbage, turnip together with other useful or decorative cabbage, broccoli; cauliflower, derived plants, or even grown on espaliers on from the latter, appeared in Europe at the walls and fences. The Medici had a special end of the fifteenth century. Cultivated passion for fruit trees: Cosimo I introduced asparagus, very much appreciated by the in the gardens of his villas and at Boboli a ancient Romans, seemed to disappear collection of dwarf fruit trees he personally from European tables in the Middle Ages; tended to. Evidence of the arrival of fruits to it reappeared in the Renaissance as a the villa of Poggio a Caiano follows: sophisticated dish for royal households. A similar fate fell to artichokes, perhaps already This morning 28 melons, 8 watermelons, 20 known in the Etruscan period but which pomegranates and 50 apples were sent to their disappeared from European cuisine starting Excellencies in the third century A.D. Reintroduced to the continent by the Arabs, artichokes were Letter by Vincenzo Ferrini to Pier Francesco brought from Naples to Florence in 1446 Riccio dated the 23rd of October 1546 17

The love for fruit trees was after all ubiquitous among the noble families of the BUSHES AND Renaissance: at the time fruit was seen as EVERGREEN a status symbol and complaisant “scientific” theories claimed that refined food such SHRUBS as fruit was better suited to the delicate stomachs of the noble. The fact that fruit grows in the air was considered a sign that Boxwood Buxus sempervirens (L.) they were meant for the tables of those of Laurel Laurus nobilis (L.) higher rank: the poor people had to make do with tubers and roots coming out of the earth. Trees and evergreen shrubs, many of which The history of European fruit farming are native to the Mediterranean, were a shows similar traits for many species: widely fundamental element in the Renaissance practiced by the Greek and Romans, who gardens. The reference to laurel to be already cultivated many different varieties, planted in the Medici gardens appears it ceased with the fall of the empire and the frequently in the court letters: barbaric invasions. Due especially to the monks’ commitment a part of that a part When the time comes I want you to plant of that precious genetic heritage was saved laurels all over… allowing for the rebirth of fruit farming in the Renaissance. Letter by Cosimo I de’ Medici to Raffaello della Apples, maybe originating from Asia and also Vacchia dated the 9th of January 1563 used in the preparation of savoury recipes, were among the most common fruits in the And with reference to the villa at Poggio a Renaissance period. Pears were cultivated Caiano: in so many varieties that fresh fruits were available throughout the year. Considered Prepare the soil to host sweet oranges and then by many a kind of apple or pear, the quince plant holm oaks, laurel, hollyhocks trees… is its own variety, bearing bigger fruits that cannot be consumed fresh but are used for Letter by Jacopo da Portico to Pier Francesco jams and jellies. Peaches were known by the Riccio dated the 8th of February 1549 Romans especially in the variety with white pulp, as seen in some fresco paintings in Since they endure pruning very well, they Pompei. The pomegranate, whose seeds are were artificially shaped by gardeners as covered by a juicy jelly-like substance, has if dealing with . Following the been grown in the Mediterranean area and technique of the “topiary” , known since Asia since the prehistoric age. The special Roman times, skillful pruning turned the characteristics of the fruit, with the many evergreen shrubs into , borders, green red seeds evoking abundance and fertility galleries, labyrinths and other elements of but also blood and death, led to the various green decoration that could compare with religious and symbolic meanings many the works of sculptors in terms of beauty and cultures attributed to the plant. originality, causing marvel and admiration 18

in the visitors. The Renaissance agronomist, originating from native Mediterranean Agostino del Riccio, described these plant species, had at the time simple small wonders, the result of the encounter between flowers, with a corolla made up of few nature and human creativity, as follows: petals, quite different from the rich variety of the sixteenth century. The hollyhock is boxwood shrubs and plants beautifully shaped mentioned in sixteenth-century sources into pyramids, globes, dragons, stars and other as particularly suitable to adorn princes’ fantasies. gardens. Today it is not as common, but in several parts of Italy one might find native samples growing near residential areas, recalling its past presence. Here it is FLOWERING mentioned in a letter by the botanist, Luca PLANTS Ghini, to the court chamberlain: The hollyhock is grown in the manner of roses, bearing many leaves and flowers that display a Carnation Dianthus caryophyllus (L.) colour deeper than crimson. Daisies Bellis perennis (L.) Hollyhock Alcea rosea (L.) Letter by Luca Ghini to Pier Francesco Riccio dated the 22nd of January, 1553

Starting from the mid-sixteenth century, as a result of the expansion of trade and the discovery of new lands, new plants originating in the East and the American continent reached Europe, finding centers of cultivation and crossbreeding especially in the Netherlands from where they spread throughout Europe in the following century. Anemones, tulips, hyacinths, all with flowers overflowing with petals, filled the flowerbeds of the gardens and the still life canvases in the seventeenth century, reflecting the success of art. But all this was yet to come in Cosimo I and Eleonora de Toledo’s time, and the flowers grown in their gardens were simple native varieties, like daisies, violets and broom or plants of ancient cultivation, such as roses, jasmine with white and yellow flowers, lilies and irises. Carnations, too, probably

