Standardizing the Definition of a “Pulse” Thunderstorm
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Comparing Historical and Modern Methods of Sea Surface Temperature
EGU Journal Logos (RGB) Open Access Open Access Open Access Advances in Annales Nonlinear Processes Geosciences Geophysicae in Geophysics Open Access Open Access Natural Hazards Natural Hazards and Earth System and Earth System Sciences Sciences Discussions Open Access Open Access Atmospheric Atmospheric Chemistry Chemistry and Physics and Physics Discussions Open Access Open Access Atmospheric Atmospheric Measurement Measurement Techniques Techniques Discussions Open Access Open Access Biogeosciences Biogeosciences Discussions Open Access Open Access Climate Climate of the Past of the Past Discussions Open Access Open Access Earth System Earth System Dynamics Dynamics Discussions Open Access Geoscientific Geoscientific Open Access Instrumentation Instrumentation Methods and Methods and Data Systems Data Systems Discussions Open Access Open Access Geoscientific Geoscientific Model Development Model Development Discussions Open Access Open Access Hydrology and Hydrology and Earth System Earth System Sciences Sciences Discussions Open Access Ocean Sci., 9, 683–694, 2013 Open Access www.ocean-sci.net/9/683/2013/ Ocean Science doi:10.5194/os-9-683-2013 Ocean Science Discussions © Author(s) 2013. CC Attribution 3.0 License. Open Access Open Access Solid Earth Solid Earth Discussions Comparing historical and modern methods of sea surface Open Access Open Access The Cryosphere The Cryosphere temperature measurement – Part 1: Review of methods, Discussions field comparisons and dataset adjustments J. B. R. Matthews School of Earth and Ocean Sciences, University of Victoria, Victoria, BC, Canada Correspondence to: J. B. R. Matthews ([email protected]) Received: 3 August 2012 – Published in Ocean Sci. Discuss.: 20 September 2012 Revised: 31 May 2013 – Accepted: 12 June 2013 – Published: 30 July 2013 Abstract. Sea surface temperature (SST) has been obtained 1 Introduction from a variety of different platforms, instruments and depths over the past 150 yr. -
Handout 1: the History of the English Language 1. Proto-Indo-European
Handout 1: The history of the English language Cold climate: they had a word for snow: *sneigwh- (cf. Latin nix, Greek Seminar English Historical Linguistics and Dialectology, Andrew McIntyre niphos, Gothic snaiws, Gaelic sneachta). Words for beech, birch, elm, ash, oak, apple, cherry; bee, bear, beaver, eagle. 1. Proto-Indo-European (roughly 3500-2500 BC) Original location is also deduced from subsequent spread of IE languages. Bronze age technology. They had gold, silver, copper, but not iron. 1.1. Proto-Indo-European and linguistic reconstruction They rode horses and had domesticated sheep, cattle. Cattle a sign of wealth (cf. Most languages in Europe, and others in areas stretching as far as India, are called Indo- fee/German Vieh ‘cattle’, Latin pecunia ‘money’/pecus ‘cattle’) European languages, as they descend from a language called Proto-Indo-European Agriculture: cultivated cereals *gre-no- (>grain, corn), also grinding of corn (PIE). Here ‘proto’ means that there are no surviving texts in the language and thus that *mela- (cf. mill, meal); they also seem to have had ploughs and yokes. linguists reconstructed the language by comparing similarities and systematic differences Wheels and wagons (wheel < kw(e)-kwlo < kwel ‘go around’) between the languages descended from it. Religion: priests, polytheistic with sun worship *deiw-os ‘shine’ cf. Lat. deus, Gk. The table below gives examples of historically related words in different languages which Zeus, Sanskrit deva. Patriarchal, cf. Zeus pater, Iupiter, Sanskr. dyaus pitar. show either similarities in pronunciation, or systematic differences. Example: most IE Trade/exchange:*do- yields Lat. donare ‘give’ and a Hittite word meaning ‘take’, languages have /p/ in the first two lines, suggesting that PIE originally had /p/ in these *nem- > German nehmen ‘take’ but in Gk. -
3. Electrical Structure of Thunderstorm Clouds
