Bulletin of the Natural History Museum - Plovdiv

Volume 5 December 2020

REGIONAL NATURAL HISTORY MUSEUM – PLOVDIV UNIVERSITY OF PLOVDIV PUBLISHING HOUSE ii International Standard Serial Number Online ISSN 2534-9635; Print ISSN 2534-9627

Bulletin of the Natural History Museum – Plovdiv“ (Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Plovdiv) is the official scientific bulletin of the Natural History Museum – Plovdiv, published by Plovdiv University Press. The journal accepts submissions of original studies in the field of paleontology, natural history, geology and , zoology, botany, ecology, biogeography, museology, history of natural studies, information about museum collections, etc. The official language of the journal is English. Exceptions are possible, certain manuscript may be published in Bulgarian language, with extensive abstract in English.

Periodicity: Annually – one issue per year (December).

Type: Open Access, hard copy and electronically. Free of charge to publish.

About the Journal In 1970, the Natural History Museum - Plovdiv issues Volume 1 of the journal "Bulletin of the Natural Science Museum Plovdiv”. In 1973 Volume 2 was released. Before the release of the independent journal of the Natural History Museum - Plovdiv, researchers at the museum published their articles in "Annuals of the Museums in the Plovdiv Region" and from 1975 in "Bulletin of the museums in Southern ", which was published until 1995 (a total of 21 volumes). With the creation of the Bulletin of the Natural History Museum - Plovdiv, the Regional Museum of Natural History - Plovdiv resumed issuing its scientific journal. In the magazine accepted for posting short messages (up to 4 pages), original research papers (from 4 to 10 pages) and review articles (over 10 pages) in the above mentioned fields and shaped according to the instructions for authors. The logo of the journal is the paleoendemic beetle Rhodopaea angelovi Gruev & Tomov, 19681, known only from a small area in the Rhodope Mountains, south of Plovdiv. The species is named after Professor Emeritus Pavel Angelov, one the first directors of the museum, who collected the type specimens.

From the Editorial Board

1 Gruev B., V. Tomov. 1968. A new genus and species Rhodopaea angelovi gen. et sp. n. (Coleoptera, Chrysomelidae) from Bulgaria. Rev. Ent. URSS, XLVII(3):553-555 (in Russian with English summary).

iii Editorial Board

Editor-In-Chief: Chief Assist. Prof. Ognyan Todorov, PhD (Regional Natural History Museum – Plovdiv, Bulgaria)

Co-Editor-In-Chief: Assoc. Prof. Ivelin Mollov, PhD (University of Plovdiv “Paisii Hilendarski”, Faculty of Biology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Conservation - Plovdiv, Bulgaria)

Editorial Secretary: Gergana Kicheva (Regional Natural History Museum – Plovdiv, Bulgaria)

Associate Editors: Prof. Dimitar Bechev, DSc (University of Plovdiv “Paisii Hilendarski”, Faculty of Biology, Department of Zoology - Plovdiv, Bulgaria)

Prof. Ruslan Kostov, DSc (University of Mining and Geology - Sofia, Bulgaria)

Prof. Radoslav Andreev, PhD (Agricultural University - Plovdiv, Bulgaria)

Assoc. Prof. Dilian Georgiev, DSc (University of Plovdiv “Paisii Hilendarski”, Faculty of Biology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Conservation - Plovdiv; Regional Natural History Museum – Plovdiv, Bulgaria)

Assoc. Prof. Toshko Liubomirov, PhD (Institute of Biodiversity and Ecosystem Research. Bulgarian Academy of Sciences - Sofia, Bulgaria)

Contact Publisher

Regional Natural History Museum – Plovdiv University of Plovdiv Publishing House

34 Hrysto G. Danov Str., Plovdiv 4000, 24 Tsar Assen Str., 4000 Plovdiv, BULGARIA BULGARIA; Phone: +359 32 626683; E-mail: [email protected] Web: http://rnhm.org/en/ Open Access Policy

Bulletin of the Natural History Museum - Plovdiv provides immediate open access to its content on the principle that making research freely available to the public supports a greater global exchange of knowledge. Open Access in journal publishing means: * Direct, barrier-free, online dissemination of scientific results at no charge for readers Authors retain the copyright of their articles, * Open Access papers may be copied, downloaded, and used for text- and data-mining purposes, provided that such uses are fully attributed on a non-commercial basis, * High visibility of the work – anyone can read your article at no charge, * Higher citation rates due to higher visibility, * Quick publishing as pre-prints published immediately upon acceptance, * Articles are archived and searched through several major OA repositories

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All articles included in “Bulletin of the Natural History Museum - Plovdiv” are peer reviewed. Submitted manuscripts are sent to two or three independent peer reviewers, unless they are either out of scope or below threshold for the journal. These manuscripts will generally be reviewed by experts with the aim of reaching a first decision as soon as possible. The journal uses the double anonymity standard for the peer-review process.

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License: Bulletin of the Natural History Museum – Plovdiv

2020, Volume 5 - Contents

Research Articles

Late Avifauna of the Pešturina (Nišava District, SE ) and its Implications for Late Pleistocene Refugia in the Central Balkans Zlatozar N. Boev, Stefan Milošević ...... 1-14

New Data on the Fauna of the Late Antiquity Northern Fortification Walls of Serdica (3rd-6th century A.D.) from Building Excavations on Exarch Joseph Street (Sofia, Bulgaria) Zlatozar N. Boev ...... 15-23

A Little Dabbling Duck (Anatini Vigors, 1825 – Anseriformes Wagler, 1831) from the Late Miocene of Kremikovtsi (Bulgaria) Zlatozar N. Boev ...... 25-31

A New Middle Miocene Starling (Sturnidae Rafinesque, 1815) from Kardam (NE Bulgaria) Zlatozar N. Boev ...... 33-41

Avian Remains from the Thracian Trade Settlement Pistiros(5–2 c. BC) near Vetren, Pazardzhik Province (SC Bulgaria) Zlatozar N. Boev, Sue Stallibrass ...... 43-47

Short notes

Odontomyia annulata (Diptera, Stratiomyidae), New Record for the Fauna of Sotiris Alexiou ...... 49-50

Miscellaneous

Corrigendum върху статията “Националният природонаучен музей при Българскатаакадемия на науките – анализ на съвременното състояние,проблемите и насоките за развитие (Поглед отвътре)”с автор Златозар Н. Боев ...... 51-52 Bulletin of the Natural History Museum - Plovdiv Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Plovdiv, 2020, vol. 5: 1-14

Late Pleistocene Avifauna of the Pešturina Cave (Nišava District, SE Serbia) and its Implications for Late Pleistocene Refugia in the Central Balkans

1*, 2 Zlatozar N. Boev Stefan Milošević

1 - National Museum of Natural History, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1 Blvd. Tsar Osvoboditel, 1000 Sofia, BULGARIA 2 - University of Belgrade, Faculty of Philosophy, Laboratory for Bioarchaeology, Čika Ljubina 18-20, 11000 Belgrade, SERBIA *Corresponding author: [email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract. Avian remains presented here were collected from the deposits spanning between late MIS 5 to 3, and give a rare opportunity to observe Last Interglacial/Last Glacial avian succession in the Central Balkans. The Late Pleistocene avifauna from Pešturina cave (Niš District, SE Serbia), comprises 26 taxa from 18 families and 10 orders, 16 of which are reported for the first time from Pleistocene deposits of the Central Balkans. Today, these species live in a variety of habitats – open grassland, forest, rocky, and aquatic habitats. The species from forest habitat were the most abundant. All species (еxcept black grouse) are present in the country’s modern avifauna. The cave provides some examples of “mixed” Pleistocene avifaunas, including species both of Euro-Siberian and Mediterranean/temperate present day distribution. The occurrence of rock sparrow marks one of the northernmost Pleistocene ones in Europe so far, while presence of other species is suggestive for complex mosaic ecosystems, which probably characterized Last Glacial landscapes in the Central Balkans, at least until the LGM.

Key words: Quaternary/Late Pleistocene birds, Late Pleistocene refugia, Central Balkans, avian paleoecology, avian taphonomy, avian zoogeography.

Introduction present the uncovered avifauna and its nature Paleontological studies, based on avifaunal of accumulation. Since studied material comes remains, are important for understanding the from an archaeological site, the paleoecological changes in paleoecological settings of the reconstruction is important in assessing the archaeological/paleontological sites. range of habitats also available to Paleolithic Quaternary record of birds on the Balkan humans – late Neanderthals and modern Peninsula is still insufficiently studied. About 20 humans of the Gravettian culture. The results Pleistocene cave localities so far revealed are compared with other Late Pleistocene exhaustive avifaunal complexes (Fig. 1). avifaunas from the Balkans, Aegean, and the Pešturina cave (Niš District, SE Serbia) northern Mediterranean arch. Paleoecological represents a previously unexamined Late studies of the Late Pleistocene avifaunas Pleistocene site in the region, located in the throughout Balkans and the Aegean are central part of the Balkan Peninsula. The paper numerous (MOURER-CHAUVIRÉ, 1981; presents results of paleoavifaunal study, with an MLÍKOVSKÝ, 1995A; SÁNCHEZ MARCO, 2004; aim to fill in the Last Interglacial/Early Glacial MICHAILIDIS, 2013; WILCZYNSKI et al., 2016), ecological gap in the Central Balkans, and but do not allow precise ecological division

© Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Plovdiv Regional Natural History Museum – Plovdiv http://rnhm.org/en/ University of Plovdiv Publishing House Late Pleistocene Avifauna of the Pešturina Cave (Nišava District, SE Serbia)... between various warm/cold stages of the Late knot (MICHAILIDIS, 2013), redwing (MOURER- Pleistocene, mostly due to lack of absolute CHAIVIRÉ, 1981). At present, the main parts of dating. Based on them, it can be established their summer (breeding) range lie out of the that some taxa occur quite frequently Balkan region, or northwards from the region throughout the peninsula – grey partridge, of the Pešturina cave. In the same time, a large brambling, Eurasian bullfinch and jay, peregrine number of bird species preferring warm climate falcon, and various corvids, while other were so (swifts, swallows, larks, pipits, orioles, shrikes, far often encountered in the interior/montane, warblers, etc.) have been also found at these or Mediterranean (Aegean/Ionian/Adriatic) localities. parts of Balkans (black grouse, Eurasian Further importance of this material is that woodcock and skylark, griffon vulture, the majority of remains come from Last common quail). A number of species of the Interglacial (MIS 5) deposits of the site, which “boreal” avian complex have been found at are so far rarely observed and studied on many of the Late Pleistocene localities in the Central Balkans, and the Balkans in general. Balkans: short-eared owl, whimbrel, white- Also, the occurrences of several bird taxa were winged snowfinch, horned lark (WILCZYŃSKI et identified for the first time in the Late al., 2016), red-breasted goose, boreal owl, red Pleistocene record of this region.

Fig. 1. Sites of the major Late Pleistocene avifaunas of Balkan Peninsula: Pešturina (*); Tylos (1); Mavromori (2); Liko Gumbes C and Gerani complex (3); Kitsos (4); Vraona (5); Elaichoria 3 (6); Mecha Dupka (7); Bacho Kiro (8); Devetashka (9); Temnata and Cave 16 (10); Kozarska (11); Filipovska and Tsareva Tsarkva (12); Razhishkata (13); (14); Smolućka (15); Trebački krš (16); Mališina stijena (17); Crvena stijena; (18) Bijambarska (19); Zelena (20); Velika; (21) Veternica (22); Krapina (24); Šandalja I and II.

2 Zlatozar N. Boev, Stefan Milošević Short description of the site Materials and methods Pešturina cave (Niš District, SE Serbia; N Presented material was collected in course 43° 17’58’’, E 22° 3’7’’, 305 m a.s.l.; Fig. 1) is of systematic archaeological excavations during located on the rim of the Nišava river basin, at 2010 – 2013 campaigns from trench spanning the transition from mountainous-broken terrain over 16 m2, and up to the depth of around 2,5 and a canyon entrance to lowlands. It is a small m. The material was collected through the cave, 22 m deep, and 15 m wide. The cave washing and sieving of the excavated sediments entrance is 3.5 m high. on 4 and 2 mm mesh. The main stratigraphic units consist of 3 A total of 43 bones and bone fragments of Pleistocene (layers 2-4) layers, which contained birds were collected. All finds are kept in the the assemblage for this study, and one Laboratory for Bioarchaeology (University of Holocene layer (layer 1). Late Pleistocene age is Belgrade, Serbia). Remains were determined confirmed by C14 dating in cal. BP (ALEX & using comparative osteological collection from BOARETTO, 2014; ALEX et al., 2019), and ESR the Vertebrate Animals Department of the (Blackwell et al., 2014): National Museum of Natural History 1. Layer 2: 15 960 – 16 380 (RTD-7148), 28 (Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Bulgaria). 990 – 31 270 (RTK-6446), >37 800 (RTK- Avian taxonomy follows del HOYO & COLLAR 6445); (2014, 2016). Species’ habitat preferences are 2. Layer 3: 32 067 – 33 400 (RTD-7231B), after Harrison (1982). >40 660 (RTK-6449); 36 400 – 41 400 ESR Abbreviations: (1) anatomical: cmc. – 3. Layer 3/4: >41 100 (RTK-6447), 36 340- carpometacarpus; dex. – dextra; dist. – distalis; 46 330 (RTK-6450); juv. – juvenis; ph. – phalanx; prox. – 4. Layer 4: 43 080 – 45 170 (RTD-7149; 81 proximalis; sin. – sinistra; tbt. – tibiotarsus; tmt. 600 – 105 700 ESR. – tarsometatarsus; (2) ecological: GS - open The uncovered mammalian fauna is grassland; WS – woodland; RS – rocks and rock abundant (34 766 specimens) and is massifs; AS - aquatic. characterized by large diversity of species: Mammuthus sp., Coelodonta antiquitatis, Results Bison priscus, Equus ferus germanicus, Equus Species composition and its hydruntinus, Megaloceros giganteus, Cervus paleoenvironmental implications elaphus, Dama dama, Capreolus capreolus, The established avifauna is rich and varied. Capra ibex, Rupicapra rupicapra, Sus scrofa, The 26 taxa represent 13% of contemporary Lepus europaeus, Castor fiber, Hystrix avifauna in the Balkans part of Serbia (SCIBAN vinogradovi, Ursus spelaeus, Ursus arctos, et al., 2015). Out of them, more than one half Panthera leo, Panthera pardus, Crocuta of the identified taxa (16) are recorded for the crocuta, Canis lupus, Vulpes vulpes, Felis first time in the Late Pleistocene of Central silvestris, Meles meles (Milošević, 2016; Balkans. Most of the taxa (10) identified at Dimitrijević, in prep.). The site also yielded first Pešturina cave is stenotypic for forests, Neanderthal remains in Serbia found in secure followed by those inhabiting grassland and stratigraphic context (RADOVIĆ et al., 2019). rocky habitats (6), while one is from the aquatic Nearly a thousand chipped stone artefacts were habitat. collected in course of excavations. These are mostly Avian remains were at least partly quartzite backed and naturally backed knives, accumulated by large raptor, most probably retouched flakes, denticulates, and notches, atypical Eurasian eagle owl (Bubo bubo). Bone scrapers, with small proportion of flint products fragmentation and beak punctures observed on and low levallois index, giving the Mousterian some specimens fully correspond to that species industries from layers 4 and 3 Charentian character (BOCHENSKI et al., 1993; LAROULANDIE, 2002). rich in denticulates. Layer 2 contained Gravettian Similar avian accumulations have been studied in artifacts, mostly finished tools among which the region at several Pleistocene sites, both in microgravettes were most numerous (MIHAILOVIĆ Serbia and Bulgaria – Smolućka cave (MALEZ & & MILOŠEVIĆ, 2013). Description and examination DIMITRIJEVIĆ, 1990) (in Serbia), and Cave 16 of all artefacts found in the cave remain out of the (BOEV, 1999), Razhiska cave (BOEV, 2000a), scope of present paper. Kozarnika cave (BOEV, 2001a) (in Bulgaria).

3 Late Pleistocene Avifauna of the Pešturina Cave (Nišava District, SE Serbia)... Galliformes from Serbian and Bulgarian contemporary avifaunas. The species was found in: Velika Phasianidae Pećina, (MALEZ, 1984), Smolućka cave, Serbia (MALEZ & DIMITRIJEVIĆ, 1990; Perdix perdix (Linnaeus, 1758) DIMITRIJEVIĆ, 1998), Zelena cave, Bosnia and Material: tbt. dex. dist.; femur dex. dist. ? Herzegovina (MALEZ, 1973, 1983), Trebjest juv.; tmt. sin. juv.; humerus sin. prox.; ph. 1 dig. cave, Montenegro (LENARDIC, 1990), Visoka 3 pedis sin.; cmc. dex. dist.; cmc. sin.; cmc. sin. Pećina, Croatia (LENARDIC, 1990), Vindija, prox.; humerus sin. prox. (Layers 2, 4). MNI 3. Velika Pećina, Croatia (MALEZ, 1988a, 1997; Remarks: Second fossil/subfossil record for MALEZ-BAČIĆ, 1975), and Veternica, Croatia Serbia. The species was found in: Smolućka Cave, (MALEZ, 1963; MALEZ-BAČIĆ, 1975), Filipovska cave, Bulgaria (BOEV, 2001b), Kozarnika cave, Serbia (MALEZ & DIMITRIJEVIĆ, 1990; Dimitrijević, 1998), Crvena stijena rockshelter, Montenegro Bulgaria (BOEV, 2001a), Devetashka cave, Bulgaria (BOEV, 2001d), and Cave 16, Bulgaria (MALEZ & MALEZ-BAČIĆ, 1974c), Gornja Bijambarska Pećina and Zelena pećina, Bosnia and (Boev, 1999); and Elaichoria 3 cave, Chalkidiki, Greece (MLÍKOVSKÝ, 1995a). Herzegovina (MALEZ, 1970a, 1973), Velika Pećina, Habitat: WS. Croatia (MALEZ, 1975, 1984a), Šandalja I cave, Croatia (MALEZ & MALEZ-BAČIĆ, 1974a, 1974b), Krapina, Croatia (MALEZ & MALEZ, 1988; MALEZ, Anseriformes 1970b), and Veternica (Medvednica) cave, Croatia (/ „Perdix sp.“/; MALEZ, 1963). Anatidae The species was also found in: Razhishka cave, Bulgaria (BOEV, 2000a), Filipovska cave, Anas crecca Linnaeus, 1758 Bulgaria (BOEV, 2001b), Kozarska cave, Bulgaria Material: cmc. sin. prox. (Layer 4). MNI 1 (BOEV, 2001c), Kozarnika cave, Bulgaria (BOEV, Remarks: Second record in the 2001a), Temnata cave, Bulgaria (BOEV, 1994); fossil/subfossil record for Serbia. The species Devetashka cave, Bulgaria (BOEV, 2001d), Bacho was found in: Smolućka cave, Serbia (MALEZ & Kiro cave, Bulgaria (BOCHENSKI, 1982), Cave 16, DIMITRIJEVIĆ, 1990; DIMITRIJEVIĆ, 1998); Bulgaria (BOEV, 1999), and Mecha Dupka cave, Zelena cave, (MALEZ, Bulgaria (BOEV, 1999, 2001d). 1973), Gornja Bijambarska cave, Bosnia and Habitat: GS. Herzegovina (MALEZ, 1970a, 1973), Vindija and Velika Pećina, Croatia (MALEZ, 1975, 1984, Coturnix coturnix (Linnaeus, 1758) 1997; MALEZ-BAČIĆ, 1975); Vlasac, Serbia Material: cmc. sin.; cmc. sin. (Layer 4). MNI 2. (DIMITRIJEVIC et al., 2016), Kozarnika Cave, Remarks: First fossil/subfossil record for Bulgaria (BOEV, 2001a), Devetashka Cave, Serbia. The species was found in: Bacho Kiro Bulgaria (BOEV, 2001d), Vraona, Attika, Greece cave, Bulgaria (BOCHENSKI, 1982), Tsareva (BACHMAYER et al., 1989; Mlíkovský, 1995b; Tsarkva cave, Bulgaria (BOEV, 2001b), SYMEONIDIS et al., 1973), Filipovska cave, Bulgaria (BOEV, 2001b), Habitat: AS. Kozarnika cave, Bulgaria (BOEV, 2001a), Temnata cave, Bulgaria (BOEV, 1994), Gruiformes Devetashka cave, Bulgaria (BOEV, 2001d); Cave 16, Bulgaria (BOEV, 1999), Kitsos cave, Attika, Rallidae Greece (MOURER-CHAUVIRÉ, 1971, 1981). Habitat: GS. Crex crex (Linnaeus, 1758) Material: coracoid sin. (Layer 4). MNI 1. Tetrao tetrix Linnaeus, 1758 Remarks: First fossil/subfossil record for Material: humerus dex. dist.; ph. prox. dig. Serbia. The species was found in: Kozarnika maj. sin.; ph. 1 dig. 1 pedis sin. (Layer 4). MNI Cave, Bulgaria (BOEV, 2001a), Temnata Cave, 1. Bulgaria (BOEV, 1994), Devetashka Cave, Remarks: Third record in the Bulgaria (BOEV, 2001d), Cave 16, Bulgaria fossil/subfossil record for Serbia. The black (BOEV, 1999). grouse is species that recently disappeared, both Habitat: GS.