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The Medici green contribution to Florence

A devoted scholar of science and medicine, under Niccolò Pericoli called Tribolo, Cosimo I de’ Medici displayed a deep followed by Giorgio Vasari, Bartolomeo interest in botany. He collected rare natural Ammannati and, finally, Bernardo wonders and was one of the first European Buontalenti, artists loved by the ducal rulers to grow the new species coming from family. Tree-lined , , the American continent, among which were , waterworks bring to life the vast corn and tomatoes. In the of surface of this huge garden of pleasures. Petraia, Castello and Boboli he cultivated flowers, aromatic plants, and many species The botanical garden: originated by Cosimo’s of fruit trees. He also introduced a great passion for the natural sciences, the “garden variety of citrus trees, starting off the of the simples”, that is, healing plants, botanical collections that were developed by became a place where students could observe his successors. He promoted a renovation and discover plants from all over the world. in botanical studies summoning the most It is equipped with two greenhouses dating famous Italian botanist of the time, Luca back to the nineteenth century, the largest Ghini, from , to teach at the Studio in Italy, one heated, for tropical species, and of Pisa and promoting the realization of the one cold. Some centuries-old trees, such as a botanical gardens in Pisa and in Florence, yew dated 1720 and a oak dated 1805, designed to embody a modern approach to can also be admired once inside the garden. studying plants. The San Marco garden: bought by Cosimo Here are some of the green areas connected the Elder, the garden was enlarged by to the city’s history we recommend visiting: Lorenzo the Magnificent, who turned it into a sort of open gallery, placing there The : commissioned by the statues and archeological pieces that the rulers, Cosimo and Eleonora de’ Medici, young artists he invited could copy under the Boboli Gardens were considered by the the direction of the master, Bertoldo di courts of Europe to be the prototype of a Giovanni, a pupil of . It is not garden in the Italian style. The works started there anymore but was, nevertheless, one of 21

the most celebrated sites in the history of young duke Cosimo, who requested a lavish the Medici family, particularly connected to garden – still visible today – entrusted to their of the and their love for Tribolo, who also worked at Boboli. The classical civilization. garden of Castello was described by Giorgio Vasari as “the richest, most magnificent and Cascine Park: the current arrangement adorned garden in Europe”: admired for its of the Cascine Park is the result of vast collection of citrus fruits, it was used as many interventions over the centuries, a for the later Boboli garden. among which the most significant in the nineteenth century, when the green area Villa Petraia: Cosimo I bought the villa was opened to the public, becoming the in 1544 with the idea of giving it as a gift Florentine favourite destination for a stroll. to his son, Ferdinando, who was to effect a Its origins, nonetheless, are to be traced big renovation of the family homestead: he back to the Medici family, since the first turned the pebbly and inhospitable grounds nucleus of the park was a farm bought by surrounding the villa (therefore called La the duke Alessandro and expanded by his Petraia) into a luxuriant garden constructed successor Cosimo I in the first years of his by terracing. The gates near the villa open rule. The lands were used to raise cattle for onto the garden created by the Officina the making of cheese and as a hunting area. Profumo Farmaceutica , an ideal recalling : purchased by the Medici the ancient tradition of the Dominican family at the end of the fourteenth century, friars of Santa Maria Novella that gave rise this villa was especially appreciated by the to the spice laboratory of the convent.

VILLA DI CASTELLO VILLA PETRAIA

SAN MARCO GARDEN

CASCINE PARK

BOTANICAL GARDEN

BOBOLI GARDENS 22

A Garden in the Palace. The landscaped roof garden in the Medici residence

Comune di Firenze Musei Civici Fiorentini Associazione MUS.E

Curator: Setup execution: Valentina Zucchi, Associazione MUS.E Euroambiente - Gruppo Zelari

Scientific coordination: Editorial coordination: Serena Pini, Museo di Palazzo Vecchio Benedetta Pilla, Associazione MUS.E

Scientific project: Graphics: Maria Adele Signorini, Elisabetta Stumpo, Mallet Studio Valentina Zucchi : Setup plan: Florinda Nesticò, Associazione MUS.E Andrea Meli e Marinella Carrieri, Studio INLAND

Selection of the plants’ supply: Luca Inzaina, Gruppo Zelari

Special thanks to: Dir. Cultura e Sport - Servizio Musei, Dir. Servizi Tecnici - Servizio Belle Arti e Fabbrica di Palazzo Vecchio, Dir. Ambiente, Dir. Generale - Servizi Prevenzione e Protezione del di Firenze Museo di Storia Naturale dell’Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sezioni Botanica e Orto Botanico Become a friend of Palazzo Vecchio

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A GARDEN IN THE PALACE The landscaped roof garden in the Medici residence

Loggia of Saturn, Museum of Palazzo Vecchio, Florence May 23rd through September 25th, 2016 www.musefirenze.it/en