IGARSS 2008 Front Matter Complete.Indb

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

IGARSS 2008 Front Matter Complete.Indb IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium — IGARSS 2008 in Boston Table of Contents Boston Area Map ................................................................................................................................................2 Sheraton Floor Plans ..........................................................................................................................................3 Hynes Floor Plans ..............................................................................................................................................4 Hynes Exhibit Hall A Poster Session Map and Exhibits Floor Plan ....................................................................6 Sponsors ..........................................................................................................................................................17 Greetings from GRSS President .......................................................................................................................18 General Chairs’ Welcome .................................................................................................................................18 Technical Program Overview ............................................................................................................................19 Local Organizing Committee .............................................................................................................................20 Senior Advisory Committee ..............................................................................................................................21 Technical Program Committee ..........................................................................................................................21 Reviewers .........................................................................................................................................................21 Welcome to Boston ...........................................................................................................................................28 Visitor Information .............................................................................................................................................28 Weather Tips.....................................................................................................................................................28 Airport Information ............................................................................................................................................29 Currency ...........................................................................................................................................................29 Taxation ............................................................................................................................................................29 Getting Around ..................................................................................................................................................29 Helpful Phone Numbers ...................................................................................................................................30 Internet Access .................................................................................................................................................30 Registration ......................................................................................................................................................30 Tutorials ............................................................................................................................................................30 GEOSS Workshop ............................................................................................................................................31 Technical Meetings ...........................................................................................................................................31 Oral Presentation Instructions ..........................................................................................................................33 Poster Presentation Instructions .......................................................................................................................33 Exhibition ..........................................................................................................................................................33 K-12 Outreach Activities ...................................................................................................................................34 Outreach Exhibit Area .......................................................................................................................................35 Social Events ....................................................................................................................................................35 Technical Tour ...................................................................................................................................................36 Student Activities ..............................................................................................................................................37 Student Paper Prize Competition ......................................................................................................................38 Awards ..............................................................................................................................................................39 IEEE GRSS Membership .................................................................................................................................39 IEEE GRSS Chapters .......................................................................................................................................41 Future IGARSS Symposia ................................................................................................................................42 Opening and Plenary Agenda ..........................................................................................................................43 Technical Program ............................................................................................................................................45 Topical Session Index .....................................................................................................................................238 