4 Zlatozar N. Boev, Stefan Milošević Otidiformes Bulgaria (/“?Aegolius”/; BOEV, 1994); Kitsos cave, Attika, Greece (MOURER-CHAUVIRÉ, Otididae 1971, 1981), Liko cave, Crete, Greece (WEESIE, 1982, 1987a, 1987b). Otis tarda/Tetrax tetrax Habitat: WS. Material: (cf.) vertebra cervicalis 9 (Layer 4). MNI 1. Accipitriformes Remarks: As the size of female O. tarda overlaps with that of males of T. tetrax we Accipitridae prefer to leave identification open. First record in the fossil/subfossil record for Serbia. O. Gyps fulvus (Hablizl, 1783) tarda and T. tetrax were found in the Material: (cf.) vertebra cervicalis 5 (Layer 4). Pleistocene of Šandalja I and Šandalja II, MNI 1. Croatia (MALEZ & MALEZ-BAČIĆ, 1974a,b; Remarks: Second record in the MALEZ, 1993). “Otis tarda/Tetrax tetrax” was fossil/subfossil record for Serbia. The species found in the Devetashka cave, Bulgaria (BOEV, was found in: Smolućka cave, Serbia (MALEZ & 2001d), and Vraona, Attika , Greece; (O. tarda; DIMITRIJEVIĆ, 1990; DIMITRIJEVIĆ, 1998), Šandalja, Croatia (MALEZ, 1988b), Krapina, BACHMAYER et al., 1989; MLÍKOVSKÝ, 1995b; Croatia (MALEZ & MALEZ, 1988; MALEZ SYMEONIDIS et al., 1978). 1970b; MALEZ-BAČIĆ, 1975), Liko cave, Crete, Habitat: GS. Greece (WEESIE, 1982, 1987a, 1987b; WEESIE, 1982, 1987a, 1987b), Rethymnon fissure, Crete, Charadriiformes Greece (WEESIE, 1982, 1987a, 1987b); while all Quaternary records (5 sites) of G. fulvus in Scolopacidae Bulgaria came from late Holocene archaeological localities (BOEV, 1996, 1999). Scolopax rusticola Linnaeus, 1758 Habitat: RS. Material: scapula dex. prox. (Layer 4). MNI 1. Piciformes Remarks: First fossil/subfossil record for Serbia. The species was found in: Zelena cave, Picidae Bosnia and Herzegovina (MALEZ, 1973, 1975; MALEZ-BAČIĆ, 1975); Vindija, Croatia (MALEZ- Picus canus Gmelin, 1788 BAČIĆ, 1975); Gornja Bijambarska cave, Bosnia Material: humerus sin. (Layer 2). MNI 1. and Herzegovina (/„Scolopax sp.“/; MALEZ, Remarks: First fossil/subfossil record for 1970a); Vindija and Velika Pećina, Croatia Serbia. The Grey-headed woodpecker has not (MALEZ, 1984, 1988a, 1997); Devetashka cave, been encountered before in the fossil/subfossil Bulgaria (BOEV, 1999, 2001d) Gerani IV cave, record in the Balkans. Pešturina cave is its first Crete, Greece (WEESIE, 1987a, 1987b). Liko Quaternary site. cave, Crete, Greece (WEESIE, 1982, 1987a, Habitat: WS. 1987b; WEESIE, 1982, 1987a, 1987b). Habitat: WS. Falconiformes Strigiformes Falconidae

Strigidae Falco tinnunculus (Linnaeus, 1758) Material: coracoid sin. prox. (Layer 2). MNI 1 Aegolius funereus (Linnaeus, 1758) Remarks: Second record in the fossil/subfossil Material: (cf. Aegolius funereus) coracoid record for Serbia. The species was found in: sin. prox. (Layer 4). MNI 1. Smolućka cave, Serbia (MALEZ & DIMITRIJEVIĆ, Remarks: First fossil/subfossil record for 1990; DIMITRIJEVIĆ, 1998), Šandalja I, Croatia Serbia. The species was found in: Devetashka (MALEZ, 1988b; MALEZ & MALEZ-BAČIĆ, 1974a, cave, Bulgaria (BOEV, 2001d), Temnata cave, 1974b), Crvena Stijena rockshelter, Montenegro

5 Late Pleistocene Avifauna of the Pešturina Cave (Nišava District, SE Serbia)...

(MALEZ & MALEZ-BAČIĆ, 1974c), Trebjest cave, Habitat: WS. Montenegro (LENARDIC, 1990), Gornja Bijambarska cave, Bosnia and Herzegovina Sittidae (MALEZ, 1973); Kozarnika cave, Bulgaria (BOEV, 2001a), Temnata cave, Bulgaria (BOEV, 1994), Sitta europaea Linnaeus, 1758 Devetashka cave, Bulgaria (BOEV, 2001d), Cave 16, Material: humerus sin. dist. (Layer 4). MNI 1. Bulgaria (BOEV, 1999), Gumbes B cave, Crete, Remarks: First fossil/subfossil record for Greece (WEESIE 1982, 1987a, 1987b), Kitsos cave, Serbia. The species was found in: Gornja Attika, Greece (MOURER-CHAUVIRÉ, 1971, 1981), Bijambarska cave, Bosnia and Herzegovina Liko cave, Crete, Greece (WEESIE 1982, 1987a, (MALEZ, 1970a), Vindija and Velika Pećina, 1987B; WEESIE 1982,1987a,1987b), , Croatia (MALEZ, 1975, 1997; MALEZ-BAČIĆ, Chalkidiki, Greece (KRETZOI 1977; KRETZOI & 1975); Filipovska cave, Bulgaria (BOEV, 2001b), POULIANOS, 1981), Tylos cave, Greece (ALCOVER Cave 16, Bulgaria (BOEV, 1999). et al., 1992), Vraona, Attika, Greece (BACHMAYER Habitat: WS. et al., 1989; Mlíkovský, 1995b; SYMEONIDIS et al., 1978). Fringillidae Habitat: RS. Fringilla coelebs Linnaeus, 1758 Passeriformes Material: (cf.) humerus sin. juv. (Layer 4). MNI 1. Alaudidae Remarks: First fossil/subfossil record for Serbia. The species was found in: Šandalja I Alauda arvensis Linnaeus, 1758 cave, Croatia (MALEZ & MALEZ-BAČIĆ, 1974a, Material: humerus dex. (Layer 2). MNI 1. 1974b), Vindija and Velika Pećina, Croatia Remarks: First fossil/subfossil record for (MALEZ, 1975, 1988A, 1997; MALEZ-BAČIĆ, Serbia. The species was found in: Bacho Kiro 1975), Kozarnika cave, Bulgaria (BOEV, 2001a), cave, Bulgaria (BOCHENSKI, 1982), Temnata Cave 16, Bulgaria (BOEV, 1999), Liko cave, cave, Bulgaria (BOEV, 1994), Cave 16, Bulgaria Crete, Greece (Fr. coelebs/montifringilla; (BOEV, 1999); Vraona, Attika, Greece WEESIE 1982, 1987a, 1978b). (MLÍKOVSKÝ, 1995b). Habitat: WS. Habitat: GS. Pyrrhula pyrrhula (Linnaeus, 1758) Galerida cristata Linnaeus, 1758 Material: humerus sin. (Layer 2). MNI 1. Remarks: First fossil/subfossil record for Material: humerus dex. (Layer 3). MNI 1. Serbia. The species was found in: Šandalja I Remarks: First fossil/subfossil record for cave, Croatia (MALEZ & MALEZ-BAČIĆ, 1974a, Serbia. The species was found in: Gornja 1974b), Vindija and Velika Pećina, Croatia Bijambarska cave, Bosnia and Herzegovina (MALEZ, 1975, 1997; MALEZ-BAČIĆ, 1975), (MALEZ, 1970a), Vindija and Velika Pećina, Filipovska cave, Bulgaria (BOEV, 2001b), Croatia (MALEZ, 1975, 1997). Kozarnika cave, Bulgaria (Boev, 2001a), Habitat: GS. Temnata cave, Bulgaria (Boev, 1994), Devetashka cave, Bulgaria (BOEV, 2001d), Cave Motacillidae 16, Bulgaria (BOEV, 1999), Liko cave, Crete, Greece (WEESIE, 1982, 1987a, 1987b). Anthus trivialis (Linnaeus, 1758) Habitat: WS. Material: (cf.) humerus sin. prox. (Layer 3). MNI 1. Remarks: First fossil/subfossil record for Hirundinidae Serbia. The species was found in: Velika Pećina, Croatia (MALEZ, 1975, 1984; MALEZ-BAČIĆ, Ptyonoprogne rupestris (Scopoli, 1769) 1975), and , Croatia (MALEZ, Material: (cf.) humerus sin. (Layer 4). 1988a, 1997), Kozarnika cave, Bulgaria (BOEV, MNI 1. 2001a), Devetashka cave, Bulgaria (BOEV, Remarks: First fossil/subfossil record for 2001d); Cave 16, Bulgaria (BOEV, 1999). Serbia. The species was found in: Bacho Kiro

6 Zlatozar N. Boev, Stefan Milošević Cave, Bulgaria (BOCHENSKI, 1982), and Cave, Chalkidiki, Greece (KRETZOI 1977; Kozarnika Cave, Bulgaria (BOEV, 2001a). KRETZOI & POULIANOS, 1981). Habitat: RS. Habitat: RS.

Passeridae Corvus monedula (Linnaeus, 1758) Material: humerus sin. dist.; (cf.) tbt. sin. Petronia petronia (Linnaeus, 1758) dist. juv. (Layer 2). MNI 1. Material: coracoid sin. (Layer 4). MNI 1. Remarks: Third record in the Remarks: First fossil/subfossil record for fossil/subfossil record for Serbia. The species Serbia. The species was found in: Razhishka was found in: Smolućka cave, Serbia (MALEZ & Cave, Bulgaria (BOEV, 2000). DIMITRIJEVIĆ, 1990; DIMITRIJEVIĆ, 1998), Habitat: RS. Visoka Pećina, Croatia (LENARDIC, 1990), Zelena cave, Bosnia and Herzegovina (MALEZ, Oriolidae 1973), Crvena Stijena rockshelter, Montenegro (MALEZ & MALEZ-BAČIĆ, 1974c), Šandalja I, Oriolus oriolus (Linnaeus, 1758) Croatia (MALEZ & MALEZ-BAČIĆ, 1974a, Material: cmc. dex. prox. (Layer 2). MNI 1. 1974b), Maliśina stijena, Montenegro Remarks: First fossil/subfossil record for (LENARDIC, 1990); Vindija and Velika Pećina, Croatia (MALEZ, 1975, 1988a, 1997; MALEZ- Serbia. The find of “Oriolus sp.” species was BAČIĆ, 1975), , Bulgaria found in: Zelena cave, Bosnia and (BOCHENSKI, 1982), Razhishka cave, Bulgaria Herzegovina (MALEZ, 1973), Šandalja, (BOEV, 2000), Tsareva Tsarkva cave, Bulgaria Croatia (MALEZ, 1986), and Vindija cave, (BOEV, 2001b), Filipovska cave, Bulgaria Croatia (Malez, 1988a). (BOEV, 2001b), Kozarska cave, Bulgaria (BOEV, Habitat: WS. 2001c), Kozarnika cave, Bulgaria (BOEV, 2001a), Temnata cave, Bulgaria (BOEV, 1994), Corvidae Devetashka cave, Bulgaria (BOEV, 2001d), Cave 16, Bulgaria (BOEV, 1999), Gerani IV cave, Pyrrhocorax graculus (Linnaeus, 1766) Crete, Greece (WEESIE, 1987a, 1987b), Material: tbt. sin. dist.; ulna sin. dist.; Gumbes B cave, Crete, Greece (WEESIE, 1982, humerus sin. (diaphysis part); (cf): tmt. dex. 1987a, 1987b), Gumbes C cave, Crete, Greece dist. juv. (Layers 2, 3, 4). MNI 3. (WEESIE 1982, 1987a, 1987b), Liko cave, Crete, Remarks: First fossil/subfossil record for Greece (WEESIE 1982, 1987a, 1987b;), Mavro Serbia. The species was found in: Crvena Mouri cave, Crete, Greece (WEESIE 1987a, Stijena rockshelter, Montenegro (MALEZ & 1987b), Sourida fissure, Crete, Greece (WEESIE MALEZ-BAČIĆ, 1974c), Šandalja I, Croatia 1987a, 1987b), Tylos Cave, Greece (ALCOVER (MALEZ & MALEZ-BAČIĆ, 1974a, 1974b), et al., 1992). Vindija, Croatia (MALEZ, 1988a); Bacho Kiro, Habitat: RS. Bulgaria (BOCHENSKI, 1982), Razhishka, Bulgaria (BOEV, 2000), Tsareva Tsarkva, Garrulus glandarius (Linnaeus, 1758) Bulgaria (BOEV, 2001b), Filipovska, Bulgaria Material: humerus dex. dist.; cmc. sin. (BOEV, 2001b); Kozarnika, Bulgaria (BOEV, (Layer 4). MNI 1. 2001a), Temnata Dupka, Bulgaria (BOEV, Remarks: First fossil/subfossil record for 1994), Devetashka, Bulgaria (BOEV, 2001d), Serbia. The species was found in: Zelena cave, Cave 16, Bulgaria (BOEV, 1999); Elaichoria 3 Bosnia and Herzegovina (MALEZ, 1973), cave, Chalkidiki, Greece (MLÍKOVSKÝ, 1995a), Gornja Bijambarska cave, Bosnia and Gerani IV cave, Crete, Greece (WEESIE, 1987a, Herzegovina (MALEZ, 1970a), Veternica 1987b), Gumbes B cave, Crete, Greece (Medvednica) cave, Croatia (MALEZ, 1963), (WEESIE, 1982, 1987a, 1987b), Liko cave, Krapina cave, Croatia (MALEZ & MALEZ, 1988; Crete, Greece (WEESIE, 1982, 1987a, 1987b, MALEZ 1970b), Vindija and Velika Pećina, WEESIE, 1982,1987a,1987b), Vraona, Attika, Croatia (MALEZ, 1975; MALEZ-BAČIĆ, 1975; Greece (BACHMAYER et al., 1989; MLÍKOVSKÝ, MALEZ, 1988a, 1997), Vlasac, Serbia (BORIĆ et 1995b; SYMEONIDIS et al., 1978), and Petralona al., 2014); Kozarnika cave, Bulgaria (BOEV,

7 Late Pleistocene Avifauna of the Pešturina Cave (Nišava District, SE Serbia)...

2001a), Devetashka cave, Bulgaria (BOEV, 2001d), accuracy of ESR for layer 4 – especially since Cave 16, Bulgaria (BOEV, 1999); Gerani II cave, the minimum obtained age ranges from two Crete, Greece (WEESIE, 1982, 1987a, 1987b), different samples are 57 500 to 65 600 Gumbes C cave, Crete, Greece (WEESIE, 1982, (BLACKWELL et al., 2012). 1987a, 1987b), Liko cave, Crete, Greece (WEESIE, In general, the material from layers 2 and 3 1982,1987a, 1987b), Mavro Mouri cave, Crete, refers to Last Glacial, but that of layer 4 reveals Greece (WEESIE, 1987a, 1987b), Tylos cave, avifauna of the Last Interglacial. Greece (ALCOVER et al., 1992). Habitat: WS. The avifauna of Pešturina Cave among other late Pleistocene avifaunas on the Balkan Discussion Peninsula and northern Mediterranean The avifauna of the MIS 3 environment (layers Layer and habitat species distribution 2 and 3) is represented by some steppe (grey The species numbers according to main partridge, skylark), and some forest taxa (grey- habitats is as follows: GS – 4(5) species, WS – headed woodpecker, bullfinch, tree pipit). An 10, RS – 6, and AS – 2. The number of GS and interesting record is the golden oriole, a species that WS is almost equal in layers 2 and 3, while in “is typically a bird of open broadleaf forest”, but layer 4 GS taxa show the greatest taxonomic also lives in forest steppes (HARRISON, 1982). In diversity. context of layer 2 (maximum age of 34 kyA BP), it Layer 2 (15 960 – 37 800 cal. BP) – 11 taxa, is interesting to observe a cohabitation species that 9 species – GS: Falco tinnunculus, Perdix prefer to feed in broadleaf (golden oriole), perdix, Alauda arvensis, Pyrrhocorax graculus, coniferous (grey-headed woodpecker), and mixed Corvus monedula. WS: Picus canus, Pyrrhula (bullfinch) forests. Such coexistence probably pyrrhula, Oriolus oriolus. This layer proves that Balkans were a suitable refugium even corresponds to the MIS 3. in the cool stages of the Late Pleistocene that Layer 3 (32 067 – 46 330 cal. BP) – 6 taxa, 5 directly preceded the LGM. species – GS: Perdicinae gen. indet., BLONDEL et al. (2010) states that Eurasian jay Pyrrhocorax graculus, Corvus cf. monedula. and common chaffinch (species with very large WS: Anthus trivialis. This layer corresponds to modern-day distributional ranges) survived in the the MIS 3. Balkans during the glacial periods. Records of Layer 4 (105 700 – 81 600) – 17 taxa, 14 Pešturina (and other sites such as Krapina, Vindija, and Velika Pećina) fully support the continuity of species – GS obviously prevail: Gyps fulvus, their persistence in the Central Balkans since the Perdix perdix, Coturnix coturnix, Crex crex, Last Interglacial. Otis tarda/Tetrax tetrax, Ptyonoprogne rupestris, These authors also argue that contemporaneous Petronia petronia, Pyrrhocorax graculus, Corvus colonies of Eurasian crag martins “occur near the monedula. WS: Tetrao tetrix, Scolopax rusticola, coast” in the Mediterranean region (BLONDEL et al., Aegolius funereus, Sitta europaea, Fringilla 2010: p. 127), but numerous evidences from coelebs, Garrulus glandarius. This layer Pleistocene deposits, including Pešturina, prove its corresponds to the late MIS 5 and perhaps MIS 4 former wider inland distribution. Tree pipit is at (ca. 110 000 – 70 000 BP). present more common in the northern European According to C14 dates, it is apparent that forests than in the Mediterranean basin, but it was stratigraphic mixing occurred at the site, since widely spread throughout the Balkans during the dates from layer 3 already present infinite C14 temperate/warm stages of Pleistocene. ages, as well as earlier dates in upper portions As stated, at the height of the cool stages, “no of layer 4 compared to some samples from arboreal vegetation persisted north of … the layer 3. However, according to Bayesian model Carpathians” in Southeastern Europe (BLONDEL, (ALEX et al., 2019), layer 2 is not older than 34 1997: cxxiv), the broad-leaved forests in the Balkans kyA cal. BP, while layer 3 is not older than 45 (including those in the region of Pešturina) were kyA cal. BP. Also, the dates are not consistent refugia for Eurasian jay, tree pipit, grey-headed at layer 3 and 4 boundary. Since there are woodpecker, golden oriole, common chaffinch, infinite C14 ages both from layer 3 and 3-4 layer woodcock, bullfinch, etc. Data from layer 4 in boundary, it is reasonable to assume the Pešturina show that: (1) Typical steppe species occur

