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FORMAT for a PRA RECORD (Version 3 of the Decision Support Scheme for PRA for Quarantine Pests) 09-15223

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09-15223 FORMAT FOR A PRA RECORD (version 3 of the Decision support scheme for PRA for quarantine pests) 09-15223 European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organisation Organisation Européenne et Méditerranéenne pour la Protection des Plantes -- Guidelines on Pest Risk Analysis Lignes directrices pour l'analyse du risque phytosanitaire Decision-support scheme for quarantine pests Version N°3 PEST RISK ANALYSIS FOR Metamasius hemipterus Pest risk analyst: A preliminary draft has been prepared by Dirk Jan van der Gaag1 and Brigitta Wessels-Berk2. This document has been reviewed by an Expert Working Group composed of: Francisco Javier Garcia Domínguez3, Antonio Gonzalez Hernandez4, Dirk Jan van der Gaag1, Jose Maria Guitián Castrillon3, Rosa Martin Suarez5, Jorge Peña6, Francesco Salomone Suarez7, Elford Stuart Cooper Smith8. Comments from Robin Giblin-Davis9 have been integrated. 1 Plant Protection Service, Plant Health Strategy & Development, P.O. Box 9102, 6700 HC Wageningen (NL) 2 Plant Protection Service, National Reference Laboratory, P.O. Box 9102, 6700 HC Wageningen (NL) 3 Tecnologias y Servicios Agrarios, S. A. - TRAGSATEC, C / Hnos. Garcia Noblejas, 37C. 2a Planta, 280037 Madrid (ES) 4 Direccion General de Agricultura, Servicio de Sanidad Vegetal, Avda. José Manuel Guimeré, 8, 38003 Santa Cruz de Tenerife (ES) 5 Sanidad Vegetal, Direccion General de Agricultura, Edificio Iberia, C/Agustin Millares Carlo, 10 Planta 3, 35071 Las Palmas de Gran Canaria, Canary Islands (ES) 6 Entomology and Nematology, Tropical Research and Education Center, 18905 SW 280th Street, FL 33031 Homestead (US) 7 Servicio de Parques y Jardines, Col N° 3521, Jefe de la Seccion de Medioambiente y Servicios Municipales, Ayutamiento de, San Cristobal de la Laguna, Tenerife, Canary Islands (ES) 8 Biosecurity and Product Integrity Division, Department of Regional Development, Primary Industry, Fisheries and Resources, GPO Box 3000, 0801 Darwin, Northern Territory (AU) 9 Fort Lauderdale Research and Education Center 3205 College Avenue Fort Lauderdale, FL 33314 - USA Stage 1: Initiation 1 09-15223 1 What is the reason for performing the PRA? In 2006, larvae of Metamasius hemipterus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) were intercepted by the Dutch NPPO on a consignment of plants for planting of Phoenix sp. from Costa Rica. Considering the risk that may be presented by M. hemipterus especially for ornamental palm species, the NPPO of the Netherlands suggested that it should be added to the EPPO Alert List. The species is currently a quarantine pest in the USA, and an A1 pest in East Africa (PQR database, visited November 2008). 2 Enter the name of the pest Metamasius hemipterus L. Synonyms: Metamasius sericeus (Olivier) Common names (CABI, 2007a): West Indian cane weevil Weevil borer Rotten cane stalk borer Silky cane weevil Notes on taxonomy and nomenclature: M. hemipterus was first described by Linnaeus in 1758. Vaurie (1966) recognized three subspecies based on colour: M. hemipterus subsp. hemipterus (Linnaeus), M. hemipterus subsp. sericeus (Olivier) and M. hemipterus subsp. carbonarius (Chevrolat). A number of authors have given these specific statuses, although after examining over 2000 specimens, Vaurie (1966) was convinced that they were conspecific, as the secondary characters of both sexes were extremely similar and no differences existed among the forms, except for the elytral, pronotal and ventral colour patterns. 