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National Parks and Hill Stations of India

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National Parks and Hill Stations of India Component-I (A) – Personal details: Tourism in India National Parks and Hill Stations of India Prof. P. Bhaskar Reddy Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati. Dr. E. Sivanagi Reddy Former Director, NITHM. Dr. E. Sivanagi Reddy & G. Mahender Reddy NITHM, Hyderabad. Prof. P Narayana Reddy REVA University, Bangalore. 1 Component-I (B) – Description of module: Subject Name Indian Culture Paper Name Tourism in India Module Name/Title National parks and Hill stations of India Module Id I C / T I / 31 National Parks and Hill Stations and tourism Pre requisites in India Study about national parks and hill stations of Objectives India Keywords Hill Stations, National Parks and Tourism E-Text (Quadrant-I): Introduction India’s National Parks define the most diversified beauty at its pristine location with versatile attraction. Not only in terms of culture, festival and eloquent historical monuments; but this incredible land is best accosted with a variety of wildlife living amidst the astonishing landscape and a wide range of floral beauty. Indian wildlife is perfectly known as rich and diverse. India is home for tigers and Tiger tourism. Learning outcomes This module provides an overview of tourism in national parks and hills stations. After reading the chapter you will be able to understand the following: The importance of national parks and hill stations? Major national parks in India Major hill stations in India Benefits of tourism in national parks 1.0 National Parks and Tourism Protected areas are cultural artefacts and Areas protected legally have a long history. For example, some historians claim that some areas were specifically set aside in India for the protection of natural resources over two millennia ago. National Parks in India belonging to International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) category II protected areas. Jim Corbett National Park in Uttarakhand, established in 1936, is the first National Park in India. The benefits of National Parks can be seen to accrue at three levels: society, park and tourism management and individual visitors. Society creates parks for the following social benefits: redistribute income and wealth; increase opportunities for employment; gain foreign currency; assist community development; promote the conservation of natural and cultural heritage; 2 sustain and commemorate cultural identity; provide education opportunities to members of society; promote health benefits; and expand global understanding, awareness and appreciation. Tourism operators and park managers view tourism as a means to: promote conservation; develop heritage appreciation; generate revenue; learn from others; create employment and income; develop long-term sustainable economic activity; make a profit, and manage resource extraction. Individuals or tourists seek out experiences in parks to do the following: promote conservation and preservation; gain health benefits; enhance personal experiences, which include: o cognitive objectives (for example, learn about nature and wildlife); o affective concepts (for example, gain peace of mind); o psychomotor desires (for example, get exercise); participate in a social experience; achieve family bonding; spend quality time with peers; provide the opportunity for courtship rituals; meet people with similar interests; achieve group team building; achieve time and cost efficiency; feel personal accomplishment; explore history, and reaffirm cultural values. 1.1 National Parks and Biodiversity India, a mega diverse country with only 2.4% of the world's land area, harbours 7-8% of all recorded species, including over 45,000 species of plants and 91,000 species of animals. It is also amongst the few countries, that have developed a bio geographic classification for conservation planning, and has mapped biodiversity-rich areas in the country. Of the 34 global biodiversity hotspots, four are present in India and they are represented by the Himalaya, the Western Ghats, the North-east and the Nicobar Islands. Considering the 3 outstanding universal values and exceptionally high levels of endemism in the Western Ghats, 39 sites in the States of Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu and Maharashtra have been inscribed on the United Nations Education Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) World Heritage List in 2012. These National Parks and sanctuaries are today the most visited sites in India. Tourists flock here to enjoy the unmatchable wilderness at distinct regions. The tourists, or better to say the wildlife lovers can find the best opportunities for a safari tour, sightseeing, bird-watching, fishing and angling, river crossing, camping and the best of all the famous tiger tours at different paradises of the tigers in India. To make the wildlife experience more rewarding, the Wildlife Authority of India has made these destinations more extensive by making them popular tourist spots with major attractions and with the provisions of many accommodations like hotels, lodges and resorts in the vicinity or at their outskirts. 