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Valley Curtain (1971) Y the Pont Neuf Wrapped (1970-1985) Christo (Gabrovo, Bulgaria, 1935) & Jeanne-Claude (Casablanca, Marruecos, 1935)

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Valley Curtain (1971) Y the Pont Neuf Wrapped (1970-1985) Christo (Gabrovo, Bulgaria, 1935) & Jeanne-Claude (Casablanca, Marruecos, 1935) Impacto ambiental de las obras de ingeniería Christo & Jeanne-Claude (tres proyectos), o sobre el desarrollo de proyectos y la evaluación de impacto ambiental Prof. Álvarez-Campana sobre el proyecto y la EIA •El proyecto es el resultado de una decisión, entre alternativas, para responder a una necesidad o demanda social como: abastecimiento, saneamiento y depuración, producción energética o material, comunicación, transporte o urbanización, ejecutada en el territorio • Se expone la dinámica de generación de alternativas: de primer orden (para satisfacer una necesidad), de segundo orden (s/tipología base de proyecto), y las alternativas de órdenes inferiores (ubicación de elementos, variantes tecnológicas…) para ajustar el proyecto definitivo • El proyecto de obra, instalación o actividad no es el objeto de la evaluación de impacto ambiental, sino el sujeto de la misma. La función de la EIA es perfeccionar los proyectos posibilitando la mejor toma de decisiones (entre alternativas) para una intervención en el territorio • El ámbito afectado por el proyecto tiene una doble dimensión: la referida a la función del proyecto, y la derivada de la ejecución, de los elementos, operaciones, e incluso de la clausura del proyecto • He escogido como vector de referencia tres obras de los artistas Christo & Jeanne-Claude en tres continentes: Wrapped Coast (1968-69), Valley Curtain (1971) y The Pont Neuf Wrapped (1970-1985) Christo (Gabrovo, Bulgaria, 1935) & Jeanne-Claude (Casablanca, Marruecos, 1935) Artistas: estadounidense de origen búlgaro, cuyo nombre completo es Christo Javacheff y de origen marroquí. Sus objetos envueltos son algunos de los ejemplos más extremos del arte conceptual moderno. Christo vivió en Francia entre 1958 y 1964, año en que se trasladaron a Estados Unidos. Sus primeras obras eran empaquetamientos, en las que envolvía botellas, latas o cajas, con tela o plástico. Se hizo muy famoso por sus últimos trabajos, que consistían en empaquetar temporalmente objetos enormes o edificios enteros. Su obra de mayores dimensiones fue Running Fence (Valla continua, 1976), una franja de nailon de 5,5 metros de altura que se extendía a lo largo de 40 kilómetros a través de dos condados de California. Tanto esta obra como la anterior Valley Curtain (Cortina del valle, 1972) fueron tema de documentales realizados por los directores de cine de vanguardia Albert y David Maysles. Otras obras son las Surrounded Islands, Biscayne Bay, Florida (Islas rodeadas, 1982), once islas enmarcadas con 650.000 m2 de tejido de polipropileno, The Pont New Wrapped (El Pont Neuf empaquetado, París, 1985). En 1995 empaquetó el Reichstag, en Berlín. proyecto: tres órdenes de nivel en alternativas • Orden 1º de alternativas: se barajan posibilidades de tipologías básicas de proyecto para responder a la función social del proyecto. Aún no está definido el proyecto • Orden 2º de alternativas: se barajan posibilidades de subtipologías de proyecto, incluyendo ubicación y tecnología constructiva (según los casos). Ya está definido el proyecto base, aunque se mantiene juego de alternativas de orden 2º y 3º • Orden 3º de alternativas: para el proyecto seleccionado, resultado del juego de alternativas finales y de los resultados obtenidos en el EsIA y, particularmente en la DIA. alternativas de orden 1º alternativas de orden 2º alternativas de orden 3º satisfacción de ubicación detalle necesidades de la sociedad elección materiales adecuación territorial ¿cuál es la necesidad? elección tecnología tipologías básicas de posibles subtipologías construcción/operación proyecto para de proyecto satisfacer esa necesidad integración ambiental en detalle y correctores técnica constructiva fase de proyecto fase de solicitud de fase de EsIA (art. 7.1b) previo o fase solicitud EsIA o EsIA (art. 7.1.b) y/o DIA en la EIA de EsIA en la EIA en la EIA orden 1: proyectos para satisfacer necesidades • El proyecto es el resultado de una primera decisión, entre alternativas, para responder a una necesidad o demanda social como: abastecimiento, saneamiento y depuración, producción energética o material, comunicación, transporte o urbanización, ejecutada en el territorio •Este primer orden de alternativas debería estar relacionado, y encadenado con procesos más estratégicos (planes o programas) de satisfacción de las necesidades que se hayan definido; aunque también puede realizarse en el nivel más bajo del PPP • La cuestión inicial (como se ha visto con anterioridad) es formular correctamente la necesidad objetiva, por ejemplo: incremento de la dotación de agua, necesidad de saneamiento y depuración de un