8 Zlatozar N. Boev, Stefan Milošević in layer 4: Perdix perdix, Coturnix coturnix, Crex In comparison to other contemporaneous crex, Otis tarda/Tetrax tetrax; (2) typical boreal Late Pleistocene avifaunas in the Balkans forest species occur in layer 4: Tetrao tetrix, Scolopax (Krapina cave, NW Croatia, around 580 km rusticola, Aegolius funereus, Sitta europaea, Fringilla away from the Pešturina cave), we also found coelebs, Garrulus glandarius; (3) typical broad-leaf common species. The 3 common bird species from Pešturina cave (total taxa/species – 26) forest occur in layers 3 and 2: Picus canus, Pyrrhula and Krapina cave (total taxa/species – 10; pyrrhula, Oriolus oriolus, Anthus trivialis. MALEZ & MALEZ, 1988; MALEZ, 1970b) The “steppe” taxa most widespread in the represent 11.1 % and 30.0 % respectively. interglacial environment (after HARRISON, These are: Gyps fulvus, Perdix perdix, and 1982) were grey partridge, common quail, corncrake, bustards, rock sparrow, or “forest” Garrulus glandarius. The refugia character of Central Balkans, as (HARRISON, 1982) taxa - black grouse, woodcock, boreal (Tengmalm's) owl, Eurasian suggested by avifaunal remains discussed here, nuthatch, common chaffinch, and Eurasian jay. could also had impact of other faunal The presence of the crag martin suggests communities, as well as Paleolithic humans. relatively high summer temperatures, allowing it Various warm adapted terrestrial fauna may to hunt abundant small flying dipteran insects. have found favourable paleoecological Well-represented steppe and woodland species conditions here, both from Mediterranean in confirm the mosaic forest-steppe landscape in course of Last Interglacial, and Danube this region of the Central Balkans, similarly to corridor and Central Europe during the Last those already observed in the eastern part of Glacial. These may have given the rise of specific mosaic environments rich primarily in the Balkan Peninsula, i. g. Bulgaria (BOEV, 1999, 2001d, 2006). species diversity, and perhaps shifts in their All species, except black grouse, found in population density at various stages of the last the Quaternary deposits of the Pešturina cave Ice Age as well. This may opened up the are present in the recent avifauna of the possibility for Paleolithic humans to choose from a wider array of habitats in which they country (SCIBAN et al., 2015). could establish successful subsistence. At least In general, the species composition partially when the site of Pešturina is concerned, there corresponds to the Late Pleistocene avifaunas are no marks of sharp changes in the habitats from some of the neighbouring regions in the presented by avifauna, and no true boreal Balkans – Croatia, Bosnia, Montenegro, and species, although the abrupt paucity in Western Bulgaria where most of the species taxonomic representation from the Last Glacial encountered at Pešturina have been registered deposits is evident in comparison with the so far (BOEV, 1994, 1999, 2000 a, b, 2001 a, b, Interglacial assemblage. c, d, 2006 a, b, c). All of them confirm their As many other Pleistocene localities on the wider distribution throughout the Central Balkans, Pešturina cave provides interesting Balkans during the Late Pleistocene. This is best illustrated over the example of Late examples of the s. c. „mixed” avifaunas: Tetrao Pleistocene avifauna from Kozarnika cave (NW tetrix and Oriolus oriolus (Fig. 2), Bulgaria, around 70 km away from Pešturina; Ptyonoprogne rupestris and Scolopax rusticola Gravettian, 26000-19 000 B.P), which show (Fig. 3). At the present, breeding ranges of striking similarity (BOEV, 2001a). The 14 these species are more or less widely separated, common bird species from Pešturina cave (total but in the mosaic forest-steppe landscapes of taxa/species – 26) and Kozarnika cave (total Pleistocene they coexisted in the vicinities of taxa/species – 43; BOEV, 2001a) represent 51.8 the cave. % in the Pešturina cave and 32.6 % in the As FINLAYSON (2011) writes, the glaciations Kozarnika cave respectively. These are: Anas cold did not affect the Palearctic’s birds crecca, Falco tinnunculus, Tetrao tetrix, Perdix [dramatically], because the cold seasonality could be dealt with through migration, while perdix, Coturnix coturnix, Crex crex, Aegolius sedentary species simply shifted geographical funereus, Anthus trivialis, Ptionoprogne position. Among those that found refuge on rupestris, Fringilla coelebs, Pyrrhula pyrrhuia, the southern peninsulas, and other cryptic refugia, Garrulus glandarius, Pyrrhocorax graculus, were the sedentary and partially migratory and Corvus monedula.

9 Late Pleistocene Avifauna of the Pešturina Cave (Nišava District, SE Serbia)... bioclimatic tolerants. The boreal birds returned (MINGOZZI & ONRUBIA, 1997). This is the one of north too, but also left prisoners, this time trapped the northernmost occurrences of the rock sparrow around the mountains of the mid-latitude belt (s. c. in Pleistocene Europe. glacial relicts). (p. 236). This author accepts the Established avifauna includes 16 species western Balkans, and to a lesser degree the Alps previously unknown in the Pleistocene record of and the Italian mountains, as “the major European Serbia (TYRBERG, 1998; 2008): C. coturnix, C. refugia for broadleaved trees during the last crex, S. rusticola, A. funereus, P. canus, A. arvensis, glaciation”. (p. 29). G. cristata, A. trivialis, S. europaea, F. coelebs, P. pyrrhula, O. oriolus, G. glandarius, P. rupestris, P. petronia, and P. graculus.

Acknowledgements Excavations at Pešturina cave are funded thanks to the Serbian Ministry of Culture grant No 177023, as is the study of presented Pešturina osteological material for one of the authors PhD (SM). We thank National Museum of Natural History in Sofia, Bulgaria, for avifauna comparative material, and Vesna Dimitrijević and Laboratory for Bioarchaeology at Faculty of Philosophy in Belgrade and its study collection. Special thanks to Fig. 2. Present day ranges of Tetrao tetrix two anonymous reviewers of the manuscript for (after Schmitz, 1997) and Oriolus oriolus (after their helpful suggestions and remarks. WASSMANN, 1997) in Europe, with the position of Pešturina indicated. The areas of overlapped References ranges are given in grey color. ALCOVER J. A., FLORIT F., MOURER-CHAUVIRÉ C., WEESIE P.D.M. 1992. The avifaunas of the isolated Mediterranean islands during the Middle and Late Pleistocene. In: Campbell, K. E. (Еd.), Papers in avian paleontology honoring Pierce Brodkorb. Science Series. Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Los Angeles 36: 273-283. ALEX B., BOARETTO E. 2014. Radiocarbon Chronology of Pešturina Cave. In: Mihailović D. (Еd.), Palaeolithic and Mesolithic Research in the Central Balkans. Serbian Archaeological Society, Belgrade 39-48. Fig. 3. Present day ranges of Ptyonoprogne ALEX B. MIHAILOVIĆ D. MILOŠEVIĆ S. BOARETTO rupestris (after Sackl & Sere, 1997) and E. 2019. Radiocarbon chronology of Middle Scolopax rusticola (after HOODLESS & SAARI, and Upper Paleolithic sites in Serbia, Central 1997) in Europe, with the position of Pešturina Balkans. Journal of Archaeological Science: indicated. The areas of overlapped ranges are Reports, 25: 266-279. given in grey color. BACHMAYER F., MALEZ V., SYMEONIDIS M., THEODOROU G., ZAPFE H. 1989. Die Pešturina cave reveals distribution of 5 present Ausgrabung in der Hohle von Vraona (Attika) long-distance migratory birds, which are summer im Jahre 1985. Sitzungsberichte Osterreichische visitors in the Balkans. These belong to 3 orders – Akademie der Wissenschaften. Mathematisch- C. coturnix, A. trivialis, O. oriolus, P. rupestris, Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse, Abtteilung 1, and C. crex. One species (P. petronia) deserves 197: 287-307. special attention, as its present day (summer) range BLACKWELL A. B., CHU S., CHAITY I., HUANG Y. lies far south of the location of the Pešturina cave E. W., MIHAILOVIĆ D., ROKSANDIĆ M.,

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11 Late Pleistocene Avifauna of the Pešturina Cave (Nišava District, SE Serbia)...

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14 Bulletin of the Natural History Museum - Plovdiv Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Plovdiv, 2020, vol. 5: 15-23

New Data on the Fauna of the Late Antiquity Northern Fortification Walls of Serdica (3rd-6th century A.D.) from Building Excavations on Exarch Joseph Street (Sofia, Bulgaria)

Zlatozar N. Boev*

National Museum of Natural History, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1 Blvd. Tsar Osvoboditel, 1000 Sofia, BULGARIA *Corresponding author: [email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract. The subfossil fauna discovered in 2019 from the northern fortification walls of Serdica (Sofia, Bulgaria) comprises a total of 36 species/taxa of wild and domestic animals, established through the analysis of 11,308 animal remains excavated from the centre of the city of Sofia. Wild carnivores were well represented by Canis lupus, Canis aureus, Vulpes vulpes, Felis silvestris, Lynx lynx, Meles meles and Ursus arctos, along with the remains of Bos primigenius and Camelus bactrianus, as well as finds of Bubalus bubalis, Dama dama and Silurus glanis. Some aquatic (Ardea cinerea, Anser erythropus, Anas platyrhynchos) and openland (Otis tarda, Grus grus) birds, and two diurnal raptors (Gyps fulvus, Buteo buteo) were also noted. Over 20% of these species have now disappeared from the Sofia Valley. Bos taurus, Equus ferus caballus, Sus scrofa domestica, Ovis aries, and Capra hircus are the most common domestic animals. The domestic cattle were of brachycerous type. The majority of domestic chickens were of the bantam size/type.

Key words: Archaeozoology, Sofia, Antiquity, wildlife history, Aurochs, Bactrian camel, Water buffalo, Great bustard.

Introduction varied than that of 2018. A total of 11,307 bone Archaeological excavations continued for a fragments and a single mollusc shell were second season in 2019 at the Late Antiquity recovered (Table 1). The assemblage consisted northern fortification walls of the town of Serdica, of a total of 482 samples and was dated to late uncovered at Exarch Joseph Street, No 35 (Square Antiquity, 3rd-6th century A.D., i.e. during the 17, Zone G-14; Oborishte Urban District) in the rule of the Eastern Roman emperor Justinian I centre of the city of Sofia. The site represents part (527–565 A.D.). The sample represents all of the northern fortress wall of ancient Serdica – a separately collected bone finds from one part of the “Serdica - Sredets” Historical- square/sounding from different depths. All Archaeological Reserve, which is being excavated samples came from over of 5.3 m depth below by a team from the Sofia History Museum, led by the recent level in the excavated site (ca. 1600 the archaeologist Polina Stoyanova. The salvage m2). The fortress wall is excellently preserved excavations were carried out until December 2019. (length of ca. 30 m, height ca. 2.5 m). This paper presents these new discoveries and As in 2018, all samples were analyzed and provides a summary of the faunal diversity of this the archaeological findings were described important site. separately. The vertebrate bone remains have been identified through the osteological Material and Methods collections of the National Museum of Natural The animal bone material collected during History at the Bulgarian Academy of Sciences the 2019 season was even more abundant and (Vertebrate Animals Department). © Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Plovdiv Regional Natural History Museum – Plovdiv http://rnhm.org/en/ University of Plovdiv Publishing House New Data on the Fauna of the Late Antiquity Northern Fortification Walls of Serdica...

As in many similar sites, a significant part of the to ZEUNER (1963), the water buffalo appeared collected bone remains are unfit for taxonomic in Europe from the Balkan Peninsula even determination. A total of 2,478 fragments (21.9 %) before the conquest of the Turks in Asia represent unidentifiable highly fragmentary pieces Minor. The animal was well known to the that lack diagnostic features for their osteological Eastern Slavs from Southern Ukraine. After identification. Partly unidentified are 246 bone BOGOLYUBSKIY (1959) the earliest remains of fragments which can just be described as belonging water buffalo in Europe were dated ca. 5th to "small ruminants - Ovis / Capra - sheep / century A.D. BALEVSKA & PETROV (1968) goat.” (Table 1). accept that water buffalo appeared on the Balkan Peninsula along with the Proto- Results and Discussion Bulgarians (i. e. Bulgars) in 680 A.D. when As shown on Table 1 a total of 36 taxa (incl. domesticated water buffaloes reached the human skeletal remains) have been established Balkans from Asia Minor via the southern in 2019. The majority of them were already route. These authors state that the earliest finds found in the material of 2018 (BOEV, 2019 a). of B. bubalis in Bulgaria came from the late In addition to it 13 new animal species were Neolithic and early Chalcolithic. This animal registered at the site: Silurus glanis, Rana / was unknown to the ancient Greeks and Pelophylax sp., Testudo hermanni (Plate 1, Fig. Thracians. The notable Suleimankoy inscription 1), Ardea cinerea, Anser erythropus, Otis tarda, (815 A.D.) of the Bulgarian Khan Omurtag Gyps fulvus, Buteo buteo, Canis aureus, Meles mentions water buffaloes. Two buffaloes were meles (Plate 1, Fig. 2), Felis silvestris, Lynx exchanged against one Byzantian captive lynx, and Bubalus bubalis (Plate 1, Fig. 3). (IVANOV & ZAHARIEV, 1962). In 11th century Domestic cattle. Bos taurus is the most A.D. the Bachkovo Monastery (CS Bulgaria) common animal in the material studied. It is had four water buffaloes in its farm (NINOV, represented in 142 of 482 samples. Cattle 1990). Domestic water buffaloes are mentioned remains account for almost half of all examined in the chronicles of the Crusaders’ war with the archaeozoological material. The correlation Bulgarian Tsar Kaloyan in 1206 A.D. Other between the remains of domestic and wild data indicate that water buffaloes were (aurochs) cattle was ca. 160:1. The domestic transferred to the Balkans by Crimean Tatars. cattle were of brachycerous type. All these scanty data make the discovery of Domestic dog. Canis familiaris was relatively water buffalo within the ancient city of Sofia numerous and various skeletal elements have been extremely valuable. It proves again the presence found, mostly well preserved. Among the remains of B. bubalis during Late Antiquity in Bulgaria. of domestic dog, a small and short-legged breed Bactrian camel. The discovery of remains stands out, which is similar to modern dachshunds of Camelus bactrianus (Plate 1, Figs. 4, 5) in (Plate 2, Fig. 1). Most of the dogs were smaller than ancient Sofia is of particular interest from an gray wolf and only a few were of very small size archaeozoological point of view. A camel find (Plate 2, Fig. 6). at this site has already been identified (BOEV, Water buffalo. The appearance of water 2019 a, b). Obviously all excavated bone finds buffalo in Europe is rather unclear. King belonged to domesticated camels. Aguilulf (591 - c. 616 A.D.) of Longobard is Domestic horses and donkeys. Again, reported to have received some water buffaloes the relative high proportion (1,152 remains) of as a gift from Avar Khan (PETROV, 1986). The domestic horses is impressive. Much less buffaloes startled Italians who saw them for the numerous are donkeys and hinnies/mules. first time. The domestic water buffalo occured Domestic horse (Plate 2, Fig. 3) ranks second in Europe through the march of Attila (c. 405 - amongst the domestic mammals and accounts 453 A. D.) and, after other sources, with the for 10.2% of the excavated material. Crusaders on their return to Western Europe. Small ruminants. Both domestic sheep Bone and horn remains of water buffaloes were and goat were widely used and reared in ancient discovered during excavations in the ancient Sofia. The sheep accounts for 4.0% and goat - Miletian colony of Olbia on the northeast coast 3.5% of the bone remains. of the Black Sea in Ukraine, dating from the 1st- Domestic birds. Two domestic birds have 5th centuries A. D. (PETROV, 1985). According been identified – chicken and goose, the first of

16 Zlatozar N. Boev which acc ount s for 71 .9 % of all avian bone in antiquity is of particular interest to remains found in 62 samples. The remains of archeozoology, is confirmed again (Plate 1, Fig. domestic birds (mainly domestic chicken and much 6). The occurrence of the fallow deer in ancient fewer dom estic g eese) p rove the pre sence of Sofia proves the species distribution not only in developed poultry breeding. The small size of the southern, but also in the central regions of chickens indicates non-selectiv ity in production, i.e. the Balkan Peninsula in antiquity. Prehistoric they are not intention ally b red (so lely) for meat. records of this deer on the Balkans came from Along with small-sized individual s, there were the Late Pleistocene to Early Neolithic m uch rare r larg er he ns, b ut the y were also much (KARASTOYANOVA & SPASSOV, 2018). s maller t han th e mode rn meat breeds. Other wild mammals. Wild mammals are Golden jackal. All carnivore species except well represen ted and ra ther var ied: w ild boar, Canis aureus were found in the site in 2018. Only roe dee r, fall ow dee r, red d eer ( Plate 2, Fig. 4), the jackal and the hare cannot be classified as forest aurochs, European hare, red fox, golden jackal, (woodland) species, as all other previously found Eurasian badger, wild cat, (?) Eurasian lynx, mammals (Table 1). The species is known in gray w olf and bro wn b ear (Plate 2, Fig. 5). Bulgaria from the Early Holocene - Neolithic till Today, most of the listed carnivores are still the Medieval Ages (SPASSOV 1989; SPASSOV & hunting objects in the country. The Eurasian ACOSTA-PANKOV 2019), although the oldest lynx, gray wolf and the brown bea r are includ ed written data on its presence in Bulgaria comes from in the Re d Da ta Book of Bulgar ia . L. lynx is the 14th century A.D. (SPASSOV 2007). Its mandible “critically enda ngered”, C. lup us is "vulnerable" length varies from 110 to 121 mm (ATANASSOV, and the b ear is "endanger ed" species 1953) or ca. 106 to ca. 128 mm (KRYSTUFEK & (GOLEMANSKI, 2015). M . me les is wide ly TVRTKOVIC, 1990). A well preserved right semi- spread throu ghout all the coun try. It mandible (Plate 2, Fig. 7) both morphologically and occurrence among the examined remains is not metrically fits to C. aureus. surprisingly. Until 20th century in some regions Fallow deer. The existence of remains of of the count ry the mea t, f at, sk in and f ur have fallow deer (Dama dama), whose distribution been used by people (PANTELEEV, 1952).

Table 1. Animal representation in the collected archaeozoological material from the Late Antiquity northern fortification walls of Serdica (3rd-6th century A.D.) from building excavations on Exarch Joseph Street (Sofia, Bulgaria).

Total Number of Number No Taxa E nglish name number processed of burnt of finds finds finds MOLLUSCA Bivalvia Ostreoidea 1 Ostrea edulis Linnaeus, 1758 European flat oyster 1 Mollusca total 1 OSTEICHTHYES Actinopterygii Siluriformes 2 Silurus glanis Linnaeus, 1758 Wels catfish 1 Osteichthyes total 1 AMPHIBIA Anura 3 Rana Linnaeus, 1758 / Pelophylax Fitzinger 1843 sp. Pond / Marsh frog 5 Amphibia total 5 REPTILIA Testudines 4 Testudo hermanni Gmelin, 1789 H ermann’s tortoise 1 Reptilia total 1 AVES Ciconiiformes 5 Ardea cinerea Linnaeus, 1758 Grey heron 1 Ciconiiformes total 1

17 New Data on the Fauna of the Late Antiquity Northern Fortification Walls of Serdica... Anseriformes 6 Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus, 1758 Mallard 2 7 Anser anser domestica Linnaeus, 1758 Domestic goose 15 8 Anser erythropus (Linnaeus, 1758) Lesser white-fronted goose 2 Anseriformes total 19 Galliformes 9 Gallus gallus domestica (Linnaeus, 1758) Domestic chicken 69 2 Galliformes total 69 Gruiformes 10 Grus grus (Linnaeus, 1758) Common crane 1 1 Gruiformes total 1 Otidiformes 11 Otis tarda Linnaeus, 1758 Great bustard 1 Otidiformes total 1 Accipitriformes 12 Gyps fulvus Hablitz, 1783 Griffon vulture 1 13 Buteo buteo (Linnaeus, 1758) Common buzzard 4 Accipitriformes total 5 Aves total 96 MAMMALIA Lagomorpha 14 Lepus europaeus Pallas, 1778 European hare 15 Lagomorpha total 15 Carnivora 15 Vulpes vulpes (Linnaeus, 1758) Red fox 7 16 Canis lupus Linnaeus, 1758 Grey wolf 78 17 Canis aureus Linnaeus, 1758 Golden jackal 3 18 Canis familiaris Linnaeus, 1758 Domestic dog 76 1 1 Canis familiaris/aureus Domestic dog/ Golden jackal 1 Canis lupus / familiaris Grey wolf / Domestic dog 17 19 Meles meles (Linnaeus, 1758) European badger 2 20 Ursus arctos Linnaeus, 1758 Brown bear 5 21 Felis catus (Linnaeus, 1758) Domestic cat 7 22 Felis silvestris Schreber, 1777 Wildcat 17 Felis catus/ silvestris Domestic cat/ Wildcat 7 23 ?Lynx lynx (Linnaeus, 1758) Eurasian lynx 1 Carnivora total 221 Artiodactyla 24 Sus scrofa domestica Erxleben, 1777 Domestic pig 520 3 25 Sus scrofa scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 Wild boar 138 Sus scrofa scrofa / domestica Wild boar / Domestic pig 25 26 Capra hircus (Linnaeus, 1758) Goat 399 2 5 27 Ovis aries Linnaeus, 1758 Sheep 458 1 Ovis / Capra Small ruminants 246 28 Bos taurus Linnaeus, 1758 Cattle 5439 1 19 29 Bos primigenius (Bojanus, 1827) Aurochs 34 1 Bos taurus / primigenius Aurochs / Cattle 4 30 Bubalus bubalis (Linnaeus, 1758) Domestic water buffalo 1 1 31 Dama dama Linnaeus, 1758 Fallow deer 2 32 Cervus elaphus Linnaeus, 1758 Red deer 44 7 34 Capreolus capreolus (Linnaeus, 1758) Roe deer 12 Cervus elaphus / Dama dama 1 33 Camelus bactrianus Linnaeus, 1758 Bactrian camel 2 Camelus bactrianus / dromedarius Bactrian camel / Dromedary camel 2 Artiodactyla total 7327 Perissodactyla 34 Equus ferus caballus Linnaeus, 1758 Domestic horse 1152 4 35 Equus africanus asinus Linnaeus, 1758 Donkey 74 Equus africanus asinus x Equus ferus caballus Hinny / Mule 39 Perissodactyla total 1265 Primates 36 Homo sapiens Linnaeus, 1758 Modern man 1

18 Zlatozar N. Boev Primates total 1 Mammals – bone splinters Bone splinters 2478 2 Mammals total 8829 Vertebrates total 11307 Animal remains total 11308 11 38

Plate 1. Animal bone remains of the excavations on the northern fortification walls of Serdica (Exach Joseph Str., No 35 in Sofia City, season 2019): Fig. 1. Testudo hermanni – plastron, caudal part; Fig. 2. Meles meles – radius sin., Fig. 3. Bubalus bubalis – mandibula sin.; Fig. 4. Camelus bactrianus – metacarpus dex.; Fig. 5. Camelus bactrianus – phallanx prox. dig. pedis dex.; Fig. 6. Dama dama – cranium; Fig. 7. Cervus elaphus – antler cut fragment. Photo: Z. Boev.

