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ED 022 780 24 TE 499 976 by Doan, Dennis J.; Ridey DOCUMENT RESUME ED 022 780 24 TE 499 976 By Doan, Dennis J.; Ridey. Charles P. ANALYSIS OF SELECTED THE GENESIS OF A MODEL CITIZEN INCOMMUNIST CHINA: TRANSLATION AND CHINESE COMMUNIST ELEMENTARY SCHOOLREADERS. FINAL REPORT. Stanford thy., Calif. Hoover Institution on ./ar.Revolution, and Peace. Spons Agency-Office of Education (01(W).dashington. DC. Bureau of Research. Bureau No-BR-7-1137 Pub Date Jun 68 Grant-CCG-1-7-071137-4297 Note- 713p EDRS Price If -$100 HC-S28.60 ors-BEHAVIOR DEVELOPMENT. *CHILDDEVELOPMENT. CHILDRENS BOOKS. CHINESECULTURE. RESPONSIBILITY, EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY,EDUCATIONAL TI-IEORIES, ELEMENTARY ARTS. MORAL EDUCATION. *ELEMENTARY SCHOOL STUDENTS,ELEMENTARY SCHOOL TEACHERS. *LANGUAGE TECI-NIOUES VALUES. *POLITICAL IWLUENCES. READINGINSTRUCTION. *READING MATERIALS. TEACHING Identifiers-*Communist China This document consists of atranslation and analysis of a setof grammar 'Readers' in use in Communist China in thefest five grades of elementaryschool from about 1958 through 1966. The analysisbegins with a discussion of thebackground and sources of the selections in the'Readers. _proceeds to a discussionof moral and patriotic education in CommunistChina since 1949, and to anoutline of more recent work in educational psychology.Folowing this, a review is presentedof techniques of teaching readng as advocated by Chineseeducational theorists. In addition, anumber of teaching ouflines for selections inthe 'Readers' are also includedIn the actual analysis of the 'Readers.' each selection isanalyzed on the basis of its topicand its manifest themes, which are classified inthree categories: informational,political, and behavioral. The dominant emphases of the'Readers were determined fromthe total scores for these categories.From this information, a profie wasdrawn of the "ideal" or "model' child.that is, the child who would haveadopted the political attitudesand behavioral norms of the 'Readers* as his own.The study concludes with adiscussion of conflicting values in the 'Readers" and theirimplications. (Author) mollIMMIMEN1 U.S. DEPARTMENT Of HEWN. EDUCATION A WWA1E OffICE Of EDUCATION 77?-NOP TMS DOCUMENT HAS KEN WINDOM EXACTLY AS OWED RONat 71-2,/ PERSON 01 OIGAINZATIONow%IT.POINTS Of VIEW OR OPINIONS STATEN N NOT NECESSAIRY REPOUNT OffICIAl OffICE W EDUCATION POSITION OR POLICY. FINAL REPORT Project No. 7-1137 Grant No. OEC-1-7-071137-4297 PALI THE GENESIS OF A. MODEL CITIZEN IN COMMUNIST CHINA June 1968 U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE Office of Education Bureau of Research Final Report Project No. 7-1137 Grant No. OEC-1-7-071137-4297 THE GENESIS OF A NMDEL CITIZEN IN COMMUNIST CHINA: 'TRANSLATION AND ANALYSIS OF SELECTED CHINESE COMMUNIST ELEMENTARY SCHOOL READERS Dennis J. Doolin and Charles P. Ridley The Hoover Institution on War, Revolution, and Peace Stanford University, Stanford, California june 1968 The research reported herein was performed pursuant to a contract with the Office of Education, U.S. Department of Health,Education, and Welfare. Contractors undertaking such projects under Government sponsorship are encouraged to express freely theirprofessional judgment in the conduct of the project.Points of view or opinions stated do not, therefore, necessarily representofficial Office of Education position or policy. U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH, EDUCATION, AND WELFARE Office of Education Bureau of Research I. ANALYSIS TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page 1. Introduction 2 Appendix: Authorship and Sources. 2. The Spirit and.Content of Elementary Education Since 1949 23 Appendix:The Provisions of the Ministry of Education's"Life Guidance for Elementary Schools." 3. Some Trends is the Psychology of Moral Education 65 4. Techniques of Language Teaching With Reference to the Teaching of Reading 95 5. Some Specific Examples of Language Instruction 99 6. Topical Analyiis -110 7. Thematic Analysis 129 Introduction. Informational Themes. Political Themes. Behavioral Themes. 8. The Model Child 197 9. Conflicting Values in the Readers 204 II. TRANSLATION (The Translation of the Readers follows immediately upon the conclusion of the Analysis and is provided with a separate table of contents). ii SUMMARY This study is a translation and analysis of a set of grammar readers used in the first five grades of elementary school in Communist China from about 1958 through June 1966. The object of the study was to determine the significance of the Readers as means a socialization. Each selection was analyzed in terms of itstopicand of its manifest themes, which were class- ified in three categories: informational, political, and behavioral. Each selection was then assigned a central theme from one of these categories and a subtheme or subthemes