Author Index ...................................................................................................................................................247 1 Church . of the Advent Rd Back Bay Hatch Shell Back Bay Embankment Charles River Legend 1 Family Residential Emerson 2 Family Residential College e Fisher 3 Family Residential Arling Esplanad College t River on Apartments/Condos S t Charles . Mixed Use (Res./Comm.) Berkeley Commercial St . Institutional First Lutheran Boston Center Public Church for Adult Education Garden Industrial Open Space ve Dri St. row Surface Parking Stor Beacon St. Marlborough Main Streets District Exeter St Emmanuel MBTA Stations . Church Commonwealth Newman MBTA Surface Subway Lines Fairfield Day School Church Preparatory of the Covenant School Arlington Street MBTA Underground Subway Lines St First Baptist Church . e Church Avenu Commuter Rail Gloucester St. Commonwealth Newbury e Below Ground Commuter Rail Avenu St Here . Commonwealth Water Transit Facilities f Mall ord S Avenue t . Water Transit Routes Commonwealth Map Area Boston Snowden Bus Routes 500 Bolyston Street 2008inBoston —IGARSS SensingSymposium IEEE International GeoscienceandRemote Kingsley High School Montessori Symposium Venue Old South Church . School Trinity Av James Welcome Reception Venue Church St. Copley Square New England Financial . St Burdett Da Boylston Boston Public Library John Hancock School rtm ou Copley Plaza Tower t h Hotel St . Clarendon Massachusetts Communications Boston . Newbury St St College Architectural Westin Hotel Stuart . College Center Institute for 2 Hynes Convention Center Prudential Center Prudential Tower Copley Place Berklee College of Music St. Cecilia's Massachusetts Fenway Community Church Hilton Sheraton 111 Huntington Health Center Hotel Hotel Harcourt Avenue Tent City St S Belvidere t Apartments . Chandler St Av . Av t S . ce . ren Av Law Columbus t ton S ting rk a District D-4 Hun St P r Appleton Police Station Hemenway t ido S rr Norway St Co Botolph st Symposium HotelsSt thwe Holyoke Symphony ou S S . Community t Av Boston Center Warren W Park Christian Science Braddock for the Arts Burbank Edgerly The Mother Church, Canton St Plaza The First Church Par McKinley/ R k S d of Christ, Scientist t Mackey School 0 250 500 Westland Av feet Back Bay />;H7JEDEIJED$EJ;B 0RUDENTIAL#ENTER $ALTON3TREETn"OSTON -ASSACHUSETTSn5NITED3TATES 0HONE n&AX IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium — IGARSS 2008 in Boston Sheraton Floor Plans Career Forum: Commonwealth Young Professionals Luncheon: Gardner Chapter Chairs Dinner: Commonwealth />;H7JEDEIJED$EJ;B 0RUDENTIAL#ENTER $ALTON3TREETn"OSTON -ASSACHUSETTSn5NITED3TATES 0HONE n&AX "&$%& #"# !&#"!' $ Career Forum Interviews: Meeting Room A &*"()" *$'&'# %*'& "%+$!"(" 3 Hynes FloorPlans IEEE International Geoscience and Remote Sensing Symposium
Recommended publications
  • Dongcaoalong Lake, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China
    Journal of Global Change Data & Discovery. 2018, 2(4): 452-453 © 2018 GCdataPR DOI:10.3974/geodp.2018.04.14 Global Change Research Data Publishing & Repository www.geodoi.ac.cn Global Change Data Encyclopedia Dongcaoalong Lake, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China Gou, Z. J. Liu, F. G.* Department of Geographic Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China Keywords: Dongcaoalong Lake; Qinghai-Tibet Plateau; Qinghai province; fresh water lake; data encyclopedia Dongcaoalong Lake is located on the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and belongs to Madoi county, Guoluo Tibetan autonomous prefec- ture, Qinghai province, China. It is separated from Ngoring Lake 81 km at its northwest, and from Donghu Lake 77 km at its north. Dongcaoalong Lake lies in the northern bank of the Yellow River, and it is an exorheic lake lake formed by the swinging of Yellow River bed. It is connected with the Yellow River, so it belongs to an exorheic plateau lake. Its Figure 1 Data map of Dongcaoalong Lake (.kmz format) geo-location of the lake is 98°42′40″N- 98°45′56″N, 34°28′55″E-34°31′2″E[1] (Figure, 1, Figure 2). There are mountains on the east, west, and north sides of the Dongcaoalong Lake, while the terrain is flat in the south side, where Yel- low River develops braided drainage. Due to the constant change of the drainage line of Yel- low River, floodplains and wetlands interlaced Figure 2 Data map of Dongcaoalong Lake with lakes and marshes are formed by the Yel- (.shp format) low River[2]. Dongcaoalong Lake is 5 km wide in east-west direction, and 3.7 km long in north-south direction.
    [Show full text]
  • METAR/SPECI Reporting Changes for Snow Pellets (GS) and Hail (GR)
    U.S. DEPARTMENT OF TRANSPORTATION N JO 7900.11 NOTICE FEDERAL AVIATION ADMINISTRATION Effective Date: Air Traffic Organization Policy September 1, 2018 Cancellation Date: September 1, 2019 SUBJ: METAR/SPECI Reporting Changes for Snow Pellets (GS) and Hail (GR) 1. Purpose of this Notice. This Notice coincides with a revision to the Federal Meteorological Handbook (FMH-1) that was effective on November 30, 2017. The Office of the Federal Coordinator for Meteorological Services and Supporting Research (OFCM) approved the changes to the reporting requirements of small hail and snow pellets in weather observations (METAR/SPECI) to assist commercial operators in deicing operations. 2. Audience. This order applies to all FAA and FAA-contract weather observers, Limited Aviation Weather Reporting Stations (LAWRS) personnel, and Non-Federal Observation (NF- OBS) Program personnel. 3. Where can I Find This Notice? This order is available on the FAA Web site at http://faa.gov/air_traffic/publications and http://employees.faa.gov/tools_resources/orders_notices/. 4. Cancellation. This notice will be cancelled with the publication of the next available change to FAA Order 7900.5D. 5. Procedures/Responsibilities/Action. This Notice amends the following paragraphs and tables in FAA Order 7900.5. Table 3-2: Remarks Section of Observation Remarks Section of Observation Element Paragraph Brief Description METAR SPECI Volcanic eruptions must be reported whenever first noted. Pre-eruption activity must not be reported. (Use Volcanic Eruptions 14.20 X X PIREPs to report pre-eruption activity.) Encode volcanic eruptions as described in Chapter 14. Distribution: Electronic 1 Initiated By: AJT-2 09/01/2018 N JO 7900.11 Remarks Section of Observation Element Paragraph Brief Description METAR SPECI Whenever tornadoes, funnel clouds, or waterspouts begin, are in progress, end, or disappear from sight, the event should be described directly after the "RMK" element.