2A Indicate the type of the pest Insect, weevil 2B Indicate the taxonomic position Order: Coleoptera Family: Curculionidae 3 Clearly define the PRA area EPPO region 2 09-15223 4 Does a relevant earlier PRA exist? No 5 Is the earlier PRA still entirely valid, or only NA (not applicable) partly valid (out of date, applied in different circumstances, for a similar but distinct pest, for another area with similar conditions)? Stage 2A: Pest Risk Assessment - Pest categorization 6 Specify the host plant species (for pests In its current area of distribution, M. hemipterus is a pest of sugarcane, palms, banana and other directly affecting plants) or suitable habitats tropical plants (Weissling & Giblin-Davis, 2003; CABI, 2007a). In Florida, it attacks sugarcane, (for non parasitic plants) present in the PRA Musa spp. (banana and plantain) and several ornamental palms (Giblin-Davis et al., 1994). area. Host list according to CABI (2007a): Major hosts: Cocos nucifera (coconut), Musa spp. (banana) and Saccharum officinarum (sugarcane). Minor hosts: Ananas comosus (pineapple), Lantana spp., Manihot esculenta (cassava), Sorghum bicolor (sorghum), Zea mays (maize), Carica papaya (papaya), Psidium guajava (guava). Palm species: Hyophorbe verschaffeltii, Jessenia bataua, Phoenix canariensis, Ptychosperma macarthurii, Roystonea regia, Washingtonia robusta. Notes on the host list It is questionable if all plant species mentioned as minor hosts by CABI (2007a) are true host plants since the species is attracted by damaged fruits and various decaying plant material and the finding of the pest in a rotten or decaying plant (part) may not necessarily mean that the plant is a host plant. In case of cassava for example, we are only aware of a single report of the pest in roots of a single plant in Florida (Woodruff & Baranowski, 1985). Several other Metamasius spp. infest pineapple in the Caribbean and South America i.e. Metamasius dimidiatipennis (Venezuela), M. fasciatus (Venezuela), M. ritchiei (Jamaica) (Petty et al., 2002) and the listing of pineapple as a host plant might be a result of a misidentification. Several palm species (Arecaceae), sugar cane (Saccharum officinarum) and banana (Musa spp.) have been described by several authors to be infested by M. hemipterus and we assume these plant species to be certain host plants. It is uncertain if all plant species belonging to the Arecaceae (palm trees) are host plants (see 3 09-15223 also Q 1.1). Certain palm species seem to be more affected than others: Phoenix canariensis and Ravenea rivularis (Giblin-Davis, 2001). Palm species that have been reported as host plants are listed in Table 1. In the present PRA, we consider all palm species as potential host plants (see also Table 1). Table 1. Palm tree species reported as host plants of Metamasius hemipterus Palm species Reference Hyophorbe verschaffeltii Giblin-Davis et al., 1994 1) Phoenix canariensis Giblin-Davis et al., 1994 Ptychosperma macarthurii Giblin-Davis et al., 1994 Ravenea rivularis Giblin-Davis et al., 1994 Roystonea regia Giblin-Davis et al., 1994 Washingtonia robusta Giblin-Davis et al., 1994 Bactris gasipaes Alpizar et al., 2002 Jessenia bataua Vaurie, 1966 Phoenix roebelenii NPPO of Belgium (EPPO RS 2008/167) Chamaedora sp. Vaurie, 1966 1)Larvae were found infesting the palm species Several palm species mentioned in Table 1 are grown in protected cultivation in the northern part of the PRA area and in the open field in nurseries and as amenity trees in the southern region. Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) is an important crop in Northern African countries (Anonymous, 2003). It is however uncertain if M. hemipterus attacks date palm since there is no indication from the literature that date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) is a host plant. In fact, the pest is not present in areas where date palm is an important crop. In the US, date palms are cultivated in California where the pest is absent. 7. Specify the pest distribution M. hemipterus is widely present in Central and South America and the Caribbean (Vaurie, 1966) and from there it has been introduced into West Africa and Florida (Lepesme & Paulian, 1941; Woodruff & Baranowski, 1985). According to the CABI Crop Protection Compendium (CABI, 2007a), M. hemipterus is present in the following countries: Africa: Cameroon, Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Nigeria. Asia: Indonesia (Kalimantan) and the Philippines (restricted distribution in both countries; based on data from the Natural History Museum (London, UK) from 1904 and 1925). North America: Mexico, USA (Florida). 