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Yearbook of Muslims in Europe Volume 4

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Yearbook of Muslims in Europe Volume 4 Yearbook of Muslims in Europe Volume 4 Editor-in-Chief Jørgen S. Nielsen Editors Samim Akgönül Ahmet Alibašić Egdūnas Račius LEIDEN • BOSTON 2012 © 2012 Koninklijke Brill NV ISBN 978-90-04-22521-3 CONTENTS The Editors ........................................................................................................ ix Editorial Advisers ............................................................................................ xi Foreword ........................................................................................................... xiii COUNTRY SURVEYS Albania ............................................................................................................... 1 Olsi Jazexhi Armenia ............................................................................................................. 17 Sevak Karamyan Austria ................................................................................................................ 27 Thomas Schmidinger Azerbaijan ......................................................................................................... 41 Bayram Balci and Altay Goyushov Belarus ................................................................................................................ 57 Daša Słabčanka Belgium .............................................................................................................. 69 Nadia Fadil Bosnia and Herzegovina ............................................................................... 95 Aid Smajić Bulgaria .............................................................................................................. 115 Aziz Nazmi Shakir Croatia ................................................................................................................ 133 Dino Mujadžević Cyprus ................................................................................................................. 143 Ali Dayıoğlu and Mete Hatay Czech Republic ................................................................................................ 161 Štěpán Macháček Denmark ............................................................................................................ 175 Brian Arly Jacobsen Estonia ................................................................................................................ 193 Ringo Ringvee and Egdūnas Račius Finland ............................................................................................................... 201 Tuomas Martikainen © 2012 Koninklijke Brill NV ISBN 978-90-04-22521-3 vi contents France ................................................................................................................. 211 Franck Frégosi Georgia ............................................................................................................... 229 Satenik Mkrtchyan Germany ............................................................................................................ 245 Mathias Rohe Greece ................................................................................................................. 269 Konstantinos Tsitselikis Hungary ............................................................................................................. 281 Norbert Pap and Éva Ladányi Iceland ................................................................................................................ 289 Göran Larsson Ireland ................................................................................................................ 295 Victoria Montgomery Italy ..................................................................................................................... 313 Stella Coglievina Kosovo ................................................................................................................ 331 Besa Ismaili Latvia .................................................................................................................. 345 Egdūnas Račius and Valters Ščerbinskis Liechtenstein .................................................................................................... 353 Thomas Schmidinger Lithuania ............................................................................................................ 359 Egdūnas Račius Luxembourg ...................................................................................................... 367 Sylvain Besch Macedonia ......................................................................................................... 377 Muharem Jahja Malta ................................................................................................................... 389 Martin R. Zammit Moldova ............................................................................................................. 397 Aurelia Felea Montenegro ...................................................................................................... 413 Sabina Pacariz Netherlands ....................................................................................................... 421 Martijn de Koning Norway ............................................................................................................... 441 Christine M. Jacobsen and Oddbjørn Leirvik Poland ................................................................................................................. 455 Agata S. Nalborczyk and Stanisław Grodź © 2012 Koninklijke Brill NV ISBN 978-90-04-22521-3 contents vii Portugal .............................................................................................................. 469 Nina Clara Tiesler and José Mapril Romania ............................................................................................................. 481 Irina Vainovski-Mihai Russia .................................................................................................................. 495 Elmira Akhmetova Serbia .................................................................................................................. 517 Ahmet Alibašić Slovakia .............................................................................................................. 531 Jaroslav Drobný Slovenia .............................................................................................................. 537 Christian Moe Spain ................................................................................................................... 545 Jordi Moreras Sweden ............................................................................................................... 563 Göran Larsson Switzerland ....................................................................................................... 577 Stéphane Lathion and Andreas Tunger-Zanetti Turkey ................................................................................................................. 591 Ahmet Yildiz Ukraine ............................................................................................................... 607 Elmira Muratova United Kingdom .............................................................................................. 619 Seán McLoughlin © 2012 Koninklijke Brill NV ISBN 978-90-04-22521-3 SWITZERLAND Stéphane Lathion and Andreas Tunger-Zanetti1 1 Muslim Populations Prior to 1960, the presence of Muslims within the Swiss population was rare. That changed with three waves of immigration. The fijirst wave, in the late 1960s, was mainly caused by economic factors and consisted chiefly of men coming to work in Switzerland with no particular intention to stay permanently in the country. These immigrants were mostly from Tur- key, the former Yugoslavia and Albania. The second wave came in the late 1970s, after Switzerland changed its legislation concerning foreigners to allow family reunion. This decision had direct implications: from this point on, Islam was no longer an ephemeral, male social factor in Switzer- land but, with the presence of families, had become a lasting reality. The last, political, wave consisted of foreigners seeking asylum from oppres- sive dictatorships, various civil wars, famines and other situations. More accurately, this is not so much a wave as much as an ongoing movement, since it started in the 1960s (mainly from the Middle East) and continues today with the exodus of people from the Middle East, the former Yugo- slavia, North Africa and other African countries. Censuses in Switzerland have been carried out every ten years since 1850 and always included the question of afffijiliation to a religious commu- nity. With the 2010 census the method of data collection changed funda- mentally, and the consequences for the accuracy of statistics on religion are not yet clear. The Swiss Federal Statistical Offfijice has announced that the new fijigures will be published in June 2012. Therefore this report is based on the 2000 fijigures. In 2000, 301,807 individuals declaring their afffijiliation to Islam were liv- ing in Switzerland, making up 4.3% of the population. For several reasons 1 Dr Stéphane Lathion is founder of GRIS (Research Group on Islam in Switzerland) and a researcher associated with l’Observatoire des Religions en Suisse, University of Lausanne. His latest book is Islam et modernité, Identités entre mairie et mosquée (Islam and modernity, Identities between Mosque and Secular State) (Paris: Desclée de Brouwer, 2010). Dr Andreas Tunger-Zanetti is coordinator of the Centre for Research on Religion at the University
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