19 New Data on the Fauna of the Late Antiquity Northern Fortification Walls of Serdica...

Plate 2. Animal bone remains of the excavations on the northern fortification walls of Serdica (Exach Joseph Str., No 35 in Sofia City, season 2019): Fig. 1. Canis familiaris – tibia sin.; Fig. 2. Bos primigenius – mandibula sin.; Fig. 3. Equus ferus – cranium; Fig. 4. Cervus elaphus – mandibula sin.; Fig. 5. Ursus arctos – radius dex.; Fig. 6. Canis familiaris – cranium; Fig. 7. Canis aureus – mandibula dex. Photo: Z. Boev.

Wild birds. Similarly, the remains of wild steppe-like open grasslands. In Sofia Valley, birds show a high diversity. There are raptors, both types of habitats were well represented aquatic and steppe inhabitants among the seven about 1,600 ago. Today O. tarda and G. grus species found at the site. The mallard, grey are both extinct nesting species in Bulgaria. heron and the lesser white-fronted goose are Both species were valuable game (hunting) indicators of wetlands in the area. The remains birds until the first half of the 20th century. G. of great bustards and common cranes suggest fulvus was breeding in the neighboring

20 Zlatozar N. Boev mountains encompassing Sofia Valley until the meat of pigs, lambs and kids was used as early 20th century. Now it is considered to be food. “endangered”, while the A. erythrop us is a The material of 2019 also confirms that “critically endangered” species of the Bulgarian cutting the horns of small ungulates (sheep and Red D ata B ook (GOLEMANSKI, 2015). A. goats) as well as antlers of red deer with a saw cinerea is a “vulnerable” species has been widespread (Plate 1, Fig. 7). (GOLEMANSKI, 2015). A number of lakes still Obviously, the horn/antler was used as a exis t in the So fia V alley and in antiqui ty they material for other purposes. Most of the were even mo re nume rous and large. charred bone remains belonged to domestic Numerous small and larger (Iskar, Lesnovska, cattle, which were predominantly of the so- etc.) ri vers f low throu gh the So fia Va lley. Thus, called brachycerous type. Wild cattle (aurochs) the aqua tic bi rds found among the exami ned were still being hunted at this time, as the material must be only a small part of the former remains of some large specimens were found rich wetland wildlife in the region. (Plate 2, Fig. 2). Ancient hunters also hunted European flat oyster. The record of wild boar, but also carried out breeding of Ostrea edulis is of particular interest for a site domestic pigs. Aurochs were hunted alongside in Sofia. This marine species is now widespread the activity of cattle-breeding, this being a in the Black Sea and the Mediterranean. widespread practice in antiquity (BOEV & Modern oysters in the Black Sea are much BOEV, 2018). Red deer antlers were used for smaller in size than those from the producing various items. Mediterranean. Large oysters were found in the 2018 and 2019 material, which confirms again Traces on bones the contacts with the Aegean. Some cases of bone trauma were identified Catfish. One surprise discovery was a amongst the bones of some of the domestic single bone of Silurus glanis. It is already animals. Among them are a domestic goose known that the catfish was present at “Forum with a broken and overgrown humerus, a Serdica” in Sofia City, 3rd - 9th century A.D. domestic dog with a broken femur, another (BOEV, 2016a, 2017). This species occurs in the with a healed ischium bone, and a domestic cat lower and middle reaches of large rivers with a broken femur. In all four cases, (KARAPETKOVA & ZHIVKOV 1995) and cannot mutilated animals were bred because they had be fished in the present day small rivers of the sustained their injuries and the bone healing Sofia Valley. The catfish may therefore have process had progressed. been transported from the lower stretches of Traces of cuts and cut marks were noticed the larger rivers or it may indicate that the on a total of 11 bones. Numerous so-called present day rivers were much deeper in the bone splinters were also observed with traces past. of cutting with an axe. Animal utilization The animal bone assemblage recovered Conclusions confirms the practice of three major livelihoods The faunal remains recovered are rather of the ancient people - animal husbandry, diverse. The collected material consists of: hunting and gathering. A full spectrum of molluscs - 1, bony fish - 1, anuran amphibians - animal husbandry was represented for this 5, reptiles - 1, birds – 96, mammals – 8829 epoch. Cattle-breeding, horse-breeding, goat- fragments. The three seasons of archaeological breeding, sheep-breeding, pig-breeding and excavation (2017-2019) provided abundant poultry farming were all highly developed. bone material, allowing a total of 38 species to Some bones showed traces of processing: 38 be determined (see Appendix 1). Nеw data rank bones show clear traces of burning - they are the examined site amongst the best studied sites partially or even completely charred. within the city of Sofia in terms of their The vast majority of the remains of revealed subfossil fauna, along with the “Forum domestic mammals belong to adult individuals. Serdica” (BOEV, 2016 a, b, 2017, 2018), located Young and juvenile individuals are more ca. 350 m from it. Only one species has common amongst domestic pigs, domestic completely disappeared from the country, sheep and “sheep/goats”. This confirms that Europe and the World – that is the wild cattle

21 New Data on the Fauna of the Late Antiquity Northern Fortification Walls of Serdica... (aurochs, B os primigen ius ). One specie s (the Historia naturalis bulgarica 24: 179- European flat oyster ) is “exotic” concerning the 186. Sofia V alley (and a ll the coun try). E ight sp ecies BOEV Z. 2018. Subfossil fauna from “Forum (catfish, griffon vultur e, great bustard, c ommon Serdica” (Sofia City, Bulgaria) of crane, lesser white-fr onted g oose, Eurasian Antiquity (2nd - 4th century AD) and lynx, br own bear, and fa llow d eer) have all Ottoman Epoch (15th - 18th century AD) disappeared from the Sofia Valley. Three (Excavations 2017). Bulletin of the species ( griffon v ulture, great bu stard, and Natural History Museum – Plovdiv 3: common crane) have disappeared as breeding 7-13. species within Bulgaria’s territory. BOEV Z. 2019A. Late Antiquity (3-5 century A.D.) Fauna from Building Excavations Acknowledgements on Exarch Joseph Street (Sofia City, The author is grateful to Dr. Mark Beech Bulgaria. Bulletin of the Natural (Historic Environment Department, Department History Museum – Plovdiv 4: 1-8. of Culture and Tourism (DCT Abu Dhabi)) for the BOEV Z. 2019B. Past distribution of the improvement of the English text of manuscript. Bactrian (Camelus bactrianus Linnaeus, 1758) and dromedary (Camelus References dromedarius Linnaeus, 1758) camels ATANASSOV N. 1953. Untersuchungen ober die (Camelidae Gray, 1821) in Bulgaria - schakale (Canis aureus L.) in Bulgarien. subfossil records. Lynx. 50: 29-36. Bulletin de l’Institut zoologique de BOGOLYUBSKIY S. N. 1959. Origin and l’Academie Bulgare des Sciences 2: 189- transformation of domestic animals. 273 (in Bulgarian, German summary). Sovetskaya Nauka Publishing House, BALEVSKA R. K. & PETROV A. 1968. Moscow, 594 p. (in Russian). Nomenclature and systematics of wild GOLEMANSKI V. (Ed.). 2015. Red Data Book and history of pre-domestic animals in of the Republic of Bulgaria. Volume 2. our lands. Publishing House of the Animals. IBEI – BAS & MOEW, Sofia, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, Sofia, 372 p. (in Bulgarian). 176 p. IVANOV P., ZAHARIEV, Z. 1962. Origin of BOEV N., BOEV Z. 2018. Aurochs (Bos domestic water buffalo. In: Water primigenius Bojanos, 1827) buffaloes in Bulgaria. Sofia. Publishing (Artiodactyla - Mammalia) in the House of the Bulgarian Academy of nature and culture of Bulgaria. – Sciences, pp. 11-16. (in Bulgarian). ZooNotes. Supplement 5. ISSN 1313- KARAPETKOVA M., ZHIVKOV M. 1995. Fishes 9916. University Plovdiv University in Bulgaria. Geya Libris Publishing Press “Paisii Hilendarski”. Plovdiv. 120 House, Sofia, 247 p. (in Bulgarian). p. www.zoonotes.bio.uni-plovdiv.bg (in KARASTOYANOVA N., SPASSOV N. 2018. New Bulgarian, English summary). numerous finds of Dama dama BOEV Z. 2016A. Biodiversity of vertebrates in (Linnaeus, 1758) from the Neolithic of Sofia Valley based on their bone Bulgaria support the hypothesis of the remains in “Forum Serdica” in the autochthonous origin of the early center of Sofia City (16th-18th century Holocene Balkan population of the AD). Journal of the Bulgarian Academy fallow deer. 13th ICAZ International of Sciences 3:16-22. (in Bulgarian). Conference. Ankara, . 26 p. BOEV Z. 2016B. Subfossil Vertebrate Fauna KRYSTUFEK, B., TVRTKOVIC, N. 1990. from Forum Serdica (Sofia, Bulgaria), Variability and identity of the jackals 16th-18th century. Acta zoologica (Canis aureus) of Dalmatia. Annalen bulgarica 68 (3): 415-424. des Naturhistorischen Museums in BOEV Z. 2017. New data on the subfossil fauna Wien. 91B: 7-25. from “Forum Serdica” (Sofia City, NINOV L. 1990. Some aspects of stockbreeding Bulgaria; 3rd - 9th century A. D.). in the Middle Ages. Interdisciplinarni

22 Zlatozar N. Boev izsledvaniya, 17: 95-101. (in Bulgarin, 11. Canis familiaris Linnaeus, 1758 Canis English summary). familiaris/aureus Canis lupus / familiaris PANTELEEV P. G. 1952. Badger (Meles meles 12. Canis lupus Linnaeus, 1758 L.). Priroda i znanie 6: 12-14. (in 13. Capra hircus (Linnaeus, 1758) Bulgarian). 14. Capreolus capreolus (Linnaeus, 1758) PETROV A. 1986. Early history and evolution Cervus elaphus / Dama dama of the domestic animals. Publishing House of the Bulgarian Academy of 15.Cervus elaphus Linnaeus, 1758 Sciences. Sofia, 263 p. (in Bulgarian). 16.Dama dama Linnaeus, 1758 SPASSOV N. 2007. Order Carnivora. In: 17.Equus africanus asinus Linnaeus, 1758 MITEVA S., MIHOVA B., GEORGIEV K., Equus africanus asinus x Equus ferus caballus PETROV B., VANSINK D. (Eds.). 18.Equus ferus caballus Linnaeus, 1758 Mammals important for conservation 19.Felis catus (Linnaeus, 1758) Felis catus/ in Bulgaria. Dutch Mammal Society silvestris VZZ, pp. 217-291(in Bulgarian). Schreber, 1777 SPASSOV N., ACOSTA-PANKOV, I. 2019. 20.Felis silvestris Dispersal history of the golden jackal 21.Gallus gallus domestica (Linnaeus, 1758) (Canis aureus moreoticus Geoffroy, 22.Grus grus (Linnaeus, 1758) 1835) in Europe and possible causes of 23.Gyps fulvus Hablitz, 1783 its recent population explosion. 24.Helix lucorum Linnaeus, 1758 Biodiversity Data Journal 7: e34825 25.Homo sapiens Linnaeus, 1758 doi: 10.3897/BDJ.7.e34825. SPASSOV N. 1989. The position of jackals in the 26.Lepus europaeus Pallas, 1778 Canis genus and life history of the 27.Lynx lynx (Linnaeus, 1758) golden jackal (Canis aureus L.) in 28.Meles meles (Linnaeus, 1758) Bulgaria and on the Balkans. Historia 29.Ostrea edulis Linnaeus, 1758 Ovis / Capra naturalis bulgarica 1: 44-56. 30.Ovis aries Linnaeus, 1758 ZEUNER F. E. 1963. A History of 31.Rana Linnaeus, 1758 / Pelophylax sp. Domesticated Animals. Hutchinson & Fitzinger 1843 Co. Ltd., London, 560 p. 32.Silurus glanis Linnaeus, 1758 33.Sus scrofa domestica Erxleben, 1777 Appendix 1 Sus scrofa scrofa / domestica Combined list of all animal taxa (incl. man) Sus scrofa scrofa Linnaeus, 1758 established in the excavations of the Late 34. Antiquity northern fortification walls of Serdica 35.Testudo hermanni Gmelin, 1789 (Exach Joseph Str., No 35 in Sofia City, 2017- 36.Unio crassus (Philipsson, 1788) 2019) 37.Ursus arctos Linnaeus, 1758 38.Vulpes vulpes (Linnaeus, 1758) 1. Anas platyrhynchos Linnaeus, 1758 2. Anser anser domestica Linnaeus, 1758 3. Anser erythropus (Linnaeus, 1758) 4. Ardea cinerea Linnaeus, 1758 5. Bos primigenius (Bojanus, 1827) Bos taurus / primigenius 6. Bos taurus Linnaeus, 1758 7. Bubalus bubalis (Linnaeus, 1758) 8. Buteo buteo (Linnaeus, 1758) Camelus bactrianus / dromedarius Accepted: 27.03.2020 9. Camelus bactrianus Linnaeus, 1758 Published: 28.04.2020 10. Canis aureus Linnaeus, 1758

23

Bulletin of the Natural History Museum - Plovdiv Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Plovdiv, 2020, vol. 5: 25-31

A Little Dabbling Duck (Anatini Vigors, 1825 - Anseriformes Wagler, 1831) from the Late Miocene of Kremikovtsi (Bulgaria)

Zlatozar N. Boev*

National Museum of Natural History, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1 Blvd. Tsar Osvoboditel, 1000 Sofia, BULGARIA *Corresponding author: [email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract. A late Miocene (Turolian) small anatine is reported by a proximal half of right carpometacarpus from the late Miocene (MN 12-13) locality near Kremikovtsi (Sofia City Province). Dimensionally it is closer and similar to modern Spatula querquedula, but shows significant morphological differences. It is the second oldest record of the small dabbling ducks in Europe and the first record on the Balkan Peninsula.

Key words: Neogene birds, Miocene avifauna, ducks, Turolian, Kremikovtsi locality, Sofia Miocene Basin.

Introduction Measurements (in mm; Table 1), see Figure 2. Waterfowl are very rare in the pre- Total length of the fragment – 29.2; width of Pleistocene avian record in Bulgaria (Boev, trochlea carpalis - > 4.0; dorsoventral thickness 2002). So far three species and a genus have of proximal epiphysis with processus pisiformis been described from the Bulgarian late Miocene – 4.7; craniocaudal width in the middle of the and early Pliocene localities: Miocene: Anser diaphysis of os metacarpale majus – 2.9; thraceiensis Burchak-Abramovich & Nikolov, dorsoventral thickness in the middle of os 1982 and Anatinae gen. et sp. indet. from metacarpale majus - 3.0. Other measurements Troyanovo; Pliocene: Balcanas pliocaenica are given on Table 1. Boev, 1998 from Dorkovo (BOEV, 2002) and The taxonomy follows MLÍKOVSKÝ (2002) Cygnus verae Boev, 2000 from Sofia - 2. and DICKINSON & REMSEN (2013). The The locality of Kremikovtsi is one of total of osteological terminology is after BAUMEL & the nine Neogene avian sites in Bulgaria. Besides WITMER (1993). those three listed above, the remaining sites are: Abbreviations: Anatomical: dex. - dextra; Sofia-1, Muselievo, Hadzhidimovo, Kalimantsi, prox. - proximalis; Institutional: ISEAK – Gorna Sushitsa, Hrabarsko, Troyanovo, Azmaka Institute of Systematics and Evolution of Animals (Polish Academy of Sciences), and Kardam. Some of them were listed by BOEV (2002). The described specimen is the only Krakow; NMNHS - National Museum of waterfowl and avian at all find from this Miocene Natural History (Bulgarian Academy of locality. Sciences), Sofia.

Material and Methods Description of the site The examined find represents an The site is located near the Kremikovtsi village incomplete right proximal half of (Sofia Region), 42046’36”; 23032’27”; UTM grid GN carpometacarpus bone – NMNHS 2948 (Fig. 03; 18.65 km NE of Sofia City. It represents 1). The proximal epiphysis and two thirds of os lacustrine deposits revealed in an open limestone metacarpale majus are preserved.

© Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Plovdiv Regional Natural History Museum – Plovdiv http://rnhm.org/en/ University of Plovdiv Publishing House A Little Dabbling Duck (Anatini Vigors, 1825 - Anseriformes Wagler, 1831) from the Late Miocene... quarry at ca. 700 m a. s. l. The material was collected 1766) and D. autumnalis (Linnaeus, 1758) in 1995 by Prof. NIKOLAY SPASSOV (NMNHS). were compared) because of larger size (Table 1) and the sharper edge of the dorsal condyle of Results trochlea carpalis. Recently SUN et al. (2017) Associated fauna and age of the even proposed to consider whistling ducks as Kremikovtsi locality separate family Dendrocygnidae (Reichenbach, So far data on other groups are extremely 1850). Dendrocygini can also be excluded scarce. Only separate finds of “Mammut” because of marked notch of the dorsal trochlear rim (WORTHY 2009). borsoni Hays, 1834 (MARKOV, 2005) and Giraffidae Gray, 1821 gen. indet. were collected. After its associated macromammalian Oxyurinae fauna the site is dated late Miocene (MN 12-13) Differences from Oxyurinae (Oxyura (N. SPASSOV, inpubl. data). jamaicensis (Gmelin, 1789)): lacking of sharply angled groove “F” (Fig. 3) on the midline of the Description of the find trochlea carpalis, smaller fovea carpalis caudalis The examined specimen NMNHS 2948 (“D”; Fig. 3), and more distally positioned represents an incomplete proximal right inception of the proximal epiphysis of symphysis. carpometacarpus. It is rather worn, especially to the Other genera of Oxyurinae (Stictonetta L. rims of the trochlea carpalis and processus Reichenbach, 1853, Malacorhynchos Swainson, extensorius is broken off. It has a distinct notch on 1831) are endemics to and , the dorsal rim of the carpal trochlea, which refers while the Neogene (Early Miocene) Mionetta the find to Anatinae and distinguishes it from Livezey & Martin, 1988 is referred to Dendrocygninae (WOOLFENDEN, 1961; WORTHY, Dendrocheninae Livezey & Martin, 1988. 2009). Fovea carpalis caudalis (cuneiform fossa) is Because of all presented features the specimen very deep, another feature specific for Anatini (and NMNHS 2948 could not be referred to the tribes Cairini) after WOOLFENDEN (1961). On the other Mergini, Tadornini and Aythyini, and the side, the minor metacarpal is convex and lacks a subfamilies Oxyurinae and Anserinae. Tadornini groove, which is an important feature that is not (partly), Aythyini and Anserinae were not seen in most anatines (TREVOR WORTHY, pers. compared as their species have considerable comm.). morphometric differences. Tribes Malacorhynchini The specimen is stored at the collections of and Cereopseini belong to Anserinae (DICKINSON the Vertebrate Animals Department of the & REMSEN, 2013), despite that WORTHY & LEE National Museum of Natural History, Sofia, (2008) and WORTHY (2009) proved that Bulgarian Academy of Sciences. Earlier the find Malacorhynchini should be placed in Oxyurinae. was published as “Anatinae gen.” without any descriptions (BOEV, 2002). Mergini It differs from Mergus by the almost Systematic part perpendicular, instead sharp-angled, axis of Order: Anseriformes Wagler, 1831 trochlea carpalis towards longitudinal axis of Family: Anatidae Leach, 1820 diaphysis, although heavily eroded dorsal Subfamily Anatinae Leach, 1820 trochleal rim (Fig. 1). Tribe Anatini Vigors, 1825 Tadornini Comparison with recent small anatids Differences from Tadornini (Tadorna tadorna After DICKINSON & REMSEN (2013) (Linnaeus, 1758)): much smaller size and bigger Anatidae is split into 4 subfamilies – asymmetry of the caudal part of trochlea carpalis in Dendrocygninae, Oxyurinae, Anserinae, and caudal view, as well as the more longitudinal Anatinae. Anatinae is divided into 4 tribes – orientation of the ventral edge of os metacarpale Mergini, Tadornini, Aythyini, and Anatini. minus towards longitudinal axis.