from as many of these categor- ies as were applicable. The dominant emphases of the Readers were ascertained from the total scores for the topical and thematic categories. The report is in two parts, the first of which consists of a general survey of moral and patriotic education in Communist China since 1949 and of the actual analysis of the Readers.The second part is the translation. It was found that the major topic in the Readers is "approved behavior," that is, the presentation of standards of approved con- duct. Next to this in importance are aspects of China, rural life, war, and Mo. In general, the topics deal with events in or about China with little concern shown for the outside world. Dominant informational themes are those concerned with agricul- ture, Chinese Communist institutions or personalities, traditional- China, and basic scientific knowledge. Dominant political themes are allegiance to the "new" society, the "benevolence" of the "new" society, the glorification of Mao, the "evils" of Republican China, and military conflict. Dominant behavioral themes are those of social and personal responsibility, achievement, altruistic behavior, collective behav- ior, and, as a subtheme, prosocial aggression. From this, it was concluded that the "ideal" dhild as projected by the Readers would be a person totally dedicated to and willing to sacrifice himself entirely in the service of the Communist regime.He would also be a person havini a strong sense of social responsibility and desire for achievement for the benefit of the collective. It was further concluded that the ultimate effectiveness of the Readers would depend on a variety of factors including the intelligence and experience of the child, his awareness of contradictions between the values enunciated in the Readers and actual practice within the society, and the coutse of political events within China. CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION In Orwell's 1984, Winston Smith inevitably succumbs to the distortions of reality with which the totalitarian regime of Oceania floods his consciousness. Although conditions in present- day mainland China are far removed from those in Orwell's Oceania, the two states bear a resemblence in that as totalitarian regimes they attempt to control and manipulate not only the overt behavior of the individual but his'inner life as well. In China, all media of communication should play the role of guardians of ultimate truth, presenting to the people what the authorities wish them to know and excluding from them information felt to be in some way unsafe for them to know,. Education is one of the most important of the nedia in this respect. Indeed, it is no exaggeration to state that the Communist Chinese summum bonum is the creation, through education, of a society populated solely by 1Maoist Man"-- a militant, technically creative, political automaton, conditioned to act as Mao Tse-tung would act if he could be everywhere at the same time. To the leaders of China, the current younger generation repre- sents perhaps their last hope of preserving the spirit of the Revo- lution. It is small wonder, then, that so much attention is lavished on the young in the attempt to instill in them an awareness of their importance as "successors to the revolution."Although it is doubt- ful that the regime can in the long run succeed in stemming the tendencies away from the original revolutionary spirit that motivated it in its achieving of power, the effort is nevertheless being made to kindle a revolutionary spirit in the young, as this collection of elementary school readers clearly indicates. As other investigators have indicated, the content of children's readers and textbooks often bears a close relationship to the needs of a society under given conditions of development. Malelland2 has 1. The Red Guard newspapers and posters (ta-tzu_pao) necessitate that this statement be qualified, inasmuch as they often contain information not meant to be disseminated to the general public. However, such papers and posters are not permanent fixtures of the Chinese scene. 2. MCClelland, David C., The Achieving Society, D. Van Nostrand Company, Inc., Princeton, 1961. -2 shown that a high percentage of imagery concerned with "achievement" is found in the writings of developing societies and economies and that the percentage of imagery of this kind declines as the vitality of the society die-Ashes. As he has pointed out, "achievement imagery" in significant proportions appears in children's readers of a given country prior to spurts in economic development. It is obvious that the hmagery and themes of children's readers, which are written by adults, are concerned eitherconsciously or uncon- sciously with molding patterns of behavior and thought that the writers feel are desirable within the context of their society.
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