    [Show full text]
  • ESSENTIALS of METEOROLOGY (7Th Ed.) GLOSSARY
    ESSENTIALS OF METEOROLOGY (7th ed.) GLOSSARY Chapter 1 Aerosols Tiny suspended solid particles (dust, smoke, etc.) or liquid droplets that enter the atmosphere from either natural or human (anthropogenic) sources, such as the burning of fossil fuels. Sulfur-containing fossil fuels, such as coal, produce sulfate aerosols. Air density The ratio of the mass of a substance to the volume occupied by it. Air density is usually expressed as g/cm3 or kg/m3. Also See Density. Air pressure The pressure exerted by the mass of air above a given point, usually expressed in millibars (mb), inches of (atmospheric mercury (Hg) or in hectopascals (hPa). pressure) Atmosphere The envelope of gases that surround a planet and are held to it by the planet's gravitational attraction. The earth's atmosphere is mainly nitrogen and oxygen. Carbon dioxide (CO2) A colorless, odorless gas whose concentration is about 0.039 percent (390 ppm) in a volume of air near sea level. It is a selective absorber of infrared radiation and, consequently, it is important in the earth's atmospheric greenhouse effect. Solid CO2 is called dry ice. Climate The accumulation of daily and seasonal weather events over a long period of time. Front The transition zone between two distinct air masses. Hurricane A tropical cyclone having winds in excess of 64 knots (74 mi/hr). Ionosphere An electrified region of the upper atmosphere where fairly large concentrations of ions and free electrons exist. Lapse rate The rate at which an atmospheric variable (usually temperature) decreases with height. (See Environmental lapse rate.) Mesosphere The atmospheric layer between the stratosphere and the thermosphere.
    [Show full text]
  • Herever Possible
    Published by Department of Information and International Relations (DIIR) Central Tibetan Administration Dharamshala-176215 H.P. India Email: [email protected] www.tibet.net Copyright © DIIR 2018 First edition: October 2018 1000 copies ISBN-978-93-82205-12-8 Design & Layout: Kunga Phuntsok / DIIR Printed at New Delhi: Norbu Graphics CONTENTS Foreword------------------------------------------------------------------1 Chapter One: Burning Tibet: Self-immolation Protests in Tibet---------------------5 Chapter Two: The Historical Status of Tibet-------------------------------------------37 Chapter Three: Human Rights Situation in Tibet--------------------------------------69 Chapter Four: Cultural Genocide in Tibet--------------------------------------------107 Chapter Five: The Tibetan Plateau and its Deteriorating Environment---------135 Chapter Six: The True Nature of Economic Development in Tibet-------------159 Chapter Seven: China’s Urbanization in Tibet-----------------------------------------183 Chapter Eight: China’s Master Plan for Tibet: Rule by Reincarnation-------------197 Chapter Nine: Middle Way Approach: The Way Forward--------------------------225 FOREWORD For Tibetans, information is a precious commodity. Severe restric- tions on expression accompanied by a relentless disinformation campaign engenders facts, knowledge and truth to become priceless. This has long been the case with Tibet. At the time of the publication of this report, Tibet has been fully oc- cupied by the People’s Republic of China (PRC) for just five months shy of sixty years. As China has sought to develop Tibet in certain ways, largely economically and in Chinese regions, its obsessive re- strictions on the flow of information have only grown more intense. Meanwhile, the PRC has ready answers to fill the gaps created by its information constraints, whether on medieval history or current growth trends. These government versions of the facts are backed ever more fiercely as the nation’s economic and military power grows.