Dendrocygninae Aythyini Dendrocygninae Reichenbach, 1850 is The Kremikovtsi specimen differs from excluded (Dendrocygna viduata (Linnaeus, Aythyni (Aythya marila (Linnaeus, 1761))

26 Zlatozar N. Boev chiefly by the smaller dimensions and relatively end. Spatula, Anas and other Anatinae have a slender os metacarpalis majus. distinct groove (Fig 3). After TREVOR WORTHY (pers. comm.) there is a groove in some but not Anatini all oxyurines. Notable is the more medially positioned The three species of the former tribe processus pisiformis on the ventral surface of Tachyerini (now regarded as Anatinae; DICKINSON the bone. The preserved features on the & REMSEN, 2013) also were not compared because fragment allow it to refer it to a small-sized of their endemic distribution in the southern anatids in the metric range of Spatula regions of South America (HOWARD & MOORE, querquedula (Linnaeus, 1758) – Mareca 1980) and their much larger sizes. penelope (Linnaeus, 1758) (Table 1). General The specimen NMNHS 2948 could not be shape of the preserved proximal fragment of referred to Anas notwithstanding the wide size carpometacarpus, straight os metacarpalis range of the numerous species of that genus. It major, the proximal symphysis and the profile differs from Anas by the almost perpendicular, of the metacarpal trochlea are similar to these instead sharp-angled, axis of trochlea carpalis elements in the small anatines. It also differs towards longitudinal axis of diaphysis, although from Aix galericulata (Linnaeus, 1758) the heavily eroded dorsal trochleal rim (Fig. 1). same way, as well as by the presence of clearly WOELFE (1967) states that in the recent West- outlined fovea “В” (Fig. 2). From Aix sponsa Palearctic small anatids (e.g. A. crecca) the (Linnaeus, 1758) it differs by the lesser individual metric variability of the bone asymmetry of trochlea carpalis and deeper and measurements is considerable. better outlined fovea “В” (Fig. 2), as well as smaller size. Comparison with fossil small anatids On the other hand, the specimen differs MLIKOVSKÝ (2002) lists a total of 8 fossil from S. querquedula by the thicker diaphysis of anatids described from Cenozoic (mainly os metacarpale majus, the constriction “А” of Neogene) localities in Europe: Mionetta os metacarpale minus (Fig. 3), and the blanchardi (Milne-Edwards, 1863), M. natator elongated (kidney-like), rather than rounded, (Milne-Edwards, 1867), M. robusta (Milne- shape of the fovea “В” (Fig. 2) on the ventral Edwards, 1868), Anas velox Milne-Edwards, surface. The specimen differs from Anas crecca Linnaeus, 1758 by the deeper fovea “B” and 1868, A. sansaniensis Milne-Edwards, 1868, fossa infratrochlearis (“C”; Fig. 2) and by the Aythya chauvirae Cheneval, 1987, Mergus lacking of the bend “А” (Fig. 3), besides its connectens Janossy, 1972, and Oxyura doksana dimensional similarity. Anas strepera (Linnaeus, Mlikovsky, 2002. A. velox and A. sansaniensis 1758) is much bigger and the trochlea carpalis are known from the middle Miocene (MN 6). is less concave in caudal view. Similarly, as well After MLIKOVSKÝ (2002) the allocation of both as the smaller dimensions, NMNHS 2948 species to the genus Anas is uncertain. differs from M. penelope and Mareca falcata Mionetta Livezey & Martin, 1988 and Oxyura (Georgi, 1775). Metrically it stands closer to Bonaparte, 1828 are oxyurines and could be Sibirionetta formosa (Georgi, 1775) and neglected (see above), Sharganetta mongolica resembles it by the shape of fovea carpalis Zelenkov, 2011 and Protomelanitta gracilis caudalis (“D”), but it differs by the constriction Zelenkov, 2011 described from the middle “А” (Fig. 3) and the thicker diaphysis Miocene of are defined as medium sized (measurements “c” and “d”; Fig. 2). The ducks, and so are much larger than this fossil, and examined specimen differs from Spatula discors so can be excluded from our comparison. (Linnaeus, 1766) by the feature “А” (Fig. 3), Nogusunna conflictoides Zelenkov, 2011 from the well-developed fovea “В” (Fig. 3) and more same region and age, is more interesting, as it is elongated, rather than rounded shape of the determined as “small duck, slightly larger than the fossa infratrochlearis (“С”; Fig. 2). The extant smew Mergellus albellus” (ZELENKOV, specimen differs also by the convex caudal 2011; р. 196), but could not be compared as only surface of os metacarpalis minus at its proximal humeri are available of that species.

27 A Little Dabbling Duck (Anatini Vigors, 1825 - Anseriformes Wagler, 1831) from the Late Miocene...

Fig. 1. Anatini gen. indet. NMNHS 2948 – carpometacarpus dex. prox.: dorso-cranial view (a), dorso-caudal view (b), vental view (c). Photographs: Z. Boev.

Table 1. Comparison of the measurements (mm) of the proximal carpometacarpus of fossil and recent small anatids. Measurements are defined in Fig. 2.

Species a b c d e Fossil - Kremikovtsi Anatini gen. indet. NMNHS 2948 ca.11.2 ca.4.1 3.9 3.0 2.9 Recent Spatula querquedula NMNHS 1/2000 11.5 3.9 3.0 2.7 2.5 Spatula querquedula NMNHS 15/2003 12.3 4.5 3.5 3.2 2.4 Spatula querquedula ISEAK A-3119/762 10.0 4.1 3.8 3.0 2.4 Spatula querquedula ISEAK A-272/62 8.6 3.8 2.9 2.7 2.1 Spatula discors ISEAK A-3 823/81 9.7 3.9 2.8 3.0 2.1 Anas strepera NMNHS 1/1994 8.8 5.2 4.4 4.1 2.9 Anas crecca NMNHS 4/1994 9.9 3.7 3.1 2.8 1.9 Anas crecca ISEAK A-1924/68 9.6 3.9 4.1 3.0 2.1 Mareca penelope ISEAK A-5298/94 11.7 5.2 3.7 3.9 3.0 Mareca falcata ISEAK A-3261/76 12.7 5.2 3.7 3.9 3.0 Sibirionetta formosa ISEAK A-5092/92 10.4 4.1 3.4 2.9 2.2 Aix galericulata NMNHS 1/1989 11.4 4.8 3.4 3.3 2.0 Aix galericulata ISEAK A-5303/94 11.5 5.1 3.3 3.6 2.6 Aix sponsa NMNHS 1/1993 13.6 5.0 3.8 3.3 2.3 Oxyura jamaicensis ISEAK A-4657/89 9.6 3.9 2.6 2.8 1.9 Dendrocygna viduata NMNHS 1/2004 16.5 4.9 3.4 3.3 2.7 Dendrocygna viduata NMNHS 2/2004 15.2 5.0 3.1 2.9 2.6 Dendrocygna autumnalis NMNHS 1/2004 16.9 6.2 4.5 4.0 3.6 Mergellus albellus ISEAK A-3440/77 11.3 4.6 3.1 3.4 2.2 Tadorna tadorna ISEAK A-3975/83 17.3 6.5 ca.4.7 ca.5.0 3.5

28 Zlatozar N. Boev

Fig. 2. Measurements (mm) a-e used in Table 1 for the proximal carpometacarpus of small anatids. B - fovea, C - fossa infratrochlearis. Other features are shown on Fig. 3 and described in the comparisons section. Drawing: Vera Htistova.

Fig. 3. Comparison of right proximal carpometacarpus (caudal view), left to right: Tadornini (T. tadorna), Anatini (S. querquedula), Anatini gen. indet. NMNHS 2948, Mergini (Mergulus albellus (Linnaeus, 1758)), Aythyni (A. marila), Cairinini (Aix galericulata), Oxyurinae (O. leucocephala). Features B and C are shown on Fig. 2. Drawing: Z. Boev.

29 A Little Dabbling Duck (Anatini Vigors, 1825 - Anseriformes Wagler, 1831) from the Late Miocene... Mioquerquedula minutissima Zelenkov & approaches to Spatula querquedula (Table 1), Kurochkin, 2012 and Aix praeclara Zelenkov but the large notch A (Fig. 2) and the lacking of & Kurochkin, 2012 are described from the a groove on os metacarpalis minor clearly middle Miocene of Mongolia. Again the distinguish it from that species. Unfortunately comparison is impossible due to the lacking of the fragmentary nature of the find does not homologous skeletal elements. As allow further taxonomic determination. So, we “Mioquerquedula is smaller in size than all identify it as Anatini gen. indet. Anseriformes, except for Nettapus” As ZELENKOV (2003) summarized, in the (ZELENKOV & KUROCHKIN, 2012; 425), it late Miocene, a number of dabbling (surface- could be excluded from our comparison. feeding) ducks (genus Anas), were widespread Anas soporata Kurochkin, 1976 from the in Europe and Asia. He defines the late middle Pliocene of Mongolia is one of the Miocene as “third” stage of the evolution of smallest dabbling ducks (KUROCHKIN, 1976). ducks, which is “…characterized by the Anas molesta Kurochkin, 1985 from the dominance of ducks of the genera Anas s. l. middle Pliocene of Mongolia “… is slightly and Aythya… The third stage probably began bigger than S. querquedula, A. formosa and in Turolian,…” (p. 36). Our Turolian specimen similar to A. clypeata.” (KUROCHKIN, 1985; p. of Kremikovtsi, identified as Anatini gen. 47). S. clypeata is significantly bigger than S. indet., only marks the occurrence of the small dabbling ducks in the present Sofia Valley in querquedula, the closest species to specimen the Turolian. As well known, the existence of a NMNHS 2948 in terms of dimensions. late Miocene large freshwater basin (s. c. Sofia The early Pliocene Balcanas pliocaenica “Pontian” lacustrine-palustrine basin), is firmly from Dorkovo (CS Bulgaria) dimensionally fits proved by other numerous geological and to the compared specimen of Kremikovtsi, but paleozoological evidences (KOJUMDZIEVA, the lacking of homologous skeleton elements 1989; ANGELOVA & YANEVA, 1998). doesn’t allow further conclusions. On the other hand, the Kremikovtsi duck is the In addition in the “Incertae sedis” section earliest dabbling duck of Anatinae in the Balkan MLIKOVSKÝ (2002) lists seven species of g. Anas: region (MLÍKOVSKÝ, 1996, 2002), although some Anas albae Janossy, 1979, Anas eppelsheimensis waterfowl groups are known from the late Miocene Lambrecht, 1933, Anas isarensis Lambrecht, 1933, on the Balkans ((black geese, Branta thessaliensis Anser brumeli Milne-Edwards, 1871, Anas Boev & Koufos, 2006 from Greece) or the early oeningensis Meyer, 1865, Anas risgoviensis Pliocene (dubbling ducks, B. pliocaenica from Ammon, 1918, and Anser scaldii Beneden, 1872. Bulgaria). Thus, the duck of Kremikovtsi is the Unfortunately, all of them (except A. albae), are second oldest Miocene record of the small dabbling incomparable, as the present location of described ducks in Europe and the earliest record on the specimens is unknown, they were destroyed in the Balkan Peninsula. World War II, considered “Nomen nudum”, “cannot be identified within the family Anatidae”, Acknowledgments “no evidence that the species belonged to the genus The author is very grateful to Prof. ZYGMUNT Anas”, “taxonomic position is in need of restudy”, BOCHEŃSKI (1935-2009) and Prof. TERESA TOMEK etc. (MLIKOVSKÝ (2002; p. 124-125). Diagnosis of (ISEAK) for their valuable help during the work at A. albae (Late Miocene (MN 13) of Polgardi, their institute. He also thanks to Dr. TREVOR ): “A very small duck with a smaller and WORTHY (School of Biological Sciences, Flinders slenderer carpometacarpus than that of the hitherto University, Adelaide, Australia) and Dr. GERALD known Eurasian fossil or recent ducks.” (JANOSSY, MAYR (Forschungsinstitut Senckenberg, Frankfurt 1979, p. 16). The total length of A. albae is 33.7 am Main, ) for their very helpful reviews of mm, while in the Kremikovtsi specimen it is ca. 60 the previous version of the manuscript. mm (as the studied fragment is long ca. 29 mm). References Discussion ANGELOVA D., YANEVA M. 1998. New Thus, we could only assume that the lithostratigraphical data about the Neogene compared specimen refers to Anatini tribe. of Sofia Basin. Review of the Bulgarian Dimensionally and in general morphology it Geological Society, 59(2): 37-40.

30 Zlatozar N. Boev BAUMEL J. J., WITMER L. M. 1993. Osteologia. In: National Museum of Natural Historry, Baumel J., King A., Breazile J., Evans H., BAS. Synopsis of Ph. D. thesis. Sofia, Vanden Berge J. (Eds.), Handbook of 32 p. (In Bulgarian, English summary). avian anatomy: Nomina Anatomica MLÍKOVSKÝ J. 1996. Tertiary avian localities Avium. Pub. Nutall Orn. Cl. 23. of Europe. Univerzita Karlova, Praha Cambridge, Massachusetts, pp. 45-132. 1995, 39 (1995): pp. 517-853. BOEV Z. 2002. Neogene avifauna of Bulgaria. MLÍKOVSKÝ J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the In: Zhou Z., Zhang F. (Eds.), World. Part 1: Europe. Praha: Ninox Proceedings of the 5th Symposium of Press, 406 p. the Society of Avian Palaeontology and SUN Z., PAN T., HU C., SUN L., DING H., Evolution, Beijing, 01-04.06.2000. WANG H., ZHANG C., JIN H., CHANG Science Press, Beijing, pp. 29-40. Q., KAN X., ZHANG B. 2017. Rapid and DICKINSON E.C., REMSEN JR. J.V. (Eds.) 2013. recent diversification patterns in The Howard & Moore Complete Anseriformes birds: Inferred from Checklist of the Birds of the World. 4th molecular phylogeny and diversification Edition, Vol. 1, Aves Press, Eastboume, analyses. PLoS ONE 12(9): e0184529. U.K., 461 p. WOELFE E. 1967. Vergleichend morphologische HOWARD R., MOORE A. 1980. A complete Untersuchungen an Einzelknochen des cheiklist of the birds of the World. postcranialen Skelettes und Sorger. Oxford Univ. Press, Oxford, 701 p. Inaugural. Dissertation Institute für JANOSSY D. 1979. Plio-Pleistocene bird remains Paläontologie, Domesticationsforshungs from the Carpathian basin. IV. und Geschichte der Tiermedizin der Anseriformes, Gruiformes, Charadriiformes, Universitat Munchen, 231 p. Passeriformes. Aquila, 85: 11-39. WOOLFENDEN G.E. 1961. Postcranial KOJUMDZIEVA E. 1989. 2.Е.1. Continental osteology of the waterfowl. Florida State Pontian sediments in Southern Mus. Bull. (Biol. Sci.) 6: l-l 29. Bulgaria. Chronostratigraphie und WORTHY T., LEE M. 2008. Affinities of Miocene Neostratotypen. Neogen der Westlichen waterfowl (Anatidae: Manuherikia, (“Zentrale”) Paratethys. Bd. VIII. Dunstanetta and Miotadorna) from the St Pontien. Aufgenommen in den Bathans fauna, New Zealand. Naturwissenschaftlichen Klassen am Palaeontology 51 (3): 677–708. 25.06.1988. in SANU am 4.10.1988. In: WORTHY T. 2009 Descriptions and Jugoslawische Akademie der phylogenetic relationships of two new Wissenschaften und Künste Serbische genera and four new species of Oligo- Akademie der Wissenschaften und Miocene waterfowl (Aves: Anatidae) Künste. Zagreb - Beograd, pp. 357-359. from Australia. Zoological Journal of KUROCHKIN E. 1976. New data on Pliocene birds the Linnean Society, 156: 411-454. of Western Mongolia. In: Kramarenko N. ZELENKOV N. 2011. Diving Ducks from the N. (Ed.), Paleontology and biostratigraphy Middle Miocene of Western Mongolia. of Mongolia. Trudi Sovmestnoy Sovetsko- Paleontological Journal 45 (2): 191-199. Mongolskoy paleontologicheskoy ekspeditsii ZELENKOV N. 2013. Miocene evolution of 3: 51-67. (In Russian). Eurasian ducks. Casarca 16: 13-36. KUROCHKIN E. 1985. Birds of the Central Asia ZELENKOV N. ,KUROCHKIN E. 2012. in Pliocene. The joint Soviet-Mongolian Dabbling Ducks (Aves: Anatidae) from Paleontological Expedition. Transactions, the Middle Miocene of Mongolia. 26, 120 p. Paleontological Journal 46 (4): 421-429. LIVEZEY B. 1986. A phylogenetic analysis of recent anseriform genera using morphological characters. The Auk 103: 737-754. MARKOV G. 2005. Fossil proboscideans Accepted: 27.09.2020 (Proboscidea, Mammalia) of Bulgaria. Published: 20.12.2020

31

Bulletin of the Natural History Museum - Plovdiv Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Plovdiv, 2020, vol. 5: 33-41

A New Middle Miocene Starling (Sturnidae Rafinesque, 1815) from Kardam (NE Bulgaria)

Zlatozar N. Boev*

National Museum of Natural History, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1 Blvd. Tsar Osvoboditel, 1000 Sofia, BULGARIA *Corresponding author: [email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract. A specimen of a slab from drilling operation at Konkian deposits (MN 5-8) is described as Dobrosturnus kardamensis gen. et sp. nov. based on a partial skeleton with preserved coracoids, ulna, scapula, femur, and sternum, and corresponding to the first Neogene sturnid described for the Balkan region. It is similar in size to the recent starlings (Sturnus s. l.), differing by the lacking of a depression at the base of the acrocoracoid on the medial side of the processus acrocoracoideus; the more caudal inception of processus lateralis; the lower distally drawn processus lateralis; the shorter and blunter processus procoracoideus and the less developed sulcus m. supracoracoidei of coracoid.

Key words: Neogene birds, Miocene avifauna, Sturnidae, Fossil passerines, Konkian, Kardam locality.