3. Electrical Structure of Thunderstorm Clouds 1 Cloud Charge Structure and Mechanisms of Cloud Electrification An isolated thundercloud in the central New Mexico, with rudimentary indication of how electric charge is thought to be distributed and around the thundercloud, as inferred from the remote and in situ observations. Adapted from Krehbiel (1986). 2 2 Cloud Charge Structure and Mechanisms of Cloud Electrification A vertical tripole representing the idealized gross charge structure of a thundercloud. The negative screening layer charges at the cloud top and the positive corona space charge produced at ground are ignored here. 3 3 Cloud Charge Structure and Mechanisms of Cloud Electrification E = 2 E (−)cos( 90o−α) Q H = 2 2 3/2 2πεo()H + r sinα = k Q = const R2 ( ) Method of images for finding the electric field due to a negative point charge above a perfectly conducting ground at a field point located at the ground surface. 4 4 Cloud Charge Structure and Mechanisms of Cloud Electrification The electric field at ground due to the vertical tripole, labeled “Total”, as a function of the distance from the axis of the tripole. Also shown are the contributions to the total electric field from the three individual charges of the tripole. An upward directed electric field is defined as positive (according to the physics sign convention). 5 5 Cloud Charge Structure and Mechanisms of Cloud Electrification Electric Field Change Due to Negative Cloud-to-Ground Discharge Electric Field Change Due to a Cloud Discharge Electric Field Change, kV/m Change, Electric Field Electric Field Change, kV/m Change, Electric Field Distance, km Distance, km Electric field change at ground, due to the Electric field change at ground, due to the total removal of the negative charge of the total removal of the negative and upper vertical tripole via a cloud-to-ground positive charges of the vertical tripole via a discharge, as a function of distance from cloud discharge, as a function of distance from the axis of the tripole. -
Starry Starry Night Part 1
Starry Starry Night Part 1 DO NOT WRITE ON THIS PORTION OF THE TEST 1. If a lunar eclipse occurs tonight, when is the soonest a solar eclipse can occur? A) Tomorrow B) In two weeks C) In six months D) In one year 2. The visible surface of the Sun is called its A) corona B) photosphere C) chromosphere D) atmosphere 3. Which moon in the Solar System has lakes and rivers on it: A) Triton B) Charon C) Titan D) Europa 4. The sixth planet from the Sun is: A) Mars B) Jupiter C) Saturn D) Uranus 5. The orbits of the planets and dwarf planets around the Sun are in the shape of: A) An eclipse B) A circle C) An ellipse D) None of the above 6. True or False: During the summer and winter solstices, nighttime and daytime are of equal length. 7. The diameter of the observable universe is estimated to be A) 93 billion miles B) 93 billion astronomical units C) 93 billion light years D) 93 trillion miles 8. Asteroids in the same orbit as Jupiter -- in front and behind it -- are called: A) Greeks B) Centaurs C) Trojans D) Kuiper Belt Objects 9. Saturn's rings are made mostly of: A) Methane ice B) Water ice C) Ammonia ice D) Ice cream 10. The highest volcano in the Solar System is on: A) Earth B) Venus C) Mars D) Io 11. The area in the Solar System just beyond the orbit of Neptune populated by icy bodies is called A) The asteroid belt B) The Oort cloud C) The Kuiper Belt D) None of the above 12. -
Conspicuity of High-Visibility Safety Apparel During Civil Twilight
UMTRI-2006-13 JUNE 2006 CONSPICUITY OF HIGH-VISIBILITY SAFETY APPAREL DURING CIVIL TWILIGHT JAMES R. SAYER MARY LYNN MEFFORD CONSPICUITY OF HIGH-VISIBILITY SAFETY APPAREL DURING CIVIL TWILIGHT James R. Sayer Mary Lynn Mefford The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute Ann Arbor, MI 48109-2150 U.S.A. Report No. UMTRI-2006-13 June 2006 Technical Report Documentation Page 1. Report No. 2. Government Accession No. 3. Recipient’s Catalog No. UMTRI-2006-13 4. Title and Subtitle 5. Report Date Conspicuity of High-Visibility Safety Apparel During Civil June 2006 Twilight 6. Performing Organization Code 302753 7. Author(s) 8. Performing Organization Report No. Sayer, J.R. and Mefford, M.L. UMTRI-2006-13 9. Performing Organization Name and Address 10. Work Unit no. (TRAIS) The University of Michigan Transportation Research Institute 11. Contract or Grant No. 2901 Baxter Road Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109-2150 U.S.A. 12. Sponsoring Agency Name and Address 13. Type of Report and Period Covered The University of Michigan Industry Affiliation Program for 14. Sponsoring Agency Code Human Factors in Transportation Safety 15. Supplementary Notes The Affiliation Program currently includes Alps Automotive/Alpine Electronics, Autoliv, Avery Dennison, Bendix, BMW, Bosch, Com-Corp Industries, DaimlerChrysler, DBM Reflex, Decoma Autosystems, Denso, Federal-Mogul, Ford, GE, General Motors, Gentex, Grote Industries, Guide Corporation, Hella, Honda, Ichikoh Industries, Koito Manufacturing, Lang- Mekra North America, Magna Donnelly, Muth, Nissan, North American Lighting, Northrop Grumman, OSRAM Sylvania, Philips Lighting, Renault, Schefenacker International, Sisecam, SL Corporation, Stanley Electric, Toyota Technical Center, USA, Truck-Lite, Valeo, Visteon, 3M Personal Safety Products and 3M Traffic Safety Systems Information about the Affiliation Program is available at: http://www.umich.edu/~industry 16. -
