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Explorations of Hernando Alarcon in the Lower Colorado River Region, 1540

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Explorations of Hernando Alarcon in the Lower Colorado River Region, 1540 UC Merced Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology Title Explorations of Hernando Alarcon in the Lower Colorado River Region, 1540 Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/86x647bs Journal Journal of California and Great Basin Anthropology, 1(1) ISSN 0191-3557 Author Elsasser, Albert B Publication Date 1979-12-01 Peer reviewed eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Explorations of Hernando Alarcon in the Lower Colorado River Region, 1540 Edited and Annotated by ALBERT B. ELSASSER EDITOR'S INTRODUCTION The distinction of having been the first as this document, written of course in Spanish, European to encounter Indians in what is now also seems to be lost to scholars. In any event, the southeast corner of California probably all subsequently published versions of the belongs to Hernando Alarcon, a Spanish letter evidently are based upon Ramusio's explorer who played a part in one of the copy. Probably the first of these reprints to principal searches for the legendary "Seven be widely read after Ramusio's time was a Cities of Cibola." These explorations on the translation by Richard Hakluyt, published northern frontier of New Spain had exercised in 1600, in Volume 3 of his Principal Navi­ the minds of Spanish adventurers and admin­ gations .... Hakluyt's works have been istrators in the decades following the Conquest reprinted many times since 1600, and other by Cortes in 1519. translations also have been taken directly from Unfortunately, Alarcon's full account of Ramusio (see especially Hammond and Rey his expedition up the Gulf of California (the 1940). Sea of Cortes) has never turned up. However, H. R. Wagner (1924) has provided an a report in the form of a long letter to the excellent description of the known geography viceroy of New Spain, Don Antonio de of Alarcon's voyage, including two maps of Mendoza, somehow came into the hands of the Sea of Cortes, one made by Castillo, one one Giovanni Ramusio, who printed it in of Alarcon's pilots. Regrettably, Alarcon Italian in 1556. Alarcon promised the viceroy seems not to have left behind any maps of in the letter that a complete report would be most of the Lower Colorado River region forthcoming, but there is no pertinent evidence which he traversed. We learn little, therefore, that such a formal report was ever submitted. about the physiography of the lower reaches The letter reprinted here in English transla­ of the Colorado which Alarcon claims to have tion, is, by Alarcon's admission, a summary or ascended. paraphrase of the full report. We have no way Wagner (1924:384) stated that between of knowing whether Ramusio accurately trans­ "the two interpreters, Alarcon managed to lated or transcribed the original letter itself. collect a large amount of information of [8] EXPLORATIONS OF HERNANDO ALARCON doubtful [?] value regarding the customs and death, but he did not actually enter any of the habits of the Indians." He suggested that the Zufii towns. Turning back, he came away with one interpreter who was with Alarcon from the the idea that one of the settlements he had seen beginning of the voyage spoke a Sobaipuri was "larger than the city of Mexico." (Pima) dialect, and that the interpreter Despite the essential shortcoming of the encountered up the river was "probably a earlier expeditions, enough glowing reports Maricopa, who understood his [Alarcon's remained to further tantalize the Spanish. original] interpreter and who in turn under­ Mendoza, accordingly, in 1540 sent another stood the Yuma dialect." expedition to the north, under command of In order to understand the reasoning Francisco Vasquez de Coronado, who left behind this statement of Wagner, and also from Campostela by land. Alarcon, with two to explain certain other references in Alarcon's ships, took a supposedly parallel course along brief account, it seems desirable here to give a the coast, hoping ultimately to establish short summary of the background of the contact with Coronado, and to find a water expedition. route which led to Cibola and beyond, perhaps In 1536, A. N. Cabeza de Vaca and a to the Atlantic Ocean. Alarcon was not the former Moorish Black slave known as Esteban first to explore the Sea of Cortes, nor probably turned up in Sinaloa, with some Indians from the first European to see the mouth of the the north, after having been gone eight years Colorado, but was the first Spaniard to on a hardship-ridden expedition into what is attempt to go up the river, and to write a now the south-central part of the United valuable account of the native peoples he States. Cabeza de Vaca's words about the encountered living along its banks. His Indian lands to the north of Mexico, whether em­ interpreters were those surviving previous land broidered or not, were probably the effective encounters with the