Introduction The last two species – the Dry-loving rock- The Miocene avian fossil record in Bulgaria steppe lark and the Serdica lark, have been is not abundant. Until now nine paleontological described from Hrabarsko locality (Sofia sites revealed fossil birds: Hadzhidimovo, Region; BOEV, 2012). Here we describe a new Kalimantsi, Gorna Sushitsa, Hrabarsko, genus and species of a starling (Sturnidae) Troyanovo, Azmaka, Kremikovtsi, Kardam, based on an incomplete skeleton of Konkian and Stanyantsi. Several new taxa have been (MN 5-8) from NE Bulgaria. The examined described from these Miocene localities – two find (NMNHS 1626-1633) represents a partial genera (Euroceros Boev & Kovachev 2007 – articulated skeleton included in a limestone slab Bucorvinae (Bonaparte, 1854) of (Fig. 1). Six skeletal elements have preserved Bucerotiformes, and Eremarida Boev, 2012 – articular endings, useful in identification: two Alaudidae Vigors, 1825 of Passeriformes), and coracoids, ulna, scapula, femur, and sternum. seven species - Anser thraceiensis Burchak- The find remained unstudied for about 40 years Abramovich & Nikolov, 1982; Buteo spassovi and first data on it were published by BOEV (1988, 1992). No other fossils were found in Boev & Kovachev 1998, Circaetos rhodopensis the site and the examined specimen is the only Boev, 2012 (Accipitriformes), Euroceros find from that locality. The site has been bulgaricus Boev & Kovachev 2007 destroyed soon after its discovery. (Bucerotiformes), Falco bulgaricus Boev, 2011 (Falconiformes), Melanocorypha serdicensis Material and Methods Boev, 2012, Eremarida xerophila Boev, 2012 Abbreviations: Anatomical: dex. - dextra; (Passeriformes), and Phasianus bulgaricus dist. – distal; prox. - proximalis; sin. – sinistra; Boev, 2020. The Kardam locality is the second Institutional: NHML – Natural History Bulgarian site of Miocene passeriform birds. Museum, London; NHMT – Natural History

© Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Plovdiv Regional Natural History Museum – Plovdiv http://rnhm.org/en/ University of Plovdiv Publishing House A New Middle Miocene Starling (Sturnidae Rafinesque, 1815) from Kardam (NE Bulgaria) Museum, Tring; NMNHS - National Museum matrix. Then we found that the processus of Natural History (Bulgarian Academy of lateralis starts laterally instead medially on the Sciences), Sofia; PIN – Paleontological coracoid’s diaphysis. This forced us to make a Institute, Russian Academy of Sciences, second comparison with some families of Moscow; NMNHW - National Museum of Passeriformes. Thus, the left coracoid was Natural History, Washington; UCBL - compared again at the UCBL with species of 11 Université Claude Bernard, Lyon. families: Sturnidae, Turdidae, Prunellidae, All measurements are given in millimeters Sittidae, Timaliidae, Ploceidae, Pycnonotidae, (Tables 1, 2; Fig. 2).The taxonomy follows Icteridae, Fringillidae, Estrildidae and MLÍKOVSKÝ (2002) and DICKINSON & Emberizidae. In 1995 we extracted also almost CHRISTIDIS (2014). The osteological the whole coracoid dex. and scapula prox. dex. terminology is after BAUMEL & WITMER (1993) The specimen demonstrated highest similarity and TOMEK & BOCHENSKI (2000). to Sturnidae again. In 1986 at NHML jointly with Dr. Cyril Due to their belonging to other extra- Walker (1939-2009) the specimen (before bone Palearctic ornithofaunistic complexes the extracting) was tentatively referred to Sturnidae. specimen was not compared with the members In 1987 at PIN the scapular part of the left of the following families: Hyposittidae (from coracoid was extracted from the matrix and Madagascar) and Conopophagidae, seven morphological features were chosen for Rhynchocryptidae, Oxyruncidae, its comparison with the representatives of 45 Cathamblyrhynchidae and Pytotonidae (from modern families of Passeriformes. South America), Ptilogonatidae (from North In 1990 the find (incl. extracted coracoid) and South America), Atrichornithidae and was compared at the NMNHW with some Menuridae (from Australia), Epthianuridae species of four modern families of (from New Guinea, New Zealand) and Passeriformes - Mimidae, Irenidae, Vangidae Acanthisittidae (from New Zealand). and Duculidae. Each feature was graded in 3 Comparisons with Oriolidae (Oriolus grades: "+" – the feature is presented; "-" – the oriolus (Linnaeus, 1758)) show significant feature is lacking; "±" – the feature is unclearly differences: much less protruding and more developed. Each "+" was evaluated with one distally reaching facies articularis humeralis and point, while each "±" – with 0.5 points and narrower portion of humeral epiphysis. each "-" – with zero points. Thus all compared Using perfect relief offprint of the left families received digital values for their coracoid we reconstructed its total maximal similarities in terms of the 7 chosen features. length (measurement “h”; Table 1) from the tip The comparison with the three species of of the acrocoracoideum to the angulus lateralis. family Mimidae is interesting as it gives rather different results: O. montanus - 0, M. graysoni Systematic Paleontology - 4, T. rufum - 6. Perhaps this high similarity reflects a morphological convergence within Order: Passeriformes Linnaeus, 1758 the large order of Passeriformes. The highest Family: Sturnidae Rafinesque, 1815 similarity of the all 45 families was found in: Dobrosturnus, gen. nov. Zosteropidae (5), Sittidae (4.5), Drepaniidae Type species: Dobrosturnus kardamensis, sp. nov. (5.5), Mimidae (5), and Prunellidae (4.5). Included species: only the type species. For our comparison at NMNHW we used Etymology: after the first part of the name comparative skeleton material of the following Dobrotitsa (old Bulgarian name of the present species: Dulus dominicus (Linnaeus, 1766) Dobrudzha, a historical region of NE Bulgaria), (Duculidae), Leptopterus charbet (Müller, 1776) and Sturnus, the Latin name of “starling”. (Vangidae), Irena puella crinigera Sharpe, 1877 Diagnosis: A sturnid of similar size to the (Irenidae), Oreoscoptes montanus (Townsend, recent starlings (Sturnus s. l.), differing by the 1837) (Mimidae), Mimus graysoni Lawrence, lacking of a depression at the base of the 1871 and Toxosoma rufum (Linnaeus, 1758) acrocoracoid on the medial side of (Mimidae). acrocoracoid; the more caudal inception of In 1995 at UCBL the proximal (sternal) part processus lateralis; the lower distally drawn of the left coracoid was extracted from the processus lateralis; the shorter and blunter

34 Zlatozar N. Boev processus procoracoideus and the less broken. The imprints of the brain hemispheres developed sulcus m. supracoracoidei. are relatively well shaped but the orbital Preservation of the holotype: coracoid sin. dist. - sections aren’t preserved. The skull is relatively NMNHS 1627 is of perfect preservation without big, but corresponds to general proportions of damages (Fig. 4 – C, D). The preserved extracted other sturnids. fragment (pars humeralis) is broken, but pars sternalis remained unextracted and it is also completely Cervical vertebrae preserved. The morphological comparison of the The atlas, axis and the following 5 (6) osteological features is given on Table 1. cervical vertebrae are also damaged and could Locality: Vicinity of the Kardam village not be used for the comparative analysis. (Dobrich District; north-eastern Bulgaria; 43045” N, 28028” E). Horizon and Chronostratigraphy: The find Coracoid was extracted through drilling operations The fossil from Kardam is medium-sized during sounding at 102 m depth. It was handed passeriform bird having typical coracoid for Passeri Linnaeus, 1758. – straight shaft to Dr. IVAN NIKOLOV (1927-1982; NMNHS) in the 1950-s and dated Konkian (MN 5-8). (diaphysis) of more or less round section, strongly curved processus acrocoracoideus, After ZUBAKOV (1990), the Konkian of the Eastern Parathetys is dated 14.3-13.6 Mya, but high inception of the sterno-coracoidal impression. JONES & SIMMONS (1997) dated it 12.5-10.5 Mya (middle Miocene). It differs from similar-sized Corvidae (Cyanopica cyanus Pallas, 1776 - UCBL 301/1) by the depression at the base of the Dobrosturnus kardamensis sp. nov. acrocoracoid, more medially bended hook and Holotype: coracoid sin. dist. - NMNHS the blunter acromion. 1627 (Fig. 4 – C, D). It also differs from both compared species Etymology: after the name of the Kardam village (Dobrich Region; NE Bulgaria) where of Zosteropidae (Zosterops lateralis the find originates from. caerulescens (Latham, 1801) and Z. Paratypes: coracoid dex. dist. - NMNHS 1626 maderaspatanus (Linnaeus, 1766)) by the (Fig. 4 – A, B), cscapula sin. prox. - NMNHS 1629 slightly wider bend of the hook of processus (Fig. 4 - E), scapula dex. - NMNHS 1628, femur acrocoracoideus (feature 3; Fig. 5) in medial sin. - NMNHS 1629, ulna sin. prox. (Fig. 4 - F), direction and by the larger dimensions. By this sternum - pars sin. - NMNHS 1630 (Fig. 4 - G), bend it differs from Sittidae, but resembles by sternum, tabula sterni dex. - NMNHS 1632, the shape of processus lateralis. In cranial view cranium and vertebrae cervicales - NMNHS 1631 processus lateralis (i. e. its base on the (Fig. 4 - H), as well as 12 fragments of the long diaphysis) in Zosteropidae starts from the bones of limbs - NMNHS 1633. middle of diaphysis, while in Sittidae and Comparison: See Tables 1, 2. Prunellidae it starts more distally. All these Measurements of the holotype: Table 1; Fig. peculiarities distinguish specimen (NMNH 2 A, B. 1627) from Zosteropidae and approach it to Measurements of the paratypes: Table 2; Sittidae and Prunellidae. It differs from Fig. 2 C, D, E. Zosteropidae by the more proximally Diagnosis: as for the genus. positioned processus procoracoideus (6), and Locality, Horizon, and Chronology: as for the wider sulcus supracoracoideii (5) and the the genus. lacking of edge (6) in the section of the thickness of the diaphysis. Processus lateralis Results and Discussion (7) joints to diaphysis without edge (6) and gradually becomes shallower splices, although Comparison with recent medium-sized out of the diaphysis range rises sharply. This passeriforms also categorically distinguishes it from Zosteropidae. In caudal view the connection of Cranium (6) is a protruding edge. This feature also The preserved part of the cranium distinguishes it from Zosteropidae. In NMNHS (neurocranium) is damaged, flatten and heavily 1627 there are no any edges at all at that place.

35 A New Middle Miocene Starling (Sturnidae Rafinesque, 1815) from Kardam (NE Bulgaria) The specimen distinguishes from Sittidae and In comparison with Spodiopsar cineraceus Prunellidae by the last two features the same Temminck, 1835 we found a clear difference. way. Proc. lateralis starts from the caudal side The Kardam specimen lacks a deep and well- without an edge, while in Zosteropidae, Sittidae shaped deep depression at the base of the and Prunellidae it starts from the medial side. acrocoracoid. From Leistes militaris Vigors, 1825 Thus, based on all comparisons above, the (Icteridae) it differs metrically and by the longer Kardam bird much approaches to genera Spreo and more curved hook and the more caudal and Lamprotornis. inception of the processus lateralis. It differs from Sturnus vulgaris Linnaeus, Sternum 1758, S. unicolor Temminck, 1820 and Pastor Sternum (Table 2; Fig. 2 - C): Left half of the roseus (Linnaeus, 1758) by the lacking of a bone is well preserved (Fig. 4 - G). Processus depression at the base of the acrocoracoid and craniolateralis, trabecula lateralis, processi costalis the more caudal, instead medial inception of and pila coracoidea and the left horn of manubrium processus lateralis, blunter processus sterni are clearly seen. All these details show the procoracoideus and lesser angle between it and general construction plan of family Sturnidae. The the diaphysis axis, longer hook, which is sharply compared specimen differs from Lamprotornis by curved caudally. It shows more similarities with the larger incisurae intercostales, i. e. the wider Acridotheres melanopterus Daudin, 1800. The sterno-costal joints. It differs from Sturnus by the angle is the same and the depression is also bigger size and the lacking of ribbing in the base of shallow and unclearly shaped. On the other processus craniolateralis along the lateral side, the specimen differs by the more “right”, prolongation of pila coracoidearticularis It differs rather obtuse angle (2). Here again, the main from Spreo by the larger size and the lacking of differences is the more caudal inception of the ribbing of processus craniolateralis along the lateral proc. lateralis. prolongation of pila coracoidea articularis From The Kardam specimen resembles Sturnia Gracula the specimen differs by its smaller size and pagodarum (Gmelin, 1789) by the right angle the longer horns of the manubrium sterni in (2). From S. sinensis (Gmelin, 1788) it relation of the smaller sternum. The Kardam bird distinguishes metrically (Table 1) and by the differs from Temenuchus (now submerged in lacking of the depression at the base of the Sturnus) by the longer horns of the manubrium acrocoracoid, the bigger and curved hook. sterni, as well as its bigger size. Differences from Lamprotornis splendidus (Vieillot, 1822): lacking of the depression at the Scapula base of the acrocoracoid and the sharper angle Scapula (Table 2; Fig. 2 - D): Scapula sin. is between the proc. procoracoideus and the preserved, but its prox. articular ending is diaphysis axis. In the same time it completely damaged. (Fig. 4 - E). Corpus scapulae, facies resembles L. splendidus by the inception of the lateralis, extremitas caudalis, margo dorsalis and processus lateralis on the diaphysis. Facies collum scapulae are in good preservation. On articularis humeralis and processus the contrary, only prox. articular ending of the acrocoracoideus are similar to these of scapula dex. is partly preserved together with NMNHS 1627. the facies articularis humeralis and facies The compared specimen differs from articularis clavicularis, which complete the Lamprotornis superbus (Rüppel, 1845) by the missing information of the scapula sin. The lacking of a depression at the base of the specimen differs from Lamprotornis by the acrocoracoid, thicker hook and more proximal more rounded facies articularis clavicularis, the inception of the base of processus lateralis. wider scapula (caudal end of corpus scapulae). Thus, based on all comparisons above, the It differs from Sturnus a by the more rounded Kardam bird much approaches to genera Spreo facies articularis humeralis. It is significantly and Lamprotornis. smaller than all species of Gracula (Table 2). It differs from Gracula religiosa Linnaeus, 1758 by the lacking the depression at the base Femur of the acrocoracoid, metrically (it is smaller) Femur (Table 2): The total length of femur is and by the more caudal inception. 29.4 mm. The whole length of the lateral surface of

36 Zlatozar N. Boev diaphysis and the prox. and dist. epiphyses are described Sturnus brevis KESSLER 2013 from preserved. This allows to measure the total length Polgárdi 4, 5; late Miocene (MN 13). The of the bone – the measurement “h”. The holotype of that species is a coracoid, but as diaphysis is flatten and no thickness at the middle mentioned in its diagnose, “On dorsal side of could be measured. It differs from the compared coracoid…, the acrocoracoid … has slightly genera of Sturnidae by the lacking of foramen asymmetrical blunt conical shape. Processus pneumaticus in the prox. part of the bone. accesorius … is hooklike with cut-off end. Edge of sulcus m. supracoracoidei … forms strongly Comparison with fossil sturnids concave line. Edge of facies articularis humeralis Until recently the Neogene record of sturnids … is straight. Processus procoracoidei … is well in Europe was unknown (BOCHENSKI, 1997; developed.” (p. 76). These differences from the MLÍKOVSKÝ, 2002). KESSLER (2010) listed Kardam specimen and the considerable Sturnus sp. from Polgardi 4, Hungary (MN 13). chronostratigraphic difference don’t allow Later this author described Sturnus kretzoii referring it to S. brevis. In the same paper the Kessler, 2012 from Rudabanya 2, Hungary, late author describes two other Neogene starlings: Miocene (MN 9) (KESSLER, 2012). The holotype Sturnus pliocaenicus Kessler 2013 and Sturnus of that species is proximal left carpometacarpus, baranensis Kessler 2013, both from Beremend which makes it incomparable with the Kardam 26, Pliocene (MN 15-16). No coracoids are starling. In other publication KESSLER (2013) available for comparison of both species.

Table 1. Measurements of coracoid in fossil and recent Sturnidae (Ref. to Fig. 2 – A, B). Descriptions of some measurements: a – width of humeral epiphysis; b – length of processus acrocoracoideus; c – width of diaphysis in the middle; d – thicknes of diaphysis in the middle; e – width of facies articularis humeralis; h – maximal length of the bone (Fig. 3).

Species a b c d e f g h Fossil - Dobrosturnus kardamensis gen. et sp. nov. NMNHS 1627- Kardam 4.5 4.2 1.45 1.7 1.85 2.4 1.8 22.0 Recent Sturnus vulgaris UCBL 414/1 5.15 c.4.0 1.6 1.9 1.8 2.2 1.8 25.6 Sturnus vulgaris UCBL 414/2 5.3 c.4.3 1.0 1.8 1.95 2.3 1.85 27.7 Sturnus vulgaris UCBL 414/3 - - 1.7 1.6 1.9 2.3 1.95 26.6 Sturnus vulgaris UCBL 414/4 4.85 3.9 1.7 1.7 1.8 2.1 1.8 25.7 Sturnus vulgaris UCBL 414/5 4.95 3.8 1.6 1.8 1.9 2.25 1.8 25.9 Sturnus vulgaris UCBL 414/6 4.5 3.6 1.7 1.6 2.0 2.3 1.8 26.7 Sturnus vulgaris UCBL 414/7 5.2 4.3 1.7 1.8 1.95 2.3 1.8 26.7 Sturnus vulgaris UCBL 414/8 5.0 4.95 1.6 1.7 2.1 2.3 1.9 27.4 Sturnus unicolor UCBL 415/1 5.45 4.2 1.7 1.8 2.2 2.4 1.9 29.7 Pastor roseus UCBL 416/1 4.4 3.9 1.6 1.6 2.0 1.95 1.7 24.5 Pastor roseus UCBL 416/2 4.8 4.0 1.5 1.6 1.9 2.25 1.8 25.2 Sturnus sinensis UCBL 3.9 3.0 1.15 1.3 1.4 1.7 1.3 20.4 Sturnus sinensis UCBL 3.9 3.2 1.2 1.4 1.4 1.8 1.4 21.9 Sturnia pagodarum UCBL 4.2 3.45 1.4 1.7 1.6 1.9 1.6 23.1 Acridotheres melanopterus UCBL 4.7 4.1 1.7 1.7 1.9 2.6 1.8 25.9 Acridotheres melanopterus UCBL 4.8 3.9 1.7 1.6 2.0 2.7 1.8 25.45 Acridotheres melanopterus UCBL 4.4 3.9 1.8 1.7 1.7 2.3 1.8 25.9 Lamprotornis splendidus UCBL 4.4 3.8 1.5 1.65 1.9 2.2 1.5 25.0 Lamprotornis superbus UCBL 4.3 3.7 1.8 1.7 1.7 2.1 1.7 25.45 Gracula religiosa UCBL 7.0 6.5 2.5 2.7 2.3 3.35 2.7 34.75 Leistes militaris UCBL 3.65 3.2 1.3 1.4 1.4 1.95 1.45 23.2 Leistes militaris UCBL 3.9 3.2 1.3 1.4 1.6 1.9 1.5 22.4 Leistes militaris UCBL 4.0 3.6 1.6 1.35 1.5 2.0 1.65 24.5

37 A New Middle Miocene Starling (Sturnidae Rafinesque, 1815) from Kardam (NE Bulgaria) Table 2. Measurements of sternum, scapula, ulna and femur in fossil and recent Sturnidae (Ref. to Fig. 1 – C, D, E). Measurements descriptions: a – width of the thinnest part tangentially towards bend; b – length of the left horn of manubrium sterni; c – total length; d – width of corpus scapulae; e – larger diameter of facies articularis humeralis; f – distance between the cranial edge of facies articularis humeralis and olecranon ulnae; g – smaller diameter of facies articularis humeralis (measured perpendicularly of measurement “e”; h – total length of femur). Species a b c d e f g h Fossil - Dobrosturnus kardamensis gen. et sp. nov. - Kardam NMNHS 1630 1.35 4.0 ------NMNHS 1628 - - c.29. 2.2 - - - - NMNHS 1629 ------29.2 Recent Sturnus vulgaris UCBL 414/1 1.2 4.3 32.3 2.1 2.8 5.6 2.6 - Sturnus vulgaris UCBL 414/5 - - 31.2 2.1 2.6 5.3 2.5 24.4 Sturnus vulgaris UCBL 414/6 1.1 4.0 31.5 2.2 2.7 5.0 2.5 25.5 Sturnus vulgaris UCBL 414/7 1.2 4.0 30.4 2.1 2.8 5.5 2.6 24.7 Sturnus vulgaris UCBL 414/8 1.2 4.2 32.7 2.2 2.7 5.5 2.6 26.0 Sturnus unicolor UCBL 415/1 - - 36.4 2.3 3.0 6.3 - 27.7 Pastor roseus UCBL 416/2 - - 30.5 2.0 2.4 5.0 2.4 27.3 Pastor roseus UCBL 416/3 1.2 4.0 30.9 2.0 2.4 5.0 2.4 26.2 Sturnia pagodarum UCBL 1.2 3.0 26.6 1.8 2.4 4.4 2.0 25.0 Sturnus sinensis UCBL 0.85 2.8 22.8 1.8 2.2 4.2 1.75 22.2 Sturnus sinensis UCBL 1.0 2.3 21.9 1.6 2.1 3.95 1.8 21.1 Sturnia pagodarum UCBL 1.2 3.0 26.6 1.8 2.4 4.4 2.0 25.0 Acridotheres melanopterus UCBL 1.1 3.3 29.2 2.65 2.8 5.4 2.6 29.8 Acridotheres melanopterus UCBL 1.2 3.3 29.5 2.2 2.7 5.1 2.4 29.7 Acridotheres melanopterus UCBL 1.2 2.2 30.4 2.6 2.8 5.4 2.45 29.1 Acridotheres melanopterus UCBL 1.2 2.5 29.7 2.4 2.7 5.0 2.4 30.0 Lamprotornis splendidus UCBL 1.1 3.3 22.3 2.05 2.65 5.0 2.3 21.4 Lamprotornis superbus UCBL 1.15 2.5 28.9 1.9 2.7 5.25 2.3 22.7 Gracula religiosa UCBL 1.6 3.3 38.3 3.6 3.6 6.8 3.15 34.3 Leistes militaris UCBL 1.15 1.8 27.0 2.0 2.5 4.4 2.0 26.2 Leistes militaris UCBL 1.0 2.4 26.6 1.9 2.5 4.5 2.1 26.0 Leistes militaris UCBL 1.1 2.5 25.5 2.0 2.4 4.5 2.1 25.7

Fig. 1. Dobrosturnus kardamensis gen. et sp. nov., NMNHS. General view of the find. Photograph of 1988 before extracting of some long bones from the matrix. Photo: Viktor Hazan.