An Observational Analysis Quantifying the Distance of Supercell-Boundary Interactions in the Great Plains
Magee, K. M., and C. E. Davenport, 2020: An observational analysis quantifying the distance of supercell-boundary interactions in the Great Plains. J. Operational Meteor., 8 (2), 15-38, doi: https://doi.org/10.15191/nwajom.2020.0802 An Observational Analysis Quantifying the Distance of Supercell-Boundary Interactions in the Great Plains KATHLEEN M. MAGEE National Weather Service Huntsville, Huntsville, AL CASEY E. DAVENPORT University of North Carolina at Charlotte, Charlotte, NC (Manuscript received 11 June 2019; review completed 7 October 2019) ABSTRACT Several case studies and numerical simulations have hypothesized that baroclinic boundaries provide enhanced horizontal and vertical vorticity, wind shear, helicity, and moisture that induce stronger updrafts, higher reflectivity, and stronger low-level rotation in supercells. However, the distance at which a surface boundary will provide such enhancement is less well-defined. Previous studies have identified enhancement at distances ranging from 10 km to 200 km, and only focused on tornado production and intensity, rather than all forms of severe weather. To better aid short-term forecasts, the observed distances at which supercells produce severe weather in proximity to a boundary needs to be assessed. In this study, the distance between a large number of observed supercells and nearby surface boundaries (including warm fronts, stationary fronts, and outflow boundaries) is measured throughout the lifetime of each storm; the distance at which associated reports of large hail and tornadoes occur is also collected. Statistical analyses assess the sensitivity of report distributions to report type, boundary type, boundary strength, angle of interaction, and direction of storm motion relative to the boundary. -
Hurricane Knowledge
Hurricane Knowledge Storm conditions can vary on the intensity, size and even the angle which the tropical cyclone approaches your area, so it is vital you understand what the forecasters and news reporters are telling you. Tropical Depressions are cyclones with winds of 38 mph. Tropical Storms vary in wind speeds from 39-73 mph while Hurricanes have winds 74 mph and greater. Typically, the upper right quadrant of the storm (the center wrapping around the eye) is the most intense portion of the storm. The greatest threats are damaging winds, storm surge and flooding. This is in part why Hurricane Katrina was so catastrophic when bringing up to 28-foot storm surges onto the Louisiana and Mississippi coastlines. A Tropical Storm Watch is when tropical storm conditions are possible in the area. A Hurricane Watch is when hurricane conditions are possible in the area. Watches are issued 48 hours in advance of the anticipated onset of tropical storm force winds. A Tropical Storm Warning is when tropical storm conditions are expected in the area. A Hurricane Warning is when hurricane conditions are expected in the area. Warnings are issued 36 hours in advance of tropical storm force winds. Here are a few more terms used when discussing hurricanes: Eye: Clear, sometimes well-defined center of the storm with calmer conditions. Eye Wall: Surrounding the eye, contains some of the most severe weather of the storm with the highest wind speed and largest precipitation. Rain Bands: Bands coming off the cyclone that produce severe weather conditions such as heavy rain, wind and tornadoes. -
Mechanisms for Organization and Echo Training in a Flash-Flood-Producing Mesoscale Convective System