área, mejora de la comunicación entre varios puntos y a lo largo de un trayecto… • Debería determinarse si el proyecto tiene como objeto satisfacer una o varias necesidades de forma múltiple. • Cuanto mejor esté definida la necesidad tanto más acertado puede ser el despliegue de abanico de posibilidades. Sin duda, la elección de alternativas se realiza en campos restringidos, aunque conviene abrir al máximo las posibilidades en cuanto a tipologías básicas del proyecto. alternativas de orden 1º alternativas de orden 2º alternativas de orden 3º satisfacción de ubicación detalle necesidades de la sociedad elección materiales adecuación territorial ¿cuál es la necesidad? elección tecnología tipologías básicas de posibles subtipologías construcción/operación proyecto para de proyecto satisfacer esa necesidad integración ambiental en detalle y correctores técnica constructiva fase de proyecto fase de solicitud de fase de EsIA (art. 7.1b) previo o fase solicitud EsIA o EsIA (art. 7.1.b) y/o DIA en la EIA de EsIA en la EIA en la EIA orden 1: proyectos para satisfacer necesidades Ejemplo genérico: mejora de abastecimiento Ejemplo específico: abastecimiento de agua calidad potable en 0,5 m3/s Restricciones: necesidad de una ETAP adicional, disponibilidad de recursos ALTERNATIVAS DE ORDEN I (tipologías básicas de proyectos) - Toma de aguas directa, en misma cuenca, de una corriente principal - Toma de aguas directa desde otra cuenca, con transferencia - Presa de regulación interanual (diferentes escenarios) - Campo de pozos de bombeo de aguas subterráneas - Planta desaladora Criterios de selección: garantía de suministro (cantidad y calidad) costes de terreno, construcción y explotación afección al territorio (subsistemas biofísico y socioeconómico) orden 1: proyectos para satisfacer necesidades Ejemplo genérico: incremento de suministro energético local Ejemplo específico: necesidad de 20 MW Restricciones: necesidad de transf. adicional, disponibilidad de recursos ALTERNATIVAS DE ORDEN I (tipologías básicas de proyectos) - Minicentral hidroeléctrica - Parque eólico - Parque solar - Central termoeléctrica (combustible fósil, biomasa) - Nueva conexión de red eléctrica Criterios de selección: garantía de abastecimiento (cantidad y calidad) costes de terreno, construcción y explotación afección al territorio (subsistemas biofísico y socioeconómico) orden 1: proyectos para satisfacer necesidades Ejemplo genérico: mejora de movilidad interurbana de población Ejemplo específico: incremento capacidad de transporte 50.000 hab/día Restricciones: físicas territoriales, modelo dominante de transporte ALTERNATIVAS DE ORDEN I (tipologías básicas de proyectos) - Ampliación de carretera - Nueva variante de carretera - Tren de cercanías -otros Criterios de selección: conexión y mejora de tiempos medios costes de terreno, construcción y explotación afección al territorio (subsistemas biofísico y socioeconómico) orden 1: proyectos para satisfacer necesidades Demandas sociales genéricas a resolver con proyectos de ingeniería civil: - Extracción de recursos minerales (escollera, áridos) - Generación de energía (eléctrica, térmica) - Transporte terrestre (infraestructuras y gestión) - Transporte marítimo (infraestructuras y gestión) - Transporte aéreo (infraestructuras) - Gestión (defensas) del borde costero y fluvial - Gestión (regeneración ambiental) del borde costero y fluvial - Gestión para abastecimiento de aguas superficiales y subterráneas - Saneamiento y depuración de aguas residuales - Recogida, tratamiento y eliminación de residuos sólidos urbanos - Recogida, tratamiento y eliminación de residuos de construcción - Urbanización (infraestructuras y gestión) - Planificación y ordenación del territorio Christo and Jeanne-Claude Wrapped Coast, One Million Square Feet, Little Bay, Australia, 1968-69 Co-ordinator: John Kaldor / Photo: Harry Shunk alternativas orden 2: tipología de proyecto • El resultado de la selección entre la alternativas de orden I nos lleva a elegir, sobre la base de los criterios de selección, una tipologia básica de proyecto (ej. presa, campo de pozos de bombeo, trasvase, desaladora) que es una fundamental elección, puesto que ya configura básicamente la solución genérica adoptada para la demanda a satisfacer. • Una vez realizada esa importante selección, descendemos a un orden segundo del estudio de alternativas. En este caso, la subtipología del proyecto (incluso la técnica constructiva) empieza a responder más a las posibilidades del territorio y a las opciones tecnológicas factibles. Hay una relación estrecha entre la ubicación y la subtipología del proyecto • Para cada tipo elegido, debería desplegarse el abanico de posibilidades existentes, algo que está vinculado al tipo básico de proyecto, ya que pueden ser más o menos variables. • Este juego de alternativas de orden II puede realizarse (con referencia al procedimiento descrito en el R.D.L. 1/2008 del texto refundido de
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