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Home , 1977 in British radio, Brian Redhead, Grace Wyndham Goldie, Helen Boaden, Hilda Matheson, Ian McIntyre

Glossary of Names∗

Jenny Abramsky

Jenny Abramsky was a key figure in the development of and current affairs and was of the most vocal and effective advocates of a radio network dedicated to news. She was at various times Editor of PM (the first woman to be an Editor of one of the radio sequences), then and Today (April 1986–October 1987). In her brief time at Today she made a presenter and promoted Sue MacGregor. Abramsky was determined to launch a rolling news service and is generally credited with the creation of Radio Five Live in 1994. In 1999 she was appointed Director, Radio and Music, and so became the most senior woman in the BBC.1

Isa Benzie

Isa Benzie joined the BBC in the early 1930s but had to leave in 1937 on mar- rying a because of the rule that husband and wife could not both work in the corporation. During the war she worked at the Ministry of Information2 but returned as a talks producer after the war and worked together with Janet Quigley on Woman’s Hour, taking a special interest in its current affairs content. Isa Benzie is ‘an unjustly neglected name in postwar radio history’3 but Donovan makes it clear in his history of Today that she played a crucial role in the development of the programme. She took control of plans for the ‘Morning Miscellany’ and was the programme’s first producer (working with her boss, Janet Quigley).

Helen Boaden

A central figure in the history of news and current affairs radio, per- sonifies the Reithian tradition of serious public service broadcasting. Her career began at Radio Tees in the early 1980s, and in 1983, she moved to Radio Leeds. Staying in the north she moved to File on Four in , and one of her first programmes as reporter was broadcast in March 1986; it began with the words, ‘State education is in crisis’, and the assertive and slightly uncompromising qual- ity of that statement was not untypical. She was a highly successful reporter, and one of her particular triumphs was a very early report on AIDS in Africa, also broadcast in 1986. In May 1991, Helen Boaden took over the role of Editor of File on Four from Gerry Northam, a position she held for the next four years. Her own reflections on that time, supported by the comments of some colleagues, support the idea that she was a very demanding Editor with some of the certainty and very high journalistic standards of an older BBC. Her career since that time

199 200 Glossary of Names has been impressive, including being the first woman Head of Current Affairs, Controller of Radio Four and then, in 2004, Director of BBC News.

Stephen Bonarjee

Stephen Bonarjee played a vital role in the transition from talks to the news and current affairs magazine epitomised by Today. Bonarjee was the first and only Editor of the innovative and at times controversial talks magazine, At Home and Abroad (1954–60), where he worked with Ian McIntyre and Tony Whitby. He was committed to topicality and immediacy in the programme and also to the importance of attracting the most prominent people as contributors. He was a radical and innovative producer but at the same time shared John Green’s caution about the use of recordings. In 1963 Today moved from Talks to News and Current Affairs and Bonarjee became one of the programme Editors. He wanted a less ‘jolly’ and a ‘sharper’ and ‘harder’ style, although the presence of Jack de Manio as presenter made that a difficult task.

John Coatman

When Reith split News from Talks in 1934, the new post of Senior News Edi- tor went to the former Professor of Imperial Economic Relations at the School of Economics, John Coatman. He was seen by some as a ‘right wing offset’4 to the more radical domain of Talks under the control of Charles Siepmann. This separation of news and comment was to have a great influence on the future shape of news and current affairs in the BBC. Coatman appears to have been an effective head of what was then a very small part of the BBC; soon after his arrival he appointed the corporation’s first two professional ; nevertheless, in his six years as Head of News the BBC was heavily reliant on news agencies for its bulletins.5

Jenny Cuffe

Jenny Cuffe joined the BBC’s trainee scheme in 1974 and, after a short spell in BBC local radio, became a producer for Woman’s Hour where she stayed till the end of the 1980s. In that time she became particularly interested in child abuse stories, including the Cleveland child abuse affair. She joined the reporting staff of File on Four under the editorship of Helen Boaden and stayed to become one of the most recognisable women on Radio Four. She played an important part in the feminisation of factual radio output and contributed to a feminist influence on both Woman’s Hour and File on Four.

Jack de Manio

Jack de Manio was the presenter of Today from 1958 to 1971, during which time it was generally regarded as the ‘Jack de Manio programme’. De Manio was very much a part of the old BBC, having worked on the Forces Programme in Glossary of Names 201 the war and then became an announcer on the BBC General Overseas Service and the Home Service in the 1950s. Paul Donovan devotes a chapter of his his- tory of Today to ‘Jolly Jack’, and the references to his ‘rich gin-and-tonic voice’ and ‘golf-club, bar stool manner’ go some way to describing de Manio’s style of presentation.6 De Manio was famously prone to making mistakes in his eccen- tric presentation of Today, which was at that time a far less serious or political programme. He was well-known for not being able to tell the time correctly and his occasionally embarrassing gaffes were legendary. As the Editor, Stephen Bonarjee, made Today a more serious and political programme in the late 1960s, so de Manio’s style was increasingly problematic and in 1971 he was removed to make way for more serious journalists, notably . In her autobi- ography, Sue MacGregor is withering about de Manio: the ‘golf club bore’ who was ‘fond of his whiskies and increasingly unpredictable’.7 Her dismissive com- ments are justified but de Manio was also an extremely popular and successful broadcaster who was more innovative at Today than is generally acknowledged. In particular, his willingness to work outside the studio, gathering vox pops and actuality or going on tour, suggest he was a more creative broadcaster than is often realised.