    [Show full text]
  • Donggi Conag Lake, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China
    Journal of Global Change Data & Discovery. 2018, 2(4): 454-455 © 2018 GCdataPR DOI:10.3974/geodp.2018.04.15 Global Change Research Data Publishing & Repository www.geodoi.ac.cn Global Change Data Encyclopedia Donggi Conag Lake, Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, China Gou, Z. J. Liu, F. G.* Department of Geographic Sciences, Qinghai Normal University, Xining 810008, China Keywords: Donggi Conag Lake; Qinghai-Tibet Plateau; Qinghai province; fresh water lake; data encyclopedia Donggi Conag Lake, also known as Toso Lake or Black Sea, is located in Madoi county, Golog Tibetan autonomous prefecture, Qinghai province, China (“Madoi” means the source of Yellow River in Tibetan language). It lies in the eastern end of Kunlun Mountains, between the Anyemaqen Mountain (south) and Burhabuda Mountain (north). The Anima- qing Mountains, located in the south of the Lake, separates the Lake from Gyaring Lake and Ngoring Lake which are originated from Yellow River. The geo-location of the Lake is 35°12′33″N-35°23′2″N, 98°20′52″E- 98°44′54″E (Figures 1-2). It is a large fresh water lake resulted from the Tuosu River, the upper reach of Xiangrde River, in the south- Figure 1 Data map with Google image of Donggi ern side of Qaidam Basin. Donggi Conag Conag Lake (.kmz format) Lake is an enclosed plateau fresh water lake formed by the fault depression of East Kunlun orogenic structure, with an average elevation of 4,090 m, 10 km width in south-north direction, and 45 km long in east-west direction. The lake water is deep blue, fresh, and drinkable.
    [Show full text]
  • ICA Vol. 1 (1956 Edition)
    ·wMo o '-" I q Sb 10 c. v. i. J c.. A INTERNATIONAL CLOUD ATLAS Volume I WORLD METEOROLOGICAL ORGANIZATION 1956 c....._/ O,-/ - 1~ L ) I TABLE OF CONTENTS Pages Preface to the 1939 edition . IX Preface to the present edition . xv PART I - CLOUDS CHAPTER I Introduction 1. Definition of a cloud . 3 2. Appearance of clouds . 3 (1) Luminance . 3 (2) Colour .... 4 3. Classification of clouds 5 (1) Genera . 5 (2) Species . 5 (3) Varieties . 5 ( 4) Supplementary features and accessory clouds 6 (5) Mother-clouds . 6 4. Table of classification of clouds . 7 5. Table of abbreviations and symbols of clouds . 8 CHAPTER II Definitions I. Some useful concepts . 9 (1) Height, altitude, vertical extent 9 (2) Etages .... .... 9 2. Observational conditions to which definitions of clouds apply. 10 3. Definitions of clouds 10 (1) Genera . 10 (2) Species . 11 (3) Varieties 14 (4) Supplementary features and accessory clouds 16 CHAPTER III Descriptions of clouds 1. Cirrus . .. 19 2. Cirrocumulus . 21 3. Cirrostratus 23 4. Altocumulus . 25 5. Altostratus . 28 6. Nimbostratus . 30 " IV TABLE OF CONTENTS Pages 7. Stratoculllulus 32 8. Stratus 35 9. Culllulus . 37 10. Culllulonimbus 40 CHAPTER IV Orographic influences 1. Occurrence, structure and shapes of orographic clouds . 43 2. Changes in the shape and structure of clouds due to orographic influences 44 CHAPTER V Clouds as seen from aircraft 1. Special problellls involved . 45 (1) Differences between the observation of clouds frolll aircraft and frolll the earth's surface . 45 (2) Field of vision . 45 (3) Appearance of clouds. 45 (4) Icing .
    [Show full text]
  • Snow, Weather, and Avalanches
    SNOW, WEATHER, AND AVALANCHES: Observation Guidelines for Avalanche Programs in the United States SNOW, WEATHER, AND AVALANCHES: Observation Guidelines for Avalanche Programs in the United States 3rd Edition 3rd Edition Revised by the American Avalanche Association Observation Standards Committee: Ethan Greene, Colorado Avalanche Information Center Karl Birkeland, USDA Forest Service National Avalanche Center Kelly Elder, USDA Forest Service Rocky Mountain Research Station Ian McCammon, Snowpit Technologies Mark Staples, USDA Forest Service Utah Avalanche Center Don Sharaf, Valdez Heli-Ski Guides/American Avalanche Institute Editor — Douglas Krause — Animas Avalanche Consulting Graphic Design — McKenzie Long — Cardinal Innovative © American Avalanche Association, 2016 ISBN-13: 978-0-9760118-1-1 American Avalanche Association P.O. Box 248 Victor, ID. 83455 [email protected] www. americanavalancheassociation.org Citation: American Avalanche Association, 2016. Snow, Weather and Avalanches: Observation Guidelines for Avalanche Programs in the United States (3rd ed). Victor, ID. FRONT COVER PHOTO: courtesy Flathead Avalanche Center BACK COVER PHOTO: Chris Marshall 2 PREFACE It has now been 12 years since the American Avalanche Association, in cooperation with the USDA Forest Service National Ava- lanche Center, published the inaugural edition of Snow, Weather and Avalanches: Observational Guidelines for Avalanche Programs in the United States. As those of us involved in that first edition grow greyer and more wrinkled, a whole new generation of avalanche professionals is growing up not ever realizing that there was a time when no such guidelines existed. Of course, back then the group was smaller and the reference of the day was the 1978 edition of Perla and Martinelli’s Avalanche Handbook.