1058 MONTHLY WEATHER REVIEW VOLUME 143 Mechanisms for Organization and Echo Training in a Flash-Flood-Producing Mesoscale Convective System JOHN M. PETERS AND RUSS S. SCHUMACHER Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado (Manuscript received 19 February 2014, in final form 18 December 2014) ABSTRACT In this research, a numerical simulation of an observed training line/adjoining stratiform (TL/AS)-type mesoscale convective system (MCS) was used to investigate processes leading to upwind propagation of convection and quasi-stationary behavior. The studied event produced damaging flash flooding near Dubuque, Iowa, on the morning of 28 July 2011. The simulated convective system well emulated characteristics of the observed system and produced comparable rainfall totals. In the simulation, there were two cold pool–driven convective surges that exited the region where heavy rainfall was produced. Low-level unstable flow, which was initially convectively in- hibited, overrode the surface cold pool subsequent to these convective surges, was gradually lifted to the point of saturation, and reignited deep convection. Mechanisms for upstream lifting included persistent large-scale warm air advection, displacement of parcels over the surface cold pool, and an upstream mesolow that formed between 0500 and 1000 UTC. Convection tended to propagate with the movement of the southeast portion of the outflow boundary, but did not propagate with the southwest outflow boundary. This was explained by the vertical wind shear profile over the depth of the cold pool being favorable (unfavorable) for initiation of new convection along the southeast (southwest) cold pool flank. A combination of a southward-oriented pressure gradient force in the cold pool and upward transport of opposing southerly flow away from the boundary layer moved the outflow boundary southward. -
Climatic Information of Western Sahel F
Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Clim. Past Discuss., 10, 3877–3900, 2014 www.clim-past-discuss.net/10/3877/2014/ doi:10.5194/cpd-10-3877-2014 CPD © Author(s) 2014. CC Attribution 3.0 License. 10, 3877–3900, 2014 This discussion paper is/has been under review for the journal Climate of the Past (CP). Climatic information Please refer to the corresponding final paper in CP if available. of Western Sahel V. Millán and Climatic information of Western Sahel F. S. Rodrigo (1535–1793 AD) in original documentary sources Title Page Abstract Introduction V. Millán and F. S. Rodrigo Conclusions References Department of Applied Physics, University of Almería, Carretera de San Urbano, s/n, 04120, Almería, Spain Tables Figures Received: 11 September 2014 – Accepted: 12 September 2014 – Published: 26 September J I 2014 Correspondence to: F. S. Rodrigo ([email protected]) J I Published by Copernicus Publications on behalf of the European Geosciences Union. Back Close Full Screen / Esc Printer-friendly Version Interactive Discussion 3877 Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Discussion Paper | Abstract CPD The Sahel is the semi-arid transition zone between arid Sahara and humid tropical Africa, extending approximately 10–20◦ N from Mauritania in the West to Sudan in the 10, 3877–3900, 2014 East. The African continent, one of the most vulnerable regions to climate change, 5 is subject to frequent droughts and famine. One climate challenge research is to iso- Climatic information late those aspects of climate variability that are natural from those that are related of Western Sahel to human influences. -
NWS Unified Surface Analysis Manual
Unified Surface Analysis Manual Weather Prediction Center Ocean Prediction Center National Hurricane Center Honolulu Forecast Office November 21, 2013 Table of Contents Chapter 1: Surface Analysis – Its History at the Analysis Centers…………….3 Chapter 2: Datasets available for creation of the Unified Analysis………...…..5 Chapter 3: The Unified Surface Analysis and related features.……….……….19 Chapter 4: Creation/Merging of the Unified Surface Analysis………….……..24 Chapter 5: Bibliography………………………………………………….…….30 Appendix A: Unified Graphics Legend showing Ocean Center symbols.….