Richard Dimbleby

One of the most, if not the most, important figures in the development of radio news in Britain, Dimbleby joined the BBC in 1936 as one of the first radio reporters and quickly established himself as an ambitious and brave radio news pioneer. He reported live on the destruction of Crystal Palace in 1936 but it was his wartime broadcasts that were to make his name. He managed to get into France just before the German invasion across the Maginot line in June 1940 and then joined the British Army in North Africa. Dimbleby was a vital part of BBC news after D-Day, reporting from a Lancaster bomber and, famously, on the liber- ation of the Belsen concentration camp. Like, J. B. Priestley, that other great war commentator, Dimbleby expressed his personality on air and so exploited radio’s capacity for intimate communication.8

George Fischer

One of a group of central European émigrés recruited to the BBC in the 1950s and 1960s,9 Fischer had fled from Hungary in 1956 as Soviet tanks moved in. After settling in Britain he joined the Hungarian section of the World Service in 1963. He became a producer of talks in the late 1960s and began to work with Ian McIntyre with whom he was to forge a close and influential alliance. Fischer became the first producer of Analysis and worked extensively with McIntyre as presenter. In 1972 he was promoted to Head of Radio Talks and Documentaries. One of his most important decisions was to recruit Mary Goldring as the main presenter of Analysis to follow McIntyre in 1975. Fischer, together with McIntyre, Whitby and Hearst, was one of the main enforcers of the Reithian turn in 1970s radio, partly documented in the minutes of the Radio Weekly Programme Review Board. He was deeply committed to rigour and standards in radio and a ferocious 202 Glossary of Names opponent of what he saw as second rate and derivative in populist radio. When McIntyre became Controller in 1976, Fischer was his most important lieutenant.

Frank Gillard

One of BBC radio’s most important and influential figures, Frank Gillard joined the BBC in 1941 and became a . His reports included the Normandy landings and the link-up between American and Soviet forces at the River Elbe in 1945.10 After the war, Gillard became Controller, West Region (based in Bristol), where he created Any Questions. At that time, Gillard developed his deep commitment to local radio, inspired by a visit to the USA. From 1963 to 1970 he was Director, Sound Broadcasting/Managing Director of Radio. This was a crucial period for BBC Radio and Gillard, along with his close colleague, Gerard Mansell, was a powerful voice for change in radio output. Famously he axed the much-loved Children’s Hour in 1964 and also closed down the Fea- tures Department.11 Gillard was the main architect of the redesign of the radio networks in 1967 (as One, Two, Three and Four) and the launch of the pop music network, Radio One. He was the father of BBC local radio, launched in 1968. Almost everything Gillard did in the 1960s won him enemies in the Reithian and more elitist corners of the BBC and he was, like his boss, the Director-General, Hugh Carleton Greene, a populist and a visionary.

Mary Goldring

A well-known business and economics , Goldring joined The Economist magazine in the late 1940s. Her trenchant critique of the Anglo-French aeroplane, Concorde, in the 1960s helped establish her reputation as an uncompromis- ing and occasionally iconoclastic journalist. In 1975 she was chosen by George Fischer to present her first Analysis and then became Ian McIntyre’s successor as the main presenter, from 1975 to 1983. There are two notable features of Goldring’s Analysis career. She was totally unlike McIntyre, with her clipped and slightly hectoring style of presentation. She used direct address in her scripted contributions (repeated use of ‘you’ and ‘I’) and in her interviews was far more confrontational than other presenters. The result was a peculiarly arresting style of radio presentation. Goldring was also sympathetic to a right-wing perspective, something that was particularly clear in her comments on trade unions and the welfare state. Her politics now seem reminiscent of Margaret Thatcher’s and, com- bined with their shared moral certainty, invites comparisons between the two of them. Unlike Thatcher, however, her sympathy for the victims of Britain’s indus- trial decline, the long-term unemployed in particular, was powerfully expressed and clearly deeply felt. As a result she was a brilliant and subtle presenter and arguably the finest current affairs broadcaster of her generation.

John Green

A pivotal figure in the transition from the radio talk to the talks magazine and so on to radio current affairs, John Green was a classic representative of the British establishment: a graduate of Cambridge (where he was president of the union), a Glossary of Names 203 barrister by training and a Conservative. He joined the BBC in 1934, appointed by Reith, and was one of the right-leaning talks producers under Maconachie who came, in Green’s words, to ‘love’ their grand boss. Before the war, Green spe- cialised in producing gardening and agricultural talks and after it became Chief Assistant, Talks, under another Reith appointee, Mary Somerville. It was then that Green played such an important part in the development of talks; he was described by Asa Briggs as ‘a central figure in the drive towards topicality’.12 He grappled with the various problems of topical talks in the post-war period and became Head of Current Affairs, Talks, in 1950. He then succeeded Somerville as Controller, Talks (Sound), and, together with Stephen Bonarjee, launched the innovative talks magazine, At Home and Abroad. His forward-looking, even radi- cal, side was balanced by a more conservative, Reithian caution, which made him one of the most vocal opponents of the use of recordings in radio.

Michael Green

The longest-serving Controller, Radio Four, from 1986 to 1996, Green was one of the most influential figures in BBC radio current affairs and a protégé of Ian McIntyre. He joined BBC local radio at its inception in 1967 and then became a talks producer in Manchester. Green was a producer on Analysis in the 1970s, where he worked with McIntyre – with whom he developed the idea for File on Four – and he was the first Editor of that programme in 1977. Michael Green is presented here as a pivotal figure in the development of radio current affairs. He inherited Reithian broadcasting values and a healthy scepticism about radio while also being the originator of the triumphant File on Four. Green took the best parts of the McIntyre legacy and made them relevant for radio current affairs in the new century.