4 09-15223 Caribbean and Central America: Antigua and Barbuda, Barbados, Belize, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Martinique, Montserrat, Nicaragua, Panama, Puerto Rico, Saint Lucia, St Kitts-Nevis, St Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Virgin Islands (US). South America: Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, French Guiana, Guyana, Mexico, Paraguay, Peru, Suriname, Uruguay, Venezuela. Note: the records in Indonesia and Philippines are doubtful. Since the dates of the records (1904 and 1925) given by the Natural History Museum (London, UK) there have been no new records. This might have been a misidentification since M. hemipterus resembles Rhabdoscelus obscurus which is present in Indonesia. 8. Is the organism clearly a single taxonomic Yes entity and can it be adequately distinguished from other entities of the same rank? 9. Even if the causal agent of particular NA symptoms has not yet been fully identified, has it been shown to produce consistent symptoms and to be transmissible? 10. Is the organism in its area of current Yes M. hemipterus is considered as the species which is probably the most damaging member of the distribution a known pest (or vector of a pest) genus Metamasius on palm (Giblin-Davis, 2001). It is generally regarded as a secondary pest of of plants or plant products? sugarcane, bananas and palms especially attacking dead or wounded tissue. However, the pest cause serious damage in palms and sugar cane in Florida (Weissling et al., 2003). 11. Does the organism have intrinsic attributes that indicate that it could cause significant harm to plants? 12 Does the pest occur in the PRA area? No 13. Is the pest widely distributed in the PRA No area? 5 09-15223 14. Does at least one host-plant species (for Yes pests directly affecting plants) or one suitable habitat (for non parasitic plants) occur in the PRA area (outdoors, in protected cultivation or both)? 15. If a vector is the only means by which the NA pest can spread, is a vector present in the PRA area? (if a vector is not needed or is not the only means by which the pest can spread go to 16) 16.
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  • The Challenge of Biological Control of Cosmopolites Sordidus Germar (Col

    The Challenge of Biological Control of Cosmopolites Sordidus Germar (Col

    Received: 30 October 2020 | Revised: 26 December 2020 | Accepted: 19 January 2021 DOI: 10.1111/jen.12868 REVIEW ARTICLE The challenge of biological control of Cosmopolites sordidus Germar (Col. Curculionidae): A review Paul Tresson1,2,3,4 | Philippe Tixier1,2 | William Puech4 | Dominique Carval1,2,3 1CIRAD, UPR GECO, Montpellier, France Abstract 2GECO, Univ Montpellier, CIRAD, Montpellier, France The banana weevil (also known as banana root borer) Cosmopolites sordidus Germar 3CIRAD, UPR GECO, Saint- Pierre, France (Coleoptera Curculionidae) is the major pest of banana and plantain. Because ba- 4 LIRMM, CNRS, Montpellier, France nana ranks 2nd in fruit production worldwide, this pest has substantial social and Correspondence economic importance. The biological control of the C. sordidus remains challenging Dominique Carval, GECO, Univ Montpellier, because of its behaviour and resistance to parasitism and predation. The last review CIRAD, Montpellier, France. Email: [email protected] concerning the biological control of C. sordidus was published two decades ago, and relevant knowledge and methods have developed in the interim. The present paper Funding information European Community (ERDF); French provides an update of that knowledge and summarizes past and current challenges National Research Agency under the as well as providing perspectives on achieving sustainable control of C. sordidus. We Investments for the Future Program, Grant/ Award Number: ANR- 16- CONV- 0004 first discuss studies on the classical biological control of C. sordidus, underlining the limits of classical biological control methods such as the importation of predators, parasitoids or pathogens. Next, we consider conservation biological control of C. sor- didus, with a focus on ants.