2.0 National Parks in India As of April 2012, there were 112 National Parks. All National Park lands encompassed a total 39,919 km (15,413 sq mi), comprising 1.21% of India's total surface area. A total of 166 National Parks have been authorized. Plans are underway to establish the remaining scheduled parks. Following are the major National Parks in India. Kanchendzonga National Park: Kanchendzonga National Park, located in Sikkim, covers an area of 850 square kilometres. It is home to many endangered animal species like the Snow Leopard, Himalayan Black Bear, Red Panda and Asiatic Wild Dog. The Park is enclosed by the mighty Himalayan ranges and preserves a rich biosphere including many medicinal plants and herbs and alpine grasses. It mostly contains a mixed forest of oak, fir, birch, maple and willow, also houses several species of mammals and birds. Among the mammals’ sloth bear, Himalayan Tahr, civet, Tibetan Wild Ass, Himalayan blue sheep, serow, goral and takin are some of the major attractions. Kanchendzonga National Park can be reached through trekking and requires necessary permit from the State Home Department and State Chief Wildlife Warden. The best time to visit the Kanchendzonga National Park is between April and May. Kaziranga National Park, Assam: This National Park is a UNESCO World Heritage Site, recognized for its unique natural environment. Kaziranga covers an area of 430 sq. km comprising alluvial inundated grasslands, alluvial savanna woodlands, tropical moist mixed deciduous forests, and tropical semi-evergreen forests and is crisscrossed by four major rivers, including the Brahmaputra. With the influence of the river Brahmaputra, the park has formed several geographical features such as sandbars, riverine flood-formed lakes and chappories that have contributed in safeguarding the highly diverse and visible species of mammals, reptiles and birds. The park houses the largest population of one-horned rhinoceros, which is the major attraction for several wildlife enthusiasts. Other significant population of animals includes the wild elephants, gaur, sambar, wild boar, Asiatic water buffalo, eastern swamp deer, hog deer, jungle cat, leopard cat, fishing cat, mongoose, civet, pangolin, sloth bear, golden langur, golden jackal, and many more. Among the reptiles, the reticulated python, rock python, king cobra, Russell’s viper, monitor lizard and common krait inhabit the region in large numbers. The park also includes fifteen species of turtles. Wildlife safari in the park is possible by elephant or jeep. The best time to visit this park is from mid-October to March. Manas National Park, Assam: Manas National Park is home to rare and endangered wildlife like the Indian rhinoceros, tiger, Assam roofed Turtle, Hispid Hare, Golden Langur and Pygmy Hog. The park with the influence of the Manas river mostly comprises a mixed forest of sub-Himalayan light alluvial semi-evergreen, East-Himalaya mixed moist and dry deciduous, low alluvial savanna woodland, and Assam valley semi-evergreen alluvial grasslands. It shelters approximately 4 55 species of mammals, 400 species of birds, 50 species of reptiles. Out of these wildlife, the Asian elephant, gaur, Asian water buffalo, slow loris, hoolock gibbons, otters, sloth bear, barking deer, sambar, chital and hog deer amongst the mammals are commonly sighted. Bird species like giant hornbills, jungle fowls, brahminy duck, egrets, pelican, eagles, falcons, bee-eaters, herons and ospreys are the major attractions for bird lovers. The best time to visit this park is during the winter season. Dachigam National Park: Dachigam is a well-known national park, located at 22 kilometres from Srinagar, Jammu and Kashmir. The terrain in the area ranges from gently sloping grasslands to sharp rocky outcrops and cliffs. The park is the habitat of the endangered Hangul or the Kashmir stag. There are over 150 species of birds inhabiting in the park's vicinity. Colourful pheasants include the Crimson Tragopan, the iridescent Monal Pheasant with its glittering plumage, the Blood Pheasant and the Koklass Pheasant. The golden Eagle and the bearded Vulture or Lammergeier are seen circling the brilliant blue skies. Namdhapa National Park, Arunachal Pradesh: Namdhapa is a popular national park, and an ideal eco-tourism destination. It is widely known for housing four kinds of wild cats – the common Indian leopard, snow leopard, clouded leopard and tiger. The vast ecosystem comprising of an extensive
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