Hugh Carleton Greene

As Director of News and Current Affairs (1958–59) and Director-General of the BBC (1960–69), Greene was a radical and liberal leader at a time of consider- able cultural change. Two of his achievements are important for a history of news and current affairs. He managed to remove the deadweight of Tahu Hole from his position as Editor, News, and so liberate News after ten years of decline. Greene was also responsible for helping to loosen up the rigid distinction between news and comment on radio. He closed down the talks magazine, At Home and Abroad, and the iconic Nine O’Clock News and replaced them with Ten O’Clock, which combined a degree of news and comment and heralded the controver- sial lunchtime news and comment programme, The World at One. Greene was a highly influential figure who allowed the radical cultural and social change tak- ing place in society at the time to change, for the better, the organisation for which he was responsible.13

William Hardcastle

The World at One was launched in 1965 and reflected Gerard Mansell’s more liberal approach to the combination of news and comment. He chose William 204 Glossary of Names

Hardcastle, a former editor of the , as presenter. Hardcastle had little time for the niceties of BBC radio and broke many of the conventions of news and comment in his often garbled delivery.14 He experimented with vox pops and the use of actuality and created an urgency and immediacy in the innova- tive lunchtime programme. Hardcastle also presented The World This Weekend. It was partly because of Hardcastle’s despised transgressions that the purer form of current affairs was created in the 1970s, typified by Analysis and File on Four.

Philip Harding

The Editor of Today (1987–93) and one of the architects of Radio Five Live, Harding had a successful career in television current affairs working on both Panorama and . He arrived at Today as a fully formed political journalist and proceeded to take the programme further into the centre of British political life. He was determined to get the ‘big hitters’ of public life onto the programme, which he succeeded in doing, and he was also instrumental in the development of the tough style of the Today interview. Harding presided over Today at an inter- esting time in British politics as Thatcher gave way to her successor, John Major. For one commentator, ‘Harding made Today indispensible.’15 In 1993 he headed a committee that looked into the options for a rolling news service on radio, which eventually led to the creation of Five Live.16

John Humphrys

A presenter of Today since 1987, and widely seen as ‘the voice of Today’, Humphrys began his long media career in local at the age of 15. In 1965 he joined the BBC as a reporter in , appearing on programmes such as William Hardcastle’s The World at One. He went on to become a highly successful foreign correspondent and the first full-time BBC correspondent in both the USA and . After a not entirely happy spell as a televi- sion he was recruited to Today by Jenny Abramsky to replace John Timpson. Initially Humphrys worked alongside and then, under the editorship of , the ‘troika’ of Humphrys, MacGregor and Naughtie was created. John Humphrys is arguably the most important political interviewer of his generation, developing on Today his well-known and much-discussed inquisito- rial style. In doing this he was encouraged and supported both by Mosey and, significantly, by the Director-General, John Birt.17

Ian McIntyre

Appointed as a talks producer in 1957 by John Green, the influential Reithian and Controller, Talks. McIntyre worked on the talks magazine At Home and Abroad with Tony Whitby. In the 1960s he pursued his political interests and worked for the Conservative Party and stood, unsuccessfully, for election to parliament. Later in the 1960s McIntyre was an occasional presenter of radio talks and began to work with the producer, George Fischer. In 1970 he became the main presenter of Glossary of Names 205

Analysis, again working with Fischer. He was appointed Controller of Radio Four (September 1976–June 1978) before becoming Controller, Radio Three. McIntyre was a profoundly important figure in the development of radio current affairs and the embodiment of traditional broadcasting values partly inherited from John Green himself and then passed on to McIntyre’s principal protégé, Michael Green. He was central to the reaction against the pacy but more derivative journalism of programmes like The World at One. He made Analysis the full expres- sion of a purer form of current affairs, intellectually challenging and rigorously researched. His powerful alliance with George Fischer created a restatement of Reithian broadcasting values underpinned by a belief in the value and even the supremacy of radio over television. Few former BBC staff can point to a meaning- ful legacy18 but McIntyre’s is surely that deeply held belief in the importance and value of radio as a medium. His uncompromising focus on standards influenced his successors in Radio Four and can still be seen in the best factual radio.19

Sue MacGregor

The most widely recognised female radio presenter of her generation, Sue MacGregor was presenter of Woman’s Hour (1972–87) and Today (part-time from 1984 and full-time from 1987). MacGregor grew up in South Africa and began her broadcasting career on South African radio. She joined the BBC in 1967, working on The World at One. In her time at Woman’s Hour the programme moved further towards a less domestic and more feminist agenda, as is fully described in her autobiography.20 In the 1990s she was part of the famous Today team of presen- ters (alongside John Humphrys and ), although after leaving the programme she was critical of their more strident interviewing style.21

Sir Richard Maconachie

The pre-war Talks Department was led by two radical and innovative characters, Hilda Matheson and Charles Siepmann, before, in 1936, it was taken over by Sir Richard Maconachie. The former British minister at Kabul was a very tradi- tional man and a product of the days of empire. Briggs refers to his appointment in terms of a ‘swing to the right’ and a ‘retreat into caution’.22 Others were yet more critical, in particular the former editor of The Listener, R. S. Lambert, who saw Maconachie’s pre-war time at Talks as a period of profound reaction, as the ‘orthodox public school types’ took over and solid and predictable talks series replaced anything topical.23 Despite his solid cautiousness, or perhaps because of it, Maconachie developed what he called the ‘interlocutor technique’, a forerunner to the interview.24

S. P. B. Mais

S. P. B. Mais was a prolific travel who wrote popular walking and travel guides (This Unknown Island, 1932, and Isles of the Island, 1934, among very many others). He was a former public schoolmaster who was employed by the BBC to give a series of talks entitled The Unknown Island on walking in Britain. Then, 206 Glossary of Names perhaps surprisingly, he was used as the presenter of an 11-part series on the unemployed, S.O.S., broadcast in 1933. Scannell and are scathing about the well-meaning but naive Mais and his treatment of the unemployment cri- sis in the 1930s as the ‘politics of the parish pump’.25 Mais’s account of the crisis of unemployment and the extreme poverty that resulted was painfully depoliticised and patronising but at the same time, unintentionally, he revealed some of the horror faced by the destitute poor. For that reason, S.O.S. was an important moment in the BBC’s tentative steps towards public issue radio. Mais was something of a radio celebrity and later appeared on Radio Luxembourg before becoming the first presenter of the wartime magazine, The Kitchen Front.