…33 2 Chapter 1: Surface Analysis – Its History at the Analysis Centers 1. INTRODUCTION Since 1942, surface analyses produced by several different offices within the U.S. Weather Bureau (USWB) and the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA’s) National Weather Service (NWS) were generally based on the Norwegian Cyclone Model (Bjerknes 1919) over land, and in recent decades, the Shapiro-Keyser Model over the mid-latitudes of the ocean. The graphic below shows a typical evolution according to both models of cyclone development. Conceptual models of cyclone evolution showing lower-tropospheric (e.g., 850-hPa) geopotential height and fronts (top), and lower-tropospheric potential temperature (bottom). (a) Norwegian cyclone model: (I) incipient frontal cyclone, (II) and (III) narrowing warm sector, (IV) occlusion; (b) Shapiro–Keyser cyclone model: (I) incipient frontal cyclone, (II) frontal fracture, (III) frontal T-bone and bent-back front, (IV) frontal T-bone and warm seclusion. Panel (b) is adapted from Shapiro and Keyser (1990) , their FIG. 10.27 ) to enhance the zonal elongation of the cyclone and fronts and to reflect the continued existence of the frontal T-bone in stage IV. -
Dark Model Adaptation: Semantic Image Segmentation from Daytime to Nighttime
Dark Model Adaptation: Semantic Image Segmentation from Daytime to Nighttime Dengxin Dai1 and Luc Van Gool1;2 Abstract— This work addresses the problem of semantic also under these adverse conditions. In this work, we focus image segmentation of nighttime scenes. Although considerable on semantic object recognition for nighttime driving scenes. progress has been made in semantic image segmentation, it Robust object recognition using visible light cameras is mainly related to daytime scenarios. This paper proposes a novel method to progressive adapt the semantic models trained remains a difficult problem. This is because the structural, on daytime scenes, along with large-scale annotations therein, textural and/or color features needed for object recognition to nighttime scenes via the bridge of twilight time — the time sometimes do not exist or highly disbursed by artificial lights, between dawn and sunrise, or between sunset and dusk. The to the point where it is difficult to recognize the objects goal of the method is to alleviate the cost of human annotation even for human. The problem is further compounded by for nighttime images by transferring knowledge from standard daytime conditions. In addition to the method, a new dataset camera noise [32] and motion blur. Due to this reason, of road scenes is compiled; it consists of 35,000 images ranging there are systems using far-infrared (FIR) cameras instead from daytime to twilight time and to nighttime. Also, a subset of the widely used visible light cameras for nighttime scene of the nighttime images are densely annotated for method understanding [31], [11]. Far-infrared (FIR) cameras can be evaluation. -
Severe Thunderstorms and Tornadoes Toolkit
SEVERE THUNDERSTORMS AND TORNADOES TOOLKIT A planning guide for public health and emergency response professionals WISCONSIN CLIMATE AND HEALTH PROGRAM Bureau of Environmental and Occupational Health dhs.wisconsin.gov/climate | SEPTEMBER 2016 | [email protected] State of Wisconsin | Department of Health Services | Division of Public Health | P-01037 (Rev. 09/2016) 1 CONTENTS Introduction Definitions Guides Guide 1: Tornado Categories Guide 2: Recognizing Tornadoes Guide 3: Planning for Severe Storms Guide 4: Staying Safe in a Tornado Guide 5: Staying Safe in a Thunderstorm Guide 6: Lightning Safety Guide 7: After a Severe Storm or Tornado Guide 8: Straight-Line Winds Safety Guide 9: Talking Points Guide 10: Message Maps Appendices Appendix A: References Appendix B: Additional Resources ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The Wisconsin Severe Thunderstorms and Tornadoes Toolkit was made possible through funding from cooperative agreement 5UE1/EH001043-02 from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and the commitment of many individuals at the Wisconsin Department of Health Services (DHS), Bureau of Environmental and Occupational Health (BEOH), who contributed their valuable time and knowledge to its development. Special thanks to: Jeffrey Phillips, RS, Director of the Bureau of Environmental and Occupational Health, DHS Megan Christenson, MS,MPH, Epidemiologist, DHS Stephanie Krueger, Public Health Associate, CDC/ DHS Margaret Thelen, BRACE LTE Angelina Hansen, BRACE LTE For more information, please contact: Colleen Moran, MS, MPH Climate and Health Program Manager Bureau of Environmental and Occupational Health 1 W. Wilson St., Room 150 Madison, WI 53703 [email protected] 608-266-6761 2 INTRODUCTION Purpose The purpose of the Wisconsin Severe Thunderstorms and Tornadoes Toolkit is to provide information to local governments, health departments, and citizens in Wisconsin about preparing for and responding to severe storm events, including tornadoes.