38 Zlatozar N. Boev

Fig. 2. Measurements: coracoid, humeral part (A, B), sternum (C), scapula (D, E). Drawings: Vera Hristova.

Fig. 3. Dobrosturnus kardamensis gen. et sp. nov., NMNHS. Left to right: coracoid sin., imprint; coracoid sin, bone, NMNHS 1627; scapula sin., bone, NMNHS 1629; scapula sin., imprint. Photographs of 1988 before extracting of some long bones from the matrix. Scale bar – 1 cm. Photo: Viktor Hazan.

39 A New Middle Miocene Starling (Sturnidae Rafinesque, 1815) from Kardam (NE Bulgaria)

Fig. 4. Dobrosturnus kardamensis gen. et sp. nov.: coracoid dex. - lateral view (A), and medial view (B); coracoid sin. – lateral view (C), and medial view (D); scapula sin., lateral view (E); ulna sin. prox., medial view (F); sternum, pars sin., dorsal view (G); cranium and cervical vertebrae (H). Scale bar – 1 cm. Photo: Zlatozar Boev.

The Pleistocene record is also extremely scant. Only two taxa are known: St. vulgaris from early Pleistocene of Hungary, , England, and Czechia, and Sturnus sp. from early Pleistocene of Bulgaria (MLÍKOVSKÝ, 2002).

Conclusion Comparisons lead to a medium-sized sturnid, showing highest similarity to genera Lamprotornis and Sturnus (inc. Pastor and Temenuchus), but differing from them. After all comparisons above, it is clear that the specimen of Kardam could not be referred to any of the compared genera of Sturnidae, besides its appurtenance to that family. We decide to distinguish it from all known recent genera and describe it into a new genus, instead to refer to any of them. This is the only possibility to indicate its morphological and chronostratigraphical peculiarities, and not to diminish them. The body size of the examined specimen is comparable to that Fig. 5. Compared features of coracoid sin., of the modern St. vulgaris and probably lies in the humeral part in sturnids. Drawings: Vera range of 74-94 g (after data for the European Hristova. (Common) Starling of CRAMP et al. (1994).

40 Zlatozar N. Boev The Kardam “dobrostarling” is the oldest Vol. VIII Crows to Finches. Oxford paleornithological find in Bulgaria. It marks the University Press, Oxfors, 899 pp.+ 5 plts. presence of the family Sturnidae on the Balkans DICKINSON E. C. & CHRISTIDIS L. (Eds.). for the first time even in the second half of the 2014. The Howard & Moore Complete middle Miocen (Konkian). It is also the first Checklist of the Birds of the World. 4th. Neogene sturnid on the Balkan Peninsula. Edition, Vol. 2, Aves Press, Eastbourne, U.K., 752 p. Acknowledgments JONES R.W. & SIMMONS, M. D. 1997 A review of The author is very grateful to Dr. Cyril Walker† the stratigraphy of Eastern Paratethys (NHML), Dr. Alexander Karhu (PIN), Dr. Cécile (Oligocene - Holocene), with particular Mourer-Chauviré (UCBL) and Dr. Robert Prys- emphasis on the Black Sea. In: Robinson Jones (NHMT) for their hospitality during the visits A. G. (ed.) Regional and petroleum geology (1986 to 2007) of their institutions. Special thanks of the Black Sea and surrounding region: to Dr. Sci. Leonid Gorobets (National Museum of AAPG Memoir 68, pp. 39-52. Natural History, Kiev) and an anonymous reviewer KESSLER J. 2010. New results with regard to the for their helpful remarks to the earlier version of Neogene and Quaternary Avifauna of the the manuscript. Carpathian Basin, Part 3. Bulletin of the Hungarian Geological Society, 140(1): 53- References 72. (In Hungarian, English summary). BAUMEL J. J. & WITMER L. M. 1993. KESSLER J. 2012. The avifauna in North Osteologia. In: BAUMEL J., KING A., Hungary during the Miocene. Part II. BREAZILE J., EVANS H., VANDEN Bulletin of the Hungarian Geological BERGE J. (Eds.). Handbook of avian Society, 142(2): 149-168 (In Hungarian, anatomy: Nomina Anatomica Avium. English summary). Pub. Nutall Orn. Cl. 23. Cambridge, MLÍKOVSKÝ J. 2002. Cenozoic Birds of the Massachusetts, pp. 45-132. World. Part 1: Europe. Praha: Ninox BOCHENSKI Z. 1997. List of European fossil Press, 406 p. bird species. Acta zoologica TOMEK T., BOCHENSKI, Z. M. 2000. The cracoviensia, 40(2): 293-333. comparative osteology of European BOEV Z. 1988. Paleontological studies of birds corvids (Aves: Corvidae), with a key to in Bulgaria. Priroda, BAN, 5: 63-67. (In the identification of their skeletal Bulgarian). elements. Polish Academy of Sciences. BOEV Z. 1992. Paleornithological studies in Publishing House of the Institute of Bulgaria. In: Campbell K.E. (ed.). Papers in Systematics and Evolution of Animals, Avian Paleontology. Honoring Pierce Krakow. 102 p. Brodkorb. Science Series, No 36, Natural ZUBAKOV V. A. 1990. Global Climatic Events History Museum of Los Angeles County, of the Neogene. Gidrometeoizdat. Los Angeles, pp. 459-463. Leningrad. 224 p. (In Russian, English BOEV Z. 2012. Neogene Larks (Aves: Alaudidae summary). (Vigors, 1825)) from Bulgaria. Acta zoologica bulgarica, 64(3): 295-318. Accepted: 13.10.2020 CRAMP S., PERRINS, C. M., BROOKS, D. J., DUNN, Published: 23.12.2020 E., GILLMOR, R., HALL-CRAGGS, J., HILLCOAT, B. HOLLOM, P. A. D., NICHOLSON, E. M., ROSELAAR, C. S., SEALE, W. T. C., SELLAR, P. J., SIMMONS. K. E. L., SNOW, D. W., VINCENT, D., VOOUS, K. H., WALLACE, D. I. M., WILSON, M. G. 1994. Handbook of the Birds of Europe the Middle East and North Africa. The Birds of the Western Palearctic,

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Bulletin of the Natural History Museum - Plovdiv Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Plovdiv, 2020, vol. 5: 43-47

Avian Remains from the Thracian Trade Settlement Pistiros (5–2 c. BC) near Vetren, Pazardzhik Province (SC Bulgaria)

Zlatozar N. Boev1*, Sue Stallibrass2

1 - National Museum of Natural History, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1 Blvd. Tsar Osvoboditel, 1000 Sofia, BULGARIA 2 - University of Liverpool, Department of Archaeology, Classics & Egyptology, 12–14 Abercromby Square, Liverpool, L69 7WZ, *Corresponding author: [email protected]; [email protected]

Abstract. A total of 16 taxa (8 species/forms at least) of 6 orders represented by 116 avian bone finds dated ca. 2400 BP are studied. Among them: Anas platyrhynchos, Anser anser, Buteo buteo, Gallus gallus domestica, Grus grus, Ciconia ciconia, Corvus cornix, Turdus cf. torquatus. Both poultry breeding and hunting of wild birds were practiced. Domestic chickens represent 68.9 % of all finds. Common Crane was a hunted bird and represents 5.4 % of the collected finds. A review of the distribution of the white stork and hooded crow in the ancient settlements in Bulgaria is presented.

Key words: Ornithoarchaeology, Subfossil birds, Thracian Bulgaria, Emporion Pistiros, Odrysian Kingdom.

Introduction extracted through wet-sieving and flotation of The site is located in the Adziyska Vodenitsa whole earth samples (0.5 mm mesh). It was locality on the left bank of the Maritsa River near handed for detailed identification in 2007 to the town of Vetren (Pazardzhik Province). The first ZB. The finds have been identified through the excavations started in 1988 by Prof. Mieczysław comparative osteological collection of birds of Domaradzki. Later a consortium of Bulgarian, the Vertebrate Animals Department of the Czech, and British teams joined him and continued National Museum of Natural History fieldwork (1995–2016). Pistiros was a city and an (NMNHS), Bulgarian Academy of Sciences in important trading center, an emporion (trade Sofia. All material is inventoried and stored in settlement) from the time of King Amadocus I the NMNHS avian collection of fossil and (410 BC–400 BC) of the Thracian Odrysian subfossil birds (col. No NMNHS 16373– Kingdom. The present paper is a first attempt to 16488). A similar quantity of material has been provide some archaeozoological information about recovered from subsequent excavations and is the everyday life of the inhabitants of this still in the process of being studied. important ancient settlement in the Balkans, based Abbreviations: AD – Anno Domini, ad. – on bird bones collected during excavations by the adult, BP – before present, c. – century, cmc – British team. carpometacarpus, dex. – dextra (right), dig. – digitus, dist. – distal, juv. – juvenile, ph. – Material and Methods phalanx; prox. – proximal, sin. – sinistra (left), The studied avian bone material was initially tbt – tibiotarsus, tmt – tarsometatarsus. recorded in a preliminary manner (i.e. without a Short description of the site comparative reference collection) by SS in Pistiros was a Thracian town with many 2004–2007. Most of the material was recovered imports from the northern Aegean and Black by hand during excavation, with a small amount Sea. It was located on the bank of the Maritsa © Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Plovdiv Regional Natural History Museum – Plovdiv http://rnhm.org/en/ University of Plovdiv Publishing House Avian Remains from the Thracian Trade Settlement Pistiros (5–2 c. BC) near Vetren, Pazardzhik...

River (ARCHIBALD, 2013). About 2400 years (BOEV, 1993). It is useful to trace the history of ago the Maritsa River was navigable by boats penetration of these two birds in the ancient transporting commodities as far as Vetren and urban landscapes. the modern town of Septemvri, for In the ancient settlements in Bulgaria the international merchants and for local citizens of white stork was registered in seven sites ranging the Odrysian Kingdom. Later, in the Roman from the Chalcolithic till 16-18 c. AD: period, the Maritsa River was an essential trade Dolnoslav (Chalcolithic, 3530–3480 BP; corridor between the Aegean region and the SPASSOV et al., 2001); Burgas (Early inland Eastern Balkans. The settlement suffered Chalcolithic; BOEV, 2009a), Kabile (1st at least two major, albeit partial destructions. millennium – 6 c. AD; BOEV & RIBAROV, The first destruction was probably in the 370s 1993; BOEV, 1999), Durankulak (ancient and BC, the second was shortly before 300 BC, and medieval settlement), Novae (1–7 c. AD; third destruction was possibly caused by a BARTOSIEWICZ & CHOYKE, 1991), Armira (3 c. Celtic invasion (early 3 c. BC). Two kinds of AD, BOEV, 2006), and Forum Serdica of 3–5 c. tree are represented in charcoal at the site – oak AD (BOEV, 2017) and 16–18 c. AD (BOEV, (Quercus sp.) and Austrian (Black) pine (Pinus 2016). This record proves the past presence of nigra J. F. Amold, 1785). The second species white stork in human settlements in the country was not probably present in the former for more than 5000 years. surrounding flora of Pistiros (YURUKOVA et al., The hooded crow is known from six 2003). ancient settlements: Slatina (Sofia City; early Neolithic, 8000 BP; BOEV, 2009b), Kazanlak (early–middle Neolithic, 8000–7000 BP, BOEV, Results and Discussion 1993), Novae (1–7 c. AD; WALUSHEVSKA- A total of 19 taxa (with 8 species/forms at BUBIEN & KRUPSKA, 1983), Nicopolis-ad- least) have been found (Appendix 1). As seen Istrum (175–450 AD; BOEV & BEECH, 2007); the most numerous were the domestic chicken, Forum Serdica (3–5 c. AD; BOEV, 2017), and representing 68.9 % of all finds. This clearly Veliki Preslav (9–10 c. AD; BOEV & ILIEV, proves the practice of well-developed poultry 1989, 1991; ILIEV & BOEV, 1991). Thus, the breeding. The domestic chicken wasn’t the only presence of C. cornix in the human settlements domestic bird. Along with chickens, inhabitants in Bulgaria is documented for a period of ca. of Pistiros bred also domestic geese and 8000 years. domestic ducks. Together, bones of geese and We may speculate whеther the bone ducks represented 6.9 % of the finds. remains of the white stork and the hooded Hunting of wild birds was a relatively crow are representative for such a conclusion, limited practice. We may only assume that the but it is undoubtedеd that their present day common crane was a hunted species. It is very urbanistic status has a long history through the likely that the cranes were resident in the millennia. We couldn’t ignore all their records Thracian Plain. This species’ finds represent 5.4 in the ancient settlements and towns. % of all examined bone remains. In addition some gallinaceous birds (grey or rock The ring ouzel (T. torquatus) is a kind of partridges) were hunted in the surrounding thrush. In Thrace at present it is mainly a plain landscapes. wintering bird. It usually winters in the Other five species of wild birds have been lowlands such as the plain of the Maritsa River. It breeds on mountain meadows, grasslands established - Anser anser (Linnaeus, 1758), with rocks and screes, heathland and moorland Buteo buteo (Linnaeus, 1758), Ciconia ciconia with shrubs and stony slopes (HARRISON, (Linnaeus, 1758), Corvus cornix Linnaeus, 1982). Similar rougher, more upland breeding 1758, and Turdus cf. torquatus Linnaeus, 1758 habitats do exist close by (10 kilometres). (Appendix 1). Two of them (white stork and The Common buzzard is a widely spread hooded crow) are known in the ancient common diurnal raptor inhabiting open Bulgarian settlements since the early Neolithic habitats, scattered trees and all types of forests and are considered synurbanist bird species. C. up to c. 3,000 m a.s.l. (HARRISON, 1982). As ciconia is categorized as an extreme both species haven’t any well-grounded synurbanist, while C. cornix is an initial utilitarian importance to man, their remains synurbanist from a modern point of view may be accidentally deposited in the scope of

44 Zlatozar N. Boev, Sue Stallibrass the Pistiros settlement. On the other side we History D. Sci. Thesis, Sofia, Volume I. Basic may adopt some unknown special utilization of Part. 243 pp.; Volume II. Supplement 1 – the common buzzard’s body because its only Figures, 135 p.; Volume II. Supplement 2 – find (a hind leg bone – femur) bear clear traces Tables, 108 p. (In Bulgarian). of cutting, s. c. cutmarks. BOEV Z. 2006 Late Holocene avian remains from the Only one bone (of domestic goose) was localities of the Roman period in Bulgaria. burnt but this isn’t an indication of roasting of Historia naturalis bulgarica, 17: 109–123. bird meat, as the burnt bones may mean BOEV Z. 2009a Avian remains from the Early charred meat. Chalcolithic settlement in Burgas (SE Bulgaria). Acta zoologica bulgarica, 61(2): 157–160. Conclusion BOEV Z. 2009b Avian remains from the Early Although not very abundant, the examined Neolithic settlement of Slatina (Present avian material demonstrates that the ancient Sofia City, Bulgaria). Acta zoologica population of Pistiros used at least two bulgarica, 61(2): 151–156. practices of bird utilization. They had well BOEV Z. 2016 Subfossil Vertebrate Fauna from developed poultry breeding (domestic chicken, Forum Serdica (Sofia, Bulgaria), 16– goose and duck) and also they hunted wild 18th Century. Acta zoologica bulgarica, large-bodied birds such as common cranes, as 68(3): 415–424. well as smaller medium-sized birds such as grey BOEV Z. 2017 New data on the subfossil fauna rock partridges. from “Forum Serdica” (Sofia City, Bulgaria; Acknowledgements 3–19th century A. D.). Historia naturalis The authors are very grateful to Dr Zosia bulgarica, 24: 179–186. Archibald (Department of Archaeology, BOEV Z. 2018 Fossil and subfossil record of Classics, and Egyptology University of vertebrate animals (Vertebrata J.-B. Lamarck, Liverpool, U.K.) for her remarks and 1801) along the Western Black Sea Coast comments to a previous version of the (Bulgaria). Acta zoologica bulgarica, Suppl. manuscript. 11: 105–110. BOEV Z. & BEECH M. 2007 The Bird Bones. In: A. References G. Poulter (Ed.). Nicopolis ad Istrum. A Late ARCHIBALD Z. 2013 Ancient Economies of the Roman and Early Byzantine City. The Finds Northern Aegean, Fifth to First and the Biological Remains. Oxbow Books. Centuries BC, Oxford University Press, The Society of Antiquaries of London. Oxford, pp. 12, 120–124, 206–231. London. pp. 242–253, 307–318. BARTOSIEWICZ L., CHOYKE A. 1991 Animal BOEV Z. & ILIEV N. 1989 Birds in the food of remains from the 1970–1972 the population of the Inner Town of excavations of Iatrus (Krivina), Bulgaria. Veliki Preslav (9–10 c.). Arheologiya, 4: Acta Archaeologica Academiae 40–43. (In Bulgarian). Scientiarum Hungaricae, 43: 181–209. BOEV Z. & ILIEV N. 1991 Birds and their BOEV Z. 1993 Archaeo-ornithology and the importance for the inhabitants of Veliki synanthropisation of birds: a case study Preslav (9–10 c.). Arheologiya 3: 43–48. for Bulgaria. Archaeofauna, 2: 145–153. BOEV Z. & RIBAROV G. 1993 Birds from the ancient BOEV Z. 1993 Neolithic birds from the prehistoric town of Kabyle (1st millenium B. C. – 6th settlement near Kazanluk. Historia naturalis century A. D.) near Kabyle (Burgas District). bulgarica, 4: 57–67 (In Bulgarian). Historia naturalis bulgarica, 4: 68–77. (In BOEV Z. 1996 The Holocene avifauna of Bulgarian). Bulgaria (A review of the ornitho- HARRISON C. J. O. 1982 An Atlas of the Birds archaeological studies). Historia of the Western Palearctic. Princeton naturalis bulgarica, 6: 59–81. University Press, Princeton, 322 p. BOEV Z. 1999. Neogenski i kvaternerni ptitsi (Aves) ILIEV N. & BOEV Z. 1990 Birds in the food of the ot Balgariya. [Neogene and Quaternary birds inhabitants of the Outer Town of Veliki (Aves) from Bulgaria]. Bulgarian Acadademy Preslav (9–10th century). Interdisciplinarni of Sciences, National Museum of Natural izsledvaniya, 17: 91–94.

45 Avian Remains from the Thracian Trade Settlement Pistiros (5–2 c. BC) near Vetren, Pazardzhik...

SPASSOV N., ILIEV N., BOEV Z. 2001 Animal TANEVA V., KATINCHAROVA D., remains from the Eneolithic site near the IVANOVA E., KOLAROVA V., BOUZEK village of Dolnoslav, Plovdiv District, J., MUSIL I., ARCHIBALD, Z., ADAMS South Bulgaria. Historia naturalis M., AMAD K., STALLIBRASS S., bulgarica, 13: 159–179 (In Bulgarian). HANKOVSKI V., BULLAROT, S., WALUSZEWSKA-BUBIEN A., KRUPSKA A. 1983 PICHAUD V. 2003 Arheologicheski Szcatki kostne ptakow ze Stanowiska razkopki na emporion Pistiros. In: Novae (Bulgaria). Roczniki Akademii Torbatov S. (ed.). Arheologiceski w Poznaniu, 145: 145–154. otkritiya i razkopki prez 2003 g. YURUKOVA Y., LAZOV G., GOTSEV A., Publishing House of the Bulgarian NEHRIZOV G., DOMARADSKA L., Academy of Sciences, Sofia, 61–64.

Appendix 1. Taxonomic and anatomical representation of the avian bone material from Pistiros (near Vetren village, Pazardzhik Region, SC Bulgaria).

Anseriformes 1. Anser anser - coracoid dex. ad. 16473. 2. Anser anser domestica - clavicula dex. humeral part ad. 16486 burnt; radius dex. diaphysal part sad. 16385. 3. Anser cf. anser domestica - cmc sin. prox. ad. 16401; scapula sin. ad. 16402; tbt dex. prox. ad. 16403; synsacrum - corpora vertebrorum ad. 16404. 4. Anas platyrhynchos - tbt sin. dist ad. 16488; tmt dex. ad. 16438; coracoid sin. ad. 16449; sternum sin. tabula sterni ad. 16453; humerus dex. diaphysal part ad. 16459. 5. Anas cf. platyrhynchos - clavicula dex. humeral part ad. 16411. 6. Anas platyrhynchos cf. domestica - humerus dex. diaphysal part ad. 16422.