Gerard Mansell

Gerard Mansell was the last ‘Chief’ or Controller of the Home Service, the first Controller, Radio Four (1965–69), and then Director of Programmes, Radio (1969–71). Mansell joined the BBC in 1951 and spent the 1950s in the Overseas Service. His promotion to run the Home Service produced the impressive team of Gillard and Mansell, who together reconstructed the radio networks in 1967. Before that time, Mansell pursued his own journalistic agenda, probably influ- enced by his intimate knowledge of French broadcasting (more spontaneous and less scripted), which led to the creation of The World at One presented by William Hardcastle.26 This was a new style of news and comment programme and a rad- ical departure from BBC orthodoxy. At the same time, Mansell gradually drew more news and current affairs programmes into the Home Service. Mansell was one of those responsible for the changes heralded in Broadcasting in the Seventies, which represented a shift away from traditional Reithian ideas of mixed program- ming to more formatted radio. In 1972 he became Managing Director of External Broadcasting and then Deputy Director-General of the BBC.

Hilda Matheson

One of the true greats of the BBC and one of the most important women to have worked for the corporation, Matheson was the first Director of Talks, a post she held from 1927 to 1932. She was extremely well connected, having been personal secretary to Nancy Astor, and she had a wide circle of friends including her lover, the Bloomsbury Group’s Vita Sackville-West. She was able to connect the BBC to the fashionable cultural elite and impressively brought H. G. Wells, , and many others to the microphone. In addition, Matheson realised that a radio talk should not be like the more formal mode of address associated with the sermon or political speech but instead should have the quality of intimate or conversational address. So she both invented the radio talk as the backbone of pre-war radio and also enormously enhanced the reputa- tion of the BBC and so helped place it at the centre of British public life. She left the BBC following disagreements with Reith. Her importance as a broadcaster and prominent figure in pre-war society is reflected in the available literature about her.27 Glossary of Names 207

Roger Mosey

Described as ‘the most relentlessly Today ever had’,28 Roger Mosey replaced that other seasoned political journalist, Philip Harding, in 1993 and was himself replaced by Jon Barton in 1997. Mosey had previously been the Editor of The World at One (the third former World at One Editor to take charge of Today), where he had developed a close friendship with James Naughtie. Mosey was the youngest Today Editor and he continued to develop the programme’s political centrality very much in the mould of his predecessor, Harding. In 1997, he was appointed Controller of Radio Five Live, where he distinguished himself with some very shrewd appointments, including the long-serving presenters, Nicky Campbell and .

James Naughtie

James Naughtie was one of the ‘troika’ of Today presenters (together with John Humphrys and Sue MacGregor), who joined the programme in 1994 at the time of the death of Brian Redhead and the departure of Peter Hobday. Naughtie was previously a journalist who had risen to become chief political cor- respondent of in 1985. He then joined the BBC and presented The and The World at One, where he worked with Roger Mosey. Compared to Humphrys, Naughtie brought a less adversarial style to his Today interviews and also a more rounded personality with his wide cultural interests; he went on to present arts programmes on both radio and television.

Gerry Northam

Gerry Northam joined BBC radio in 1968 and so began a career that has been exclusively in news and current affairs radio. Northam moved to network radio in the mid 1970s, working on programmes like .HejoinedFile on Four as a producer in March 1979, less than two years after its launch, and is still one of the reporters 30 years later. In 1988 he became the programme Editor, leaving this role in 1991. Other producers and Editors have come and gone but Gerry Northam, with one of Radio Four’s most recognisable voices, is perhaps the backbone of this celebrated, flagship current affairs programme.

J. B. Priestley

J. B. Priestly was a central figure in the development not only of talks but of radio itself. The Bradford-born novelist and playwright contributed to talks in the 1930s (e.g. his talk ‘Highbrows’ in 1932) and was commissioned to write a novel for radio, Let the People Sing, the first episode of which he read on the day war broke out, 3 September 1939. The BBC began its series, Postscript to the News, as a ‘spoiler’ to the broadcasts of the Nazi propagandist, William Joyce (Lord Haw-Haw), to which millions were tuning after the BBC news bulletin. These did not prove to be a great success until Priestley was recruited; his first Postscript, a reflection on the evacuation from Dunkirk, is one of the most iconic 208 Glossary of Names of all radio talks.29 Priestley’s style was powerfully intimate and he used nostal- gic reminiscences of the English seaside to make broader points about the war and the struggle to come. His deep affection for the British people (specifically the English) was grounded in a Whitmanesque belief in the decency of ordinary folk but without the overbearing patriotism of other talkers at the time. His bril- liant use of metaphor was combined with moments of radio poetry. Eventually removed from the Postscripts for his left-wing sentiments, he continued to broad- cast for the remainder of the war on the Overseas Service, sometimes three or four times a week. Almost single-handedly, Priestley had taken the radio talk from the didactic and preacherly to its finest expression as radio art.30

Janet Quigley

One of the impressive and highly influential trio of women producers (with Mary Somerville and Isa Benzie) in the war and post-war periods, Quigley joined the BBC as an assistant in the Foreign Department in 1930, and was soon working with both Benzie and Somerville.31 She had responsibility for women’s pro- grammes during the war and was producer of The Kitchen Front (from June 1940) and Women at War (October 1941) among other programmes. The latter was the true predecessor and inspiration for Woman’s Hour, which was launched in 1946. Quigley was almost single-handedly the creator of the radio magazine and was persistently creative in her approach to popular, informative programming divided into short features – the hallmark of the genre.32 After a spell away from the BBC, Quigley became Editor of Woman’s Hour in 1950 (following Evelyn Gibbs) and Briggs describes her battle to keep the programme at one hour and not let it be reduced to 45 minutes.33 In 1957 she was Chief Assistant, Talks (a post previously held by John Green), and was responsible, together with Isa Benzie and Elizabeth Rowley, for the creation of Today.