Spanish. beginnings of rumors of untold riches in these Note on Hakluyt's Translation lands previously unexplored by Europeans. Subsequently, De Soto (1539), looking for Although Hakluyt's translation of wealth and a water passage between the Alarcon's letter has been reprinted many Atlantic and Pacific oceans, led a large times since 1600, 1 have thought it best to expedition to the Mississippi River region; represent here the first and probably most the venture realized neither of the two goals. reliable printing, obtained from the Bancroft Also in 1539, Mendoza, the viceroy of Library. This version has been chosen also New Spain, acquired Esteban, trained some because it preserves the literary flavor of a of the Indians who had accompanied Cabeza document originally produced more than 400 de Vaca as interpreters, and then sent off years ago (the translation in Hammond and another expedition in charge of a Franciscan Rey [1940] is rendered in modern English). friar, Marcos de Niza, together with the There are certain discrepancies apart from interpreters. Esteban departed Culiacan with style even between the original Hakluyt Fr. Marcos, but later left the main body, version and that of Hammond and Rey, as one acting as a vanguard for the expedition. He might expect. Since the original Ramusio established himself probably with the Zufii (Italian) edition was not available to me, as Indians in the Cibola region of what is now a substitute I obtained also a copy of the letter eastern New Mexico, but after staying there translated from Ramusio into French for about two months was put to death by the (Castaneda de Nagera 1838). With these two Indians. Friar Marcos arrived after Esteban's additional versions, and excerpts from the 10 JOURNAL OF CALIFORNIA AND GREAT BASIN ANTHROPOLOGY first two chapters of the work also translated as well as numbers of now obsolete words and directly from the Italian (Alvarez de Williams archaic usages. In addition, the appearance of 1975) I felt that by careful comparison unclear the Hakluyt text, almost as a single long para­ passages or usages in Hakluyt could easily be graph, has been altered, and many sentences resolved. have been split up, mostly by dropping literally In the several places where glaring dis­ dozens of conjunctions, to make for easier crepancies between the several versions reading. All of these changes have been made appear, I have referred to them in endnotes. reluctantly, and in some cases considered as Besides thus utilizing the non-Hakluyt ver­ borderline, I have left the original usages sions as a basis for alterations in ambiguous despite their sometimes quaint sounds. places, I have taken other liberties with the original Hakluyt transcription: most Eliza­ Lowie Museum of Anthropology bethan English spellings have been eliminated, University of California, Berkeley [From pp. 425-439 of Richard Hakluyt's Principal Navigations, Voyages, Traffiques and Discoveries of the English Nation, Vol. HI, London, 1600] Hernando Alarcon—Trafficking and Discoveries The relation of the navigation and discovery which Captain Hernando Alarcon made by order of the right honorable Lord Don Antonio de Mendoza, Viceroy of New Spain, dated in Colima, a port of New Spain. Chapter I Catherine, being more afraid than was needful, cast overboard nine pieces of ordinance, two Hernando Alarc6n, after he had suffered a anchors, one cable, and many other things as storm, arrived with his fleet at the port of Saint lago, and thence at the port of necessary for the enterprize in which we were Aguaiaval. He was in great peril in seeking engaged as the ship itself. to discover a bay, and getting out of the As soon as we arrived at the port of Saint same he discovered a river on the coast lago' I repaired the losses which 1 had received, with a great current, entering into the provided myself with necessary things and same. Coasting along, he described a great took aboard the people who had been awaiting many Indians with their weapons: with my coming; I then directed my course toward signs he has traffic with them, and fearing the port of Aguaiaval. some great danger, returns to his ship. Having arrived there, I understood that General Francisco Vasquez de Coronado had On Sunday, the ninth of May in the year already departed with all his people; where­ 1540, I set sail with two ships, the one called upon taking the ship called Saint Gabriel, Saint Peter, being Admiral's [i.e. Alarcon's] which carried victuals for the army, I led her flag ship, and the other Saint Catherine, and with me to put in execution your Lordship's we set forward meaning to go to the port of order. Afterward I followed my course along Saint lago of Good Hope; but before we the coast without departing from that ship, to arrived there we had a terrible storm, in which see if I could find any token, or any Indian who those who were in the ship called Saint could give me knowledge of him, and in sailing EXPLORATIONS OF HERNANDO ALARCON II so near the shore, 1 discovered other very good forward.
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