Galliformes 7. Gallus gallus domestica - ulna dex. juv. 16386; ulna dex. juv. 16387; humerus sin. prox. juv. 6388; femur sin. dist. juv. 16389; tmt dex. diaphysal part juv. 16390; tbt dex. dist. juv. 16391; os quadratum ad. 16450; tbt dex. dist. ad. 16451; femur sin. diaphysal part ad. 16452; femur sin. ad. 16474; tmt sin. dist. juv. 16483; coracoid dex. ad. 16484; tbt sin diaphysal part ad. 16485; scapula dex. prox. ad. 16475; sternum crista sterni ad. 16476; tmt dex. dist. juv. 16392; tbt sin. dist. sad. 16393; tmt dex. diaphysal part juv. 16394; femur dex. diaphysal part juv. 16395; tbt dex. diaphysal part juv. 16396; radius dex. dist. ad. 16397; tmt dex. diaphysal part ad. 16398 ; tbt sin. dist. juv. 16399 ; tbt sin. prox. juv. 16400 ; humerus sin. dist. ad. 16433; tmt sin. diaphysal part ad. 16431; tmt dex. dist. juv. 16434; tbt sin. diaphysal part ad. 16423; femur dex. diaphysal part ad. 16424; tmt dex. diaphysal part juv. 16437; tbt sin. diaphysal part ad. 16425; tmt sin. diaphysal part juv. 16426; tmt sin. dist. juv. 16435; humerus dex. diaphysal part ad. 16439; coracoid sin. 16440; tmt dex. ad. male 16444; synsacrum corpora vertebrorum sad. 16445; synsacrum - os ilium sad. 16446; femur sin. ad. 16405 ; ciracoid dex. ad. 16406; tmt dex. dist. ad. 16407 femur sin. dyaphysal part ad. 16408; tbt dex. dist. ad. 16409; tbt sin. dist. ad. 16410; synsacrum sin. ilium ad. 16412; sternum – rostral part ad. 16413; femur sin. ad. 16414; tbt dex. dist. ad. 16415; tbt dex. diaphysal part ad. 16416; tmt sin. m. ad. 16470; tmt sin. m. ad. 16471; humerus sin. dist. ad. 16472; coracoid sin. ad. 16467; humerus sin. diaphysal part ad. 16468; sternum cranial part ad. 16457; sternum caudal part ad. 16458; tmt dex. dost. ad. 16454; tbt sin. ad. 16375; tbt sin. prox. juv. 16376; tbt sin. dist. ad. 16377; humerus dex. ad. 16378; clavicula sin. sad. 16379; sternum - cranial part sad. 16380; fibula dex. ad. 16381; femur dex. diaphysal part ad. 16382 ; tmt sin. diaphysal part juv. 16383; phalanx dig. pedis sad. 16384. 8. cf. Gallus gallus domestica - costae sternalis sad. 16429; tmt dex. diaphysal part juv. 16478; scapula dex. prox. ad. 16480; sternum crista sterni ad. 16481; vertebra cervicalis ad. 16461; vertebra cervicalis ad. 16462; coracoid sin. prox. ad. 16482; sternum lamina lateralis

46 Zlatozar N. Boev, Sue Stallibrass sterni ad. 16465; sternum lamina lateralis sterni ad. 16466; tmt dex. juv. 16469; tbt dex. prox. juv. 16455; tmt sin. diaphysal part juv. 16456; tmt sin. sad. female 16448. 9. cf. Phasianinae gen. - costa sternal partis ad. 16460; ulna dex. diaphysal part juv. 16463;tbt diaphysal part ad. 16464. 10. cf. Alectoris sp. /Perdix perdix - clavicula sin. ad. 16427.

Ciconiiformes 11. Ciconia ciconia - femur sin. diaphysal part ad. 16436.

Accipitriformes 12. Buteo buteo - femur dex. dist. ad. 16430 cut marks.

Gruiformes 13. Grus grus - radius sin. prox. 16421; tbt sin. dist. ad. 16487; tmt dex. prox. ad. 16447; phalanx dig. pedis 16441; tbt dex. diaphysal part ad. 16479; phalanx dig. pedis 16442; humerus 16443; tmt sin. ad. 16432 14. cf. Grus grus - clavicula dex. humeral part ad. 16419.

Passeriformes 15. Corvus cornix - humerus dex. dist. ad. 16477 16. Turdus cf. torquatus - radius dex. prox. ad. 16428.

Aves ordo indet. Aves ordo indet. Non-Passeriformes - ulna sin. prox. ad. 16373; femur dex. dist. ad. 16374; atlas ad. 16417 Aves ordo indet. - ossa longa tubulosa ad. 16418; ulna dex. diaphysal part 16420.

Accepted: 16.11.2020 Published: 24.12.2020

47

Bulletin of the Natural History Museum - Plovdiv Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Plovdiv, 2020, vol. 5: 49-50

Short note

Odontomyia annulata (Diptera, Stratiomyidae), New Record for the Fauna of Greece

Sotiris Alexiou*

Entomon Lab, Athens, GREECE *Corresponding author: [email protected]

Abstract. The soldier fly Odontomyia annulata (Meigen, 1822) is reported as a new species for the fauna of Greece.

Key words: Odontomyia, faunistics, new record, Peloponnisos, soldier flies, Stratiomyidae.

The genus Odontomyia comprises of rather large, colourful flies. Around 30 species have been described from the Palaearctic, with 13 of them occurring in Europe (ROZKOŠNÝ, 1982; 2004). In Greece, there are four species known so far, although the country is insufficiently explored (ROZKOŠNÝ, 1982). Odontomyia annulata (Meigen, 1822) is distributed in central and southern Europe, from to Black Sea coast and north to Germany (ROZKOŠNÝ, 1982). The species can be diagnosed by the strong scutellar spines and the characteristic colour pattern of the abdomen and tibiae (ROZKOŠNÝ, 1982). No records exists so far for Greece (ROZKOŠNÝ, 1982; 2004). On summer 2019, an entomological campaign on Mt. Chelmos was conducted by the author, with the use of hand net and yellow traps, resulting the new record. The specimens presented here were found feeding on flowers, collected with the use of a hand net and subsequently dried and pinned. The specimens are deposited in the collection of the Entomon Lab (CEL). Odontomyia annulata (Meigen, 1822) (Fig. 1): Greece, Peloponnisos, Achaia, Mt. Chelmos, Fig.1. Odontomyia annulata, Mt . Chelmos, Potamia, 960m, 2 ♀, 20.VII.2019, leg. S. Alexiou. Greece, female, habitus, lateral view (scale bar 1mm).

© Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Plovdiv Regional Natural History Museum – Plovdiv http://rnhm.org/en/ University of Plovdiv Publishing House Odontomyia annulata (Diptera, Stratiomyidae), New Record for the Fauna of Greece

With the record presented here, the ROZKOŠNÝ R. 2004. Fauna Europaea: Odontomyia fauna of Greece comprises of five Stratiomyidae. In: Pape, T. (Ed.), Fauna species: O. annulata (Meigen, 1822), O. Europaea: Diptera Brachycera. Fauna angulata (Panzer, 1798), O. cephalonica Strobl Europaea. Available at 1898, O. discolor Loew, 1846 and O. http://www.faunaeur.org (Accessed on flavissima (Rossi, 1790) (ROZKOŠNÝ, 1982). 17 May 2020). Only the later has been recorded from Peloponnisos, also from Mt. Chelmos (ROZKOŠNÝ, 1982).

Acknowledgments Thanks goes to Martin Hauser for the shared literature and the anonymous reviewer for reviewing the manuscript.

References ROZKOŠNÝ R. 1982. A Biosystematic study of the European Stratiomyidae (Diptera). Vol. 1. W. Junk, The Hague-Boston-London, Accepted: 28.11.2020 401 pp. Published: 24.12.2020

50 Bulletin of the Natural History Museum - Plovdiv Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Plovdiv, 2020, vol. 5: 51-52

Corrigendum

върху статията “Националният природонаучен музей при Българската академия на науките – анализ на съвременното състояние, проблемите и насоките за развитие (Поглед отвътре)”

с автор Златозар Н. Боев Национален природонаучен музей – БАН, бул. “Цар Освободител” № 1, 1000 София

публикувана в Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Plovdiv, бр. 4, 2019 г., стр. pp. xix-xxxiii, Article № bnhmp-19002.

Статията отразява личните виждания на автора по въпроси от сегашното състояние и развитието на Националния природонаучен музей (НПМ) в близко бъдеще, които не се споделят от колегиума на Научния съвет на НПМ и Експертната комисия на БАН. Също така авторът не е получил изрично разрешение от директора за публикуването на фигура 2, както и информация за обзавеждането на музея.

Масто в текста Напечатано Да се чете с. xix, лява колона, неглижирани незасягани 5 р., отдолу с. xix, лява колона, самостоятелно учреждение (от самостоятелно учреждение (от 1974 г.; 2 р., отдолу 1977 г.) обн. в ДВ. от 1977г.) с. xix, дясна Става все по ясно, че Става все по ясно, че са необходими колона, 2-4 р., формализмът и промени в стила на управление за отдолу субективизмът в управлението правилното му развитие. не са от полза за правилното му развитие. с. хх, дясна …нужно е да се ограничи …нужно е да се даде приоритет на колона, 19-21 р., процеса на пренебрегване на служебните задължения относно отдолу служебните задължения за фондовете и колекциите. сметка на платените външни ангажименти. с. ххii, дясна Компроментиращата кичозна Практиката колона, 15 р., практика отдолу с. ххii, фиг. 2. Фиг. 2. Картина „Д-р Иван Отпечатаният текст се допълва с: Мрквичка“ (1916). Художник: Авторът не е получил разрешение от Иван Мрквичка (Старши), директора за публикуването на 20.09.2011 г. Сн.: З. Боев. картината, както и и информация за обзавеждането му (вж. текста). с. ххv, дясна опазване. опазване. Заниманията с деца, процес колона, 3 р., ставащ все по-актуален по отношение отдолу на музеите и у нас и по света, особено след осъществената инициатива на

© Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Plovdiv Regional Natural History Museum – Plovdiv http://rnhm.org/en/ University of Plovdiv Publishing House Corrigendum БАН и МОН за разгръщане на преподавателска работата с класове на учащи се в музеите на БАН, могат да се провеждат в заседателната зала на музея.

Последното изречение от абстракта “The general conclusion is that in many respects the museum is lagging behind the current trends and achievements of the natural history museums in Europe and the world.”, отпада и да не се взима под внимание.

Авторът и редакционната колегия на Бюлетин на Природонаучен музей - Пловдив поднасят своите най-искрени извинения за допуснаните неточности и погрешна информация, отпечатани във въпросната статия.

52 List of reviewers, who participated in the peer-review process of Bulletin of the Natural History Museum – Plovdiv (Bull. Nat. Hist. Mus. Plovdiv), Online ISSN 2534-9635; Print ISSN 2534-9627 in 2020.

David Steadman, Florida Museum, Ornithology Collection, USA Ognyan Todorov, Regional Natural History Museum – Plovdiv, Bulgaria Ivelin Mollov, University of Plovdiv “Paisii Hilendarski”, Faculty of Biology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Conservation - Plovdiv, Bulgaria Dimitar Bechev, University of Plovdiv “Paisii Hilendarski”, Faculty of Biology, Department of Zoology - Plovdiv, Bulgaria Dilian Georgiev, University of Plovdiv “Paisii Hilendarski”, Faculty of Biology, Department of Ecology and Environmental Conservation - Plovdiv, Bulgaria Peter Boyadzhiev, University of Plovdiv “Paisii Hilendarski”, Faculty of Biology, Department of Zoology - Plovdiv, Bulgaria

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All manuscripts must be written according to International Code of Zoological Nomenclature (IV edition, 1999) and International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants (2012). For the correct geographical names transcriptions, please see THIS article.

All scientific names (genus and species) must be written in italic font. When the name is written for first time in the manuscript it must be written in full (including author, year, etc.). Between the author’s name and the year, a comma should be placed (for example Belgrandiella pussila Angelov, 1959).

Manuscripts must conform strictly with the instructions to authors and sent to the Editor to the journal’s e-mail. Incoming manuscripts are initially judged by the Editor. Manuscripts may be rejected without peer review if they do not comply with the instructions to authors or are beyond the scope of the journal. If the manuscript is acceptable, it will be forwarded to referees for evaluation. All manuscripts are peer- reviewed by 2 or 3 independent reviewers. After final edition and approval by the Editorial Board, the manuscript will be accepted for publication. The Editor reserves the right to make editorial changes. Authors agree, after the manuscript’s acceptance, with the transfer of copyright to the publisher.

Legal requirements Bulletin of the Natural History Museum in Plovdiv (BNHMP) follows the standards for Ethics and Publication Malpractice set by the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE). Conformance to standards of ethical behavior is therefore expected of all parties involved: Authors, Reviewers, Editors, and the Publisher. Submission of a manuscript implies: that the work described has not been published previously (except in the form of an abstract, or as part of a published lecture, or thesis); that it is not under consideration for publication anywhere else; that its publication has been approved by all co-authors, if any, as well as by the responsible authorities - tacitly or explicitly - at the institute where the work has been carried out. The publisher will not be held legally responsible should there be any claims for compensation.

Technical requirements The following formats are accepted: *.doc, *. docx or *.rtf. The text should be all with same font (with no bold font, no uppercase, except for abbreviations), no footnotes, no following intervals, no brakes and unnecessary formatting). The title, authors’ names, address, abstract, key words, the chapters and the subchapters, also the references should be separated with a blank row. Italic font should be used only for the genus or the species names.

The citations in the text and the authors’ names in the references list (but not the authors of the taxa) should be written in SMALL CAPITALS - for more information on SMALL CAPITALS and how to make them in Word).

Page and text formatting Page size should be 17.6x25.01 cm (ISO B5), margins 1.5 cm from left and right and 2 cm from top and bottom. Garamond font, 12pt, with single spacing. Do not use software for hyphenation, additional spaces and tabulators. In case of inserting a symbol, please use font Symbol. Pages should not be numbered and with no additional information in the header and footer.

Manuscript formatting The manuscripts should conform to the following format: Title: Provide a title that is concise, but also an informative synthesis of the study. Where appropriate, include mention of the family or higher taxon. Author(s): Full first name(s), middle initials and surname(s). The corresponding author should be marked with the *-symbol. Affiliation: As complete as possible. Also include postal address. E-mail address is given only for the corresponding author. Abstract: Maximum length 300 words. The abstract should state briefly the objective of the research, the primary results and major conclusions, with no description of methods, discussions, references and abbreviations. Key words: Usually 3–6 words suitable for information-retrieval system.

The standard order of sections should be: Abstract, Key words, Introduction, Material and Methods, Results, Discussion (or Results and Discussion), Conclusions (optional), Acknowledgements (optional) and References.

The Introduction has to explain the actuality of the researched problem and give the aim of the study. Materials and Methods have to provide sufficient information to permit repetition of the experiment and/or fieldwork. The technical description of study methods should be given only if such methods are new; otherwise a short presentation is enough. The Results section must be a concise presentation of the finding of the study. Avoid presentation of the same information as text and/or figure and/or table. Discussion section should be separate from the results section at full length papers and should deal with the significance of the results and their relationship to the aims of the paper. Also include how the findings of the paper will change or influence the state of our knowledge about the topic at hand. In separate cases a joint section “Results and Discussion” is allowed, but not preferable. Conclusions should shortly describe the main contributions and recommendations of the study without including citations and statistics. In the Acknowledgements section all persons and organizations that helped during the study in various ways, as well as the organization that financed the study must be listed.

Short Notes (generally less than four-five manuscript pages) should be produced as continuous text, preceded by an abstract of no more than 150 words. Key words are also included.

Tables: The tables must not repeat information already presented in the figures or in the text. Each table must be self-explanatory and as simple as possible. No fold-outs (landscape oriented tables) are accepted. Tables must be numbered consecutively. They should be placed within the text at the desired position by the author(s). An explanatory caption, located on the top of the table, should be provided. В таблиците да няма фон (shading).

Figures: They must not repeat information already presented in the tables or in the text. Lines and letters in figures must be able to be enlarged or reduced without reduction in quality. They should conform to the size of the type area. Magnification should be shown by scale bars. Colour illustrations are accepted, but will appear only in the electronic version of the journal (PDF). The illustrations in the hardcopy printed version will be greyscale. All illustrations must be sharp, of high quality with at least 300 dpi. The following formats are acceptable: JPEG, GIF, TIFF, EPS. Figures must be numbered consecutively and should be provided with an explanatory legend below them. They must be placed within the text at the desired position by the author(s). All tables and figures must be referred to in the text! Please send all figures attached as separate files (with the same size and resolution) as well as in the text. If the figures are charts made with Excel, please provide the Excel file as well.

Citations and formatting of the references list All references should be cited in the text in the following way: “JOSIFOV (1996)” or “(JOSIFOV, 1996)”; “JOSIFOV & KERZHNER (1995)” or “(JOSIFOV & KERZHNER‚ 1995)”; “GOLEMANSKY et al. (1993)” or “(GOLEMANSKY et al.‚ 1993)”. Citations in brackets should be divided with semicolons and the author’s name and the year of publication with comma (example: CARLIN, 1992; BROOKS & CARLIN, 1992; SHAPIRO et al., 1968). Where there more than two authors “et al.” in italic font is added after the name of the first author.

References at the end of the paper should be listed in alphabetical order by the first author's family name and chronologically. If there is more than one work by the same author or team of authors in the same year, a, b, etc. is added to the year both in the text and in the list of references. Each citation in the text must be accompanied by a full reference in the list of references and vice versa. In case of papers written in other than Latin letters, if there is an English (or German, or French) title in the summary, it is recommended to be used. If there is not such a summary, the author’s names must be transcribed and the title of the paper must be translated into English and put in square brackets. If the name of the journal is also not in Latin letters it also should be transcribed (not translated). This should be noted in round brackets at the end of the paragraph, for instance: (In Bulgarian, English summary).

Examples: Article in Cyrillic, without summary in western language: JOAKIMOFF D. 1899. Contribution to the insect fauna of Rila Mountain. Periodichesko spisanie na Balgarskoto Knizhovno Druzhestvo, 60: 858-884 (in Bulgarian).

Article in Cyrillic, with summary in western language: POPOV S. 1999. Species of family Tipulidae (Diptera) known to the fauna of Bulgaria till 1998. Travaux Scientifiques de l’Universite de Plovdiv, Biologie, Animalia, 35: 33-36 (in Bulgarian, English summary).

Journal article: THEOWALD B., P. OOSTERBROEK. 1986. Zur Zoogeographie der westpalacarctischen Tipulidae. VII Die Tupilidae der Balkanhalbinsel (Diptеra, Tipulidae). Tijdschrift voor Entomologie, 129(1): 1-13.

Book: EVENHUIS N.L. 1994. Catalogue of the fossil flies of the world (Insecta: Diptera). Backhuys Publishers, Leiden, 600 p.

Book chapter: KRIVOSHEINA N.P. 1988. Family Diadocidiidae. In: Soos, A., L. Papp. (Eds.), Catalogue of Palaerctic Diptera. Vol. 3. Ceratopogonidae - Mycetophilidae. Akadeiai Kiado, Budapest, pp. 210- 211.

Internet site: OOSTERBROEK P. 2004. Fauna Europaea: Tipulidae. In: de Jong, H. (Ed.), Fauna Europaea: Diptera: Nematocera. Fauna Europaea version 1.3. Available at: http://www.faunaeur.org. (Accessed on 13 March 2009).

Software: STATSOFT INC. 2004. STATISTICA (Data analysis software system), Vers. 7. Computer software. Available at: http://www.statsoft.com. GARMIN LTD. 2007. MapSource, Vers. 6.12. Computer software. Available at: http://www.garmin.com.

Unpublished theses (BSc, MSc, PhD, DSc) are not considered officially published scientific literary sources, therefore they are not allowed. If you absolutely must cite such a source, you may site it as an exception as “personal communication”.

Citing references that are still “in press” is also considered frown upon, but not forbidden. If possible, please avoid using such references.

Ethics The authors of articles that are based on experiments that caused injuries or death of animals should explain and justify the grounds of the study and state that the scientific results of the study is at least in trade-off with the sufferings caused. In the Materials and Methods section of the manuscript, the authors should detail as precisely the conditions of maintenance, transport, anesthesia, and marking of animals. When available, references should be added to justify that the techniques used were not invasive. When alternative non-harming techniques exist, but were not used, the manuscripts may not be considered for publication.

Proofs and Reprints Proof will be sent to the first (or corresponding) author for checking (a PDF file) only once and it should be returned without delay. Corrections should be limited to typographical errors. No additional changes of the manuscript are allowed. Following publication, the first (or corresponding) author will be provided with electronic copy (PDF) of the article.

E-mail: [email protected]