Brian Redhead

Brian Redhead was a presenter of Today from 1975 to 1993 and one of the most respected broadcasters of his generation. He was very much a northerner and was proud of his early career in Manchester journalism as northern editor of the Guardian and editor of the Manchester Evening News. He developed his dis- tinctive broadcasting style on the Saturday evening, Manchester-based discussion programme, AWordinEdgeways, which he presented from 1966 to 1975. From 1975 he co-presented Today with John Timpson and so created one of the most successful partnerships in the programme’s history. Redhead – political, serious, northern and energetic – contrasted with John Timpson, the urbane and sardonic southerner. For a while the programme was presented by Timpson in London and Redhead in Manchester but this was felt to be an unsuccessful experiment and Redhead returned to in 1978. Together, Redhead and Timpson saw off the challenge of at the beginning of the 1980s. Brian Redhead died unexpectedly in 1994, shortly before he was due to retire.34 Glossary of Names 209

John Reith

The considerable shadow of the BBC’s first Director-General lies over the history of radio talks, news and current affairs, and extended long after his resignation from the corporation in 1938. He was the first General Manager and Manag- ing Director of the British Broadcasting Company (1922–27), and then became Director-General of the corporation. It is impossible to summarise the man and his influence in a few words but some questions can usefully be posed here. What is Reithianism? An adequate answer would include a reference to the influence of Matthew Arnold and a belief in the civilising quality of culture. Reithianism also incorporates the concept of ‘public service broadcasting’ with its rich mix of education, information and entertainment. The Reithians described in this book, and there are many, shared the great man’s profound belief in the impor- tance of broadcasting and their responsibility to the audience. What was Reith’s contribution to talks and news? He certainly allowed Talks a fairly free hand up to the mid 1930s. He introduced a News Department under Coatman and took a keen interest in news bulletins. His main contribution, however, was probably his determination to broadcast matters of ‘controversy’; this move was resisted by the government but, after Reith had argued forcefully for it, was then permitted in March 1928.

David Ross

After working as a newspaper journalist in in the early 1980s David Ross joined BBC Radio Ulster, helping to develop the long-running audience partici- pation show, Talkback. Ross met Gerry Northam in 1990 and was recruited to File on Four where he began as a producer in 1991. He became Editor in September 1995, following Helen Boaden, a position he holds . Ross presided over the rise of File on Four to become arguably the single most successful BBC current affairs programme, on either radio or television. This success owes a lot to Ross’s commitment to what he calls ‘evidential journalism’: a combination of the use of primary sources and first-hand accounts as well as a strong sense of character and storytelling.

Charles Siepmann

Charles Siepmann was the second Director of Talks – following Hilda Matheson – from 1932 to 1935. Although Reith was probably glad to see the back of Matheson, as Scannell and Cardiff point out Siepmann was hardly a safe choice and he ‘energetically pursued the development of controversy’.35 As the renewal of the charter approached and the Ullswater Committee deliberated, Reith removed Siepmann and replaced him with the ultra-cautious Sir Richard Maconachie. Siepmann’s career was far from over, however, and he became Direc- tor of Regional Relations in the BBC and then was promoted to Director of Programme Planning. At the start of the war, Siepmann took up a lecturing post at Harvard and was the author of the Federal Communications Commission’s ‘Blue Book’ (1946), a highly influential statement of broadcasting policy.36 210 Glossary of Names

Monica Sims

Monica Sims was Controller, Radio Four, from 1978 to 1983. She joined the BBC in 1953 as a producer on Woman’s Hour, then became Editor from 1964 before moving to BBC television where she was Head of BBC Children’s Television for ten years. As Controller her main achievement was to fight off attempts to split Radio Four, with long wave becoming continuous news and everything else on VHF frequency. This brought her into conflict with Dick Francis, Managing Direc- tor of Radio from 1982. In 1983 she was promoted to Director of Programmes, Radio.37

Mary Somerville

Briggs describes Mary Somerville’s precocious beginnings at the BBC:

Miss Mary Somerville impressed Reith at their first meeting38 (while she was still an undergraduate) as ‘a very clever and self confident young lady’. Reith advised her to go back to Oxford and take a ‘decent degree’ before joining the company.39

This she evidently did and returned in July 1925 to join J. C. Stobart in the Edu- cation Department where she was responsible for schools’ broadcasting. In 1929 she was appointed Director of Schools’ Broadcasts and so became ‘the outstand- ing pioneer of school broadcasting’.40 From 1950 to 1955 she was Head of Talks Department and it was under her that John Green took responsibility for current affairs talks and so created the early talks magazine, At Home and Abroad.

J. C. Stobart

The first Director of Education in the BBC, a post which held responsibility for talks and features as well as more traditional schools broadcasts, Stobart was an Oxford-educated classicist of some distinction, having published two books on the subject, TheGlorythatwasGreeceand TheGrandeurthatwasRome.Hewas an inspector of schools before being appointed to the British Broadcasting Com- pany in 1924. According to R. S. Lambert, the reason why Reith appointed him was because he was a good Christian and had ‘an excellent grasp of the laws of etiquette’.41 Under Stobart, talks were almost entirely educational and that emphasis was inherited by his successor, Hilda Matheson, who joined him and then replaced him in 1927.