    [Show full text]
  • PHAK Chapter 12 Weather Theory
    Chapter 12 Weather Theory Introduction Weather is an important factor that influences aircraft performance and flying safety. It is the state of the atmosphere at a given time and place with respect to variables, such as temperature (heat or cold), moisture (wetness or dryness), wind velocity (calm or storm), visibility (clearness or cloudiness), and barometric pressure (high or low). The term “weather” can also apply to adverse or destructive atmospheric conditions, such as high winds. This chapter explains basic weather theory and offers pilots background knowledge of weather principles. It is designed to help them gain a good understanding of how weather affects daily flying activities. Understanding the theories behind weather helps a pilot make sound weather decisions based on the reports and forecasts obtained from a Flight Service Station (FSS) weather specialist and other aviation weather services. Be it a local flight or a long cross-country flight, decisions based on weather can dramatically affect the safety of the flight. 12-1 Atmosphere The atmosphere is a blanket of air made up of a mixture of 1% gases that surrounds the Earth and reaches almost 350 miles from the surface of the Earth. This mixture is in constant motion. If the atmosphere were visible, it might look like 2211%% an ocean with swirls and eddies, rising and falling air, and Oxygen waves that travel for great distances. Life on Earth is supported by the atmosphere, solar energy, 77 and the planet’s magnetic fields. The atmosphere absorbs 88%% energy from the sun, recycles water and other chemicals, and Nitrogen works with the electrical and magnetic forces to provide a moderate climate.
    [Show full text]
  • Research on Tibetan Teachers' Attitude Towards Inclusive Education
    PALACKÝ UNIVERSITY OLOMOUC Faculty of Education Institute of Special Education Studies Postgradual study programme: 75-06-V 002 Special Education Research on Tibetan Teachers’ Attitude towards Inclusive Education By Yu ZHOU, ME.d PhD study programme - Special Education Studies Supervisor Prof. PhDr. PaedDr. Miloň Potměšil, Ph.D. Olomouc, Czech Republic 2015 Declaration of Originality I, Yu ZHOU (Student number 80032169) declare that this dissertation entitled “Research on Tibetan Teachers’ Attitude towards Inclusive Education” and submitted as partial requirement for Ph.D. study programme of Special Education is my original work and that all the sources in any form (e.g. ideas, figures, texts, tables, etc.) that I have used or quoted have been indicated and acknowledged in the text as well as in the list of reference. __________________ __________________ Signature Date I Acknowledgements It is incredible to image that, have I achieved a Dr Monograph? Yes, I really made it right now!—therefore, I became the first person to get a Ph.D in my family history so that is sufficient to make my family and me proud. At the moment, I‘d like to this paper for myself who turns 37 next month as a perfect birthday present. It stands to reason that, I made an ideal blend of major and personal interest under the guidance of my supervisor Prof. PhDr. PaedDr. Miloň Potměšil, Ph.D., that my research can be completed successfully. I still have a cherished hand drawing which concerns about the Lhasa of Tibet and the Danba by him whom painted it face to face in his office originally.