John Timpson

A presenter of Today (1970–86), who famously co-presented the programme with Brian Redhead, Timpson joined the Wembley News at the age of 16 at the end of the war. He went on to the Eastern Daily Press in Norwich (1951–59) and then joined the BBC. In the 1960s he was a reporter and presenter on televi- sion before he joined Jack de Manio as a Today presenter; they co-presented the Glossary of Names 211 programme during de Manio’s last year. Timpson was known for his ‘timing, good manners and a wry self-deprecating humour’42 and it was this much-admired old BBC manner, not entirely unlike de Manio’s own style, which would then con- trast with Brian Redhead’s chippy northern cleverness. The Timpson–Redhead co-presentation of Today was a great success: Timpson harking back to the de Manio years while Redhead being the harbinger of the tougher Today style to come.43

Ian Trethowan

Ian Trethowan joined the BBC from ITN as a political journalist and presenter and worked under and with the producer, Tony Whitby, with whom he developed a close relationship. Trethowan presented television current affairs programmes (Gallery and Panorama before being Editor of 24 Hours). From this strong television background he moved into radio as Director of Radio then Managing Director Network Radio (1970–76), before becoming Director-General of the BBC (1977–82). Trethowan played a key role in the reconstruction of radio at the end of the 1960s and was the author of the controversial Broadcasting in the Seventies, where his journalistic skills were used to summarise the policy work that had gone before. His legacy includes one of the most perceptive and useful memoirs by a former BBC employee.44

Tony Whitby

Tony Whitby joined the BBC in 1958 on At Home and Abroad, and then worked with Grace Wyndham Goldie in current affairs television on Panorama and Gallery, where he met and befriended Ian Trethowan. In 1969 he was a surprise appointment, at the age of 39, as Controller, Radio Four, a position he held until his early death in 1975. Whitby played a crucial role in creating stability in Radio Four after the turmoil around the publication of Broadcasting in the Seventies,and this consolidation included the launch of Analysis.45 Notes

Introduction

1. Largely due to the pioneering work of the director of the Centre for Broadcasting History Research at Bournemouth University, Professor Sean Street. 2. London Broadcasting Company and Independent Radio News, two of the original commercial radio companies launched in 1973. 3. Fully discussed in Baxendale, J. (2007) Priestley’s , Manchester: Manchester University Press. 4. Paulu, B. (1956) British Broadcasting: Radio and Television in the United Kingdom, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press; Burns, T. (1977) The BBC: Public Institution and Private World, London: Macmillan; Born, G. (2005) Uncertain Vision: Birt, Dyke and the Reinvention of the BBC, London: Vintage. 5. Briggs, A. (1995) The History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom, 5 vols, Oxford: . 6. Scannell, P. and Cardiff, D. (1991) A Social History of British Broadcasting: Volume 1, 1922–1939, Oxford: Basil Blackwell. 7. Hendy, D. (2007) Life on Air: A History of Radio Four, Oxford: Oxford University Press. 8. This refers to BBC talks producers, almost all of whom were indeed men.

1 Unintended Consequences – Radio News and Talks in the 1920s and 1930s

1. Initially the British Broadcasting Company but from 1 January 1927, the British Broadcasting Corporation. 2. Born, G. (2004) Uncertain Vision: Birt, Dyke and the Reinvention of the BBC, London: Secker and Warburg, 5. 3. For a very clear account of early radio, see Street, S. (2002) A Concise History of British Radio, 1922–2002, Tiverton: Kelly Publications. 4. Hilmes, M. (1997) Radio Voices: American Broadcasting, 1922–1952, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 45. 5. Street, S. (2006) Crossing the Ether: Public Service Radio and Commercial Competition 1922–1945, Eastleigh: John Libbey, 43. 6. Hilmes, S. (2003) ‘British quality, American chaos’, The Radio Journal: International Studies in Broadcast and Audio Media, 1/1, 13–27. 7. Street, Concise History, 27. 8. Lewis, C. A. (1924) Broadcasting from Within, London: George Newnes. 9. See, for example, McIntyre, I. (1994) The Expense of Glory: A Life of John Reith, London: HarperCollins. Also useful is Avery, T. (2006) Radio Modernism: Literature, Ethics, and the BBC, 1922–1938, Aldershot: Ashgate.

212 Notes 213

10. Lambert, R. S. (1940) Ariel and All His Quality, London: Victor Gollancz, 9. 11. Arnold quoted in Avery, Radio Modernism, 25. 12. Tracey, M. (2000) ‘The BBC and the General Strike: May 1926’, in E. Buscombe (ed.), British Television: A Reader, Oxford: Clarendon Press. 13. Based on the September and October, 1924. 14. Briggs, A. (1961) The History of British Broadcasting in the United Kingdom, Volume 1, The Birth of Broadcasting, London: Oxford University Press. 15. Lambert, Ariel, 49. 16. Briggs, Volume 1, 256. 17. Ibid., 263. 18. But fully discussed in Briggs, Volume 1; Scannell, P., and Cardiff, D. (1991) A Social History of British Broadcasting: Volume 1, 1922–1939, Oxford: Basil Blackwell; McIntyre, The Expense of Glory; and Tracey, ‘The BBC and the General Strike’. 19. Reith quoted in Tracey, ‘The BBC and the General Strike’, 30. 20. Tracey, ‘The BBC and the General Strike’. 21. Scannell and Cardiff, A Social History, 40. 22. Ibid., 42. 23. Taylor, J. (2005) ‘Pre-war radio development and design’ (unpublished). 24. Bailey, M. (2009) ‘The angel in the ether: early radio and the constitu- tion of the household’, in M. Bailey (ed.) Narrating Media History, London: Routledge, 54. 25. McIntyre, The Expense of Glory. 26. R. S. Lambert quoted in Hunter, F. (2000) ‘Hilda Matheson and the BBC, 1926-1940’, in C. Mitchell (ed.) Women and Radio: Airing Differences, London: Routledge, 44. 27. Carney, M. (1999) Stoker: The Life of Hilda Matheson OBE, 1888–1940, published by the author. 28. Ibid., 46. 29. Ibid., 39. 30. R. S. Lambert, the editor of The Listener from 1929, was previously Head of the Adult Education Section, a post which then went to Charles Siepmann, who became Matheson’s deputy and then her replacement. The educa- tional bias in The Listener may reflect Lambert’s interest in educational talks, something that was shared by Matheson. 31. Avery, T. (2010) ‘The trumpets of autocracies and the still, small voices of civilisation: Hilda Matheson and the intimate mode of address’ (unpub- lished). 32. Cardiff, D. (1986) ‘The serious and the popular: aspects of the evolution of style in the radio talk 1928–1939’, in R. Collins (ed.) Media, Culture and Society: A Critical Reader, London: Sage. 33. Avery, The Trumpets of Autocracies. 34. Ibid. 35. Lacey, K. (1996) Feminine Frequencies: Gender, German Radio, and the Public Sphere, 1923–1945, Ann Arbor: The University of Michigan Press, 197. 36. Ibid., 198. 37. Reith, 2 February 1927, quoted in Briggs, A. (1965) The History of Broad- casting in the United Kingdom, Volume 2, The Golden Age of Wireless, London: Oxford University Press, 150. 214 Notes

38. Bridson, D. G. (1971) Prospero and Ariel: The Rise and Fall of Radio, a Personal Reflection, London: Victor Gollancz, 52. 39. Ibid., 20. 40. The Listener magazine in the 1930s consisted mainly of transcripts of broadcast talks. 41. Seaton, J., and Pimlott, B. (1987) ‘The struggle for “balance” ’, in Jean Seaton and Ben Pimlott (eds), The Media in British Politics, Aldershot: Avebury, 137. 42. Bridson, Prospero and Ariel, 31. 43. Scannell and Cardiff, A Social History, 345. 44. Boyle, A. (1972) Only the Wind Will Listen, London: Hutchinson, 254. 45. Lambert, Ariel, 68–9. 46. The love affair ended in the first few months of 1931. Her father, whom she adored, had died in September 1930. 47. Carney, Stoker, 71. 48. Scannell and Cardiff, A Social History, 116. 49. Smith, A. (1979) Television and Political Life, London: Macmillan, 33. 50. Carey, J. (1992/2002) The Intellectuals and the Masses: Pride and Prej- udice among the Literary Intelligentsia, 1880–1939, Chicago: Academy Chicago, 8. 51. Geoffrey Strutt, Head of News, quoted in Scannell and Cardiff, A Social History, 113. 52. Scannell and Cardiff, A Social History, 156. 53. Briggs, Volume 2, 147. 54. Dimbleby, J. (1975) : A Biography, London: Hodder and Stoughton, 60. 55. Ibid., 77. 56. Ibid., 82. 57. The Listener, 9 September 1936. 58. Briggs, Volume 2, 158. 59. Lambert, Ariel, 85–6. 60. Scannell and Cardiff, A Social History, 170. 61. Maconachie quoted in Scannell and Cardiff, A Social History, 171. 62. Blythe in Brendon, P. (2000) The Dark Valley; A Panorama of the 1930s, London: Jonathan Cape, 166. 63. Brendon, The Dark Valley, 167. 64. Priestley, J. B. (1934) English Journey, London: William Heinemann. 65. Woodruff, W. (1993) The Road to Nab End: An Extraordinary Northern Childhood, London: Abacus, 381. 66. Ibid., 167. 67. Geddes, K. (1991) The Setmakers: A History of the Radio and Television Industry, London: BREMA, 157. 68. Scannell and Cardiff, A Social History, 58. 69. The Listener, 13 July 1932. 70. Lacey, Feminine Frequencies, 29. 71. Scannell and Cardiff, A Social History, 296. 72. Ibid., 62. 73. All fully discussed by Scannell and Cardiff, A Social History, 58–9. 74. Ibid., 60. Notes 215

75. S. P. B. Mais in The Listener, 25 January 1933, quoted in Scannell and Cardiff, A Social History, 60. 76. Ibid., 61. 77. Ibid., 60. 78. Ibid., 68. 79. Ibid., 65. 80. Ibid., 66. 81. Housing Problems produced by Arthur Elton and Edgar Anstey; Enough to Eat? directed by Edgar Anstey. 82. The Listener, August 1930. 83. The Listener, July–December 1936. 84. The Listener, 9 November 1932. 85. Ibid. 86. Scannell and Cardiff, A Social History, 72. This book provides the fullest available account of BBC coverage of foreign affairs in the 1930s and forms the basis of this section. 87. Ibid., 78. 88. Ibid. 89. Deacon, D. (2010) ‘ “A Quietening Effect?” The BBC and the Spanish Civil War (1936–1939)’ (unpublished paper). 90. Ibid. 91. Ibid. 92. For example, The Listener, 15 July 1936. 93. Ibid. 94. Scannell and Cardiff, A Social History, 78. 95. Dimbleby, Richard Dimbleby, 83. 96. Ibid., 86. 97. Deacon, ‘A Quietening Effect’. 98. Scannell and Cardiff, A Social History, 82. 99. Reith’s declaration at the time of the General Strike that ‘since the BBC was a national institution, and since the government in this crisis were acting for the people ...the BBC was for the government in the crisis too’. Quoted in McIntyre, TheExpenseofGlory, 146. 100. Scannell and Cardiff, A Social History, 58. 101. The Daily Mail, 15 February 1939. Quoted in Scannell and Cardiff, A Social History, 91. 102. Arnold quoted in Avery, Radio Modernism, 25. 103. Some important women spoke, including Virginia Woolf and Vita Sackville- West, but they were the exception. 104. Conolly, L. W. (2009) Bernard Shaw and the BBC, Toronto: University of Toronto Press; Lago, M., Hughes, L. K., and Walls, E. M. (eds) (2008) The BBC Talks of E.M. Forster, 1929–1960, Columbia: University of Missouri Press; West, W. J. (1985) Orwell: The War Broadcasts, London: Duckworth/BBC; also important here if less concerned with radio are Smith, D. C. (1986) H.G. Wells: Desperately Mortal, New Haven: Yale University Press; and Baxendale, J. (2007) Priestley’s England, Manchester: Manchester University Press. 105. Avery, Radio Modernism, 61. 106. Smith, H.G. Wells, 361. 107. Ibid., 296. 216 Notes