    [Show full text]
  • Spatial and Temporal Changes and Driving Factors of Desertification in the Source Region of the Yellow River, China
    p-ISSN: 0972-6268 Nature Environment and Pollution Technology (Print copies up to 2016) Vol. 19 No. 4 pp. 1435-1442 2020 An International Quarterly Scientific Journal e-ISSN: 2395-3454 Original Research Paper Originalhttps://doi.org/10.46488/NEPT.2020.v19i04.009 Research Paper Open Access Journal Spatial and Temporal Changes and Driving Factors of Desertification in the Source Region of the Yellow River, China Q. G. Liu*† and Y. F. Huang** *Department of Tourism and Geography, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China ** Department of Biology Food and Environment, Hefei University, Hefei 230601, China †Corresponding author: Q. G. Liu; [email protected] ABSTRACT Nat. Env. & Poll. Tech. Website: www.neptjournal.com The source region of the Yellow River, located in the north-eastern edge of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, is an important water conservation region and ecological barrier of the Yellow River. In this paper, based Received: 03-12-2019 Revised: 21-01-2020 on remote sensing technology, multi-period Landsat remote sensing images in the source region were Accepted: 01-03-2020 taken as the main information source. With the assistance of field investigation, we monitored the spatial and temporal changes of desertification in the source region from 2000 to 2019. The results Key Words: show that the area of desertification in the source region has accounted for 9.36% of the total area, of Yellow river which the light desertification land is the major portion. The desertification is mainly distributed between Desertification the southern margin of Madoi Valley basin and the northern margin of Heihe Valley basin, and is Spatial and temporal distributed on the river valleys, lakesides, ancient rivers and piedmont proluvial fan, showing the form changes of patches, sheets and belts.
    [Show full text]
  • EOAR-Raport Tech-Bibliothèque
    Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence Marine EEEcosystemEcosystem OOOverviewOverview and AAAssessmentAssessment RRReportReport R. Dufour and P. Ouellet (editors) Science Branch Department of Fisheries and Oceans Maurice–Lamontagne Institut 850, route de la Mer Mont–Joli (Québec) G5H 3Z4 2007 Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 2744E Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences Technical reports contain scientific and technical information that contributes to existing knowledge but which is not normally appropriate for primary literature. Technical reports are directed primarily toward a worldwide audience and have an international distribution. No restriction is placed on subject matter and the series reflects the broad interests and policies of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, namely, fisheries and aquatic sciences. Technical reports may be cited as full publications. The correct citation appears above the abstract of each report. Each report is abstracted in the data base Aquatic Sciences and Fisheries Abstracts . Technical reports are produced regionally but are numbered nationally. Requests for individual reports will be filled by the issuing establishment listed on the front cover and title page. Numbers 1-456 in this series were issued as Technical Reports of the Fisheries Research Board of Canada. Numbers 457-714 were issued as Department of the Environment, Fisheries and Marine Service, Research and Development Directorate Technical Reports. Numbers 715-924 were issued as Department of Fisheries and Environment, Fisheries and Marine Service Technical Reports. The current series name was changed with report number 925. Rapport technique canadien des sciences halieutiques et aquatiques Les rapports techniques contiennent des renseignements scientifiques et techniques qui constituent une contribution aux connaissances actuelles, mais qui ne sont pas normalement appropriés pour la publication dans un journal scientifique.
    [Show full text]
  • 2A.2 a Simple Physically Based Snowfall Algorithm 1
    2A.2 A SIMPLE PHYSICALLY BASED SNOWFALL ALGORITHM Daniel K Cobb Jr.1 and Jeff Waldstreicher2 1NOAA/NWS, Weather Forecast Office, Caribou, Maine 2NOAA/NWS, Eastern Region Headquarters, Scientific Services Division, Bohemia, New York 1. INTRODUCTION provides a means for evaluation and adjustment by the operational forecaster. The era of highly detailed digital forecasts has raised client expectations and their demand for The following sections will briefly review the detailed and skillful quantitative snowfall forecasts snow microphysics used to construct the (QSF). The challenge of accurate QSF, given algorithm followed by a full description of the improved numerical weather prediction (NWP) of algorithm itself. Example applications of the quantitative precipitation forecasts (QPF), lies in algorithm to several snowstorms, which together the ability to accurately assess the snow ratio and sample the spectrum of observed snow ratio as its evolution throughout a winter storm. defined in climatological investigations by Baxter et al. (2005) will then be presented. Finally, A primary goal of this work is to improve upon conclusions and future work will be discussed. forecasts of significant snowfall by proposing a more skillful alternative to the traditional assumption of a 10:1 snow ratio (e.g. 10 inches of 2. BACKGROUND snow would equate to one inch of water when melted). A simple snowfall algorithm has been There are several recent studies that have created to accomplish this goal. The algorithm looked at both climatological distributions and effectively captures the storm average snow ratio ranges of observed snow ratios (e.g., Baxter et for each event which infers skill in forecasting the al.
    [Show full text]