108. Ibid., 319. 109. Ibid., 321. 110. H. G. Wells, ‘Whither Britain?’ (1933) quoted in Smith, D. C., H.G. Wells, 321. 111. Quoted in Conolly, Bernard Shaw, 23. 112. Ibid., 54. 113. Ibid., 64. 114. Ibid., 61. 115. Ibid., 66. 116. Ibid., 69. 117. Lago, M. et al. (eds) (2008) The BBC Talks,2. 118. BBC Written Archives Centre, J. B. Priestley, 11 October 1932. 119. Crook, T. (1998) International Radio Journalism: History, Theory and Practice, London: Routledge, 103. 120. Avery, Radio Modernism. 121. The list comes from Avery, Radio Modernism, 33. 122. Most fully articulated in Carey, The Intellectuals. 123. LeMahieu, D. L. (1998) A Culture for Democracy: Mass Communication and the Cultivated Mind in Britain between the Wars, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 9. 124. Ibid., 8. 125. Rose, J. (2001) The Intellectual Life of the British Working Classes, New Haven: Yale University Press, 394. 126. Carey, The Intellectuals,6. 127. Ibid., 15. 128. Quoted in Carey, The Intellectuals,7. 129. Cited in Carey, The Intellectuals, 18. 130. Ibid., 19. 131. Ibid. 132. Rose, The Intellectual Life, 394. 133. Whitehead, K. (1990) ‘Broadcasting Bloomsbury’, in Yearbook of English Studies, XX, London, 121–31. 134. Ibid. 135. The term is confusing. All talks were scripted so this discussion was based on a real exchange that had been noted down by a stenographer and then typed up, edited and enacted by the original participants. 136. It would be hard to exaggerate just how bizarre this event was. The marriage of Vita and Harold (captured in Nigel Nicolson’s Portrait of a Marriage)was the union of a gay man and a woman who communicated with each other from separate bedrooms by letter, normally once a day. Indeed, at the time of broadcast, Vita was having an affair with the BBC’s Director of Talks, Hilda Matheson. The talk is described in some detail by Whitehead in ‘Broadcasting Bloomsbury’. 137. Whitehead, ‘Broadcasting Bloomsbury’, 126. 138. Ibid., 129. 139. See Conolly, Bernard Shaw, for a detailed account of the importance of monetary reward for talks contributors at the time. 140. A term used by Rose, The Intellectual Life. 141. Tratner, M. (1995) Modernism and Mass Politics: Joyce, Woolf, Eliot, Yeats, Stanford: Stanford University Press. Notes 217

142. Avery, Radio Modernism, 23. 143. Ibid., 30. 144. G. E. Moore quoted in Avery, Radio Modernism, 37. 145. Whitehead, ‘Broadcasting Bloomsbury’, 121. 146. MacCarthy quoted in Avery, Radio Modernism, 68. 147. See, in particular, Conolly, Bernard Shaw. 148. LeMahieu, A Culture for Democracy. 149. A point made by Scannell and Cardiff, A Social History, and, more recently, by Avery, Radio Modernism, 41. 150. Lionel Fielden shared many of Matheson’s radical views, see his autobiog- raphy, Fielden, L. (1960), The Natural Bent, London: Andre Deutsch. 151. Avery, Radio Modernism, 59. 152. The Programme Board (or Committee) discussed and made decisions about programmes on a weekly basis. The Control Board dealt with policy issues and was ‘at the apex of the BBC’s internal committee structure’ (Briggs, Volume 2, 33). 153. The racing of greyhounds was a working-class, gambling-driven sport and the BBC agonised over whether or not to report on it. It may even be the case that this was the most frequently discussed topic at the Programme Board in 1936. 154. Scannell and Cardiff, A Social History, 74. 155. BBC, Written Archives Centre (WAC), Control Board Minutes, 4 February 1936. 156. BBC, WAC, Control Board Minutes, February 1936.

2News,TalksandtheWar

1. The general theme of Briggs (1970) The History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom, Volume 3, The War of Words, London: Oxford University Press. 2. Nicholas, S. (1996) The Echo of War: Home Front Propaganda and the Wartime BBC, 1939–45, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 11. 3. Briggs, Volume 3, 11. 4. Nicolson, N. (ed.) (2004) The Diaries, 1907–1963,London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 193. 5. Havers, R. (2007) Here is the News: The BBC and the Second World War,Stroud: Sutton Publishing, 23. 6. Nicholas, The Echo of War, 19. 7. Briggs, Volume 3, 93. 8. Hickman, T. (1995) What Did You Do in the War Auntie? The BBC at War 1939–45, London: BBC Books, 26. 9. The Blitz refers to the German Blitzkrieg (‘lightning of war’), which saw the bombing of British cities, especially between September 1940 and May 1941. 10. Nicholas, The Echo of War, 14. 11. Havers, Here is the News, 35. 12. Briggs, Volume 3, 106. 13. The line of fortified defences between France and Germany eventually broken by the invading German Army in the Battle of France, June 1940. 14. Quoted in Nicholas, The Echo of War, 52. 218 Notes

15. Nicolson, Diaries, 217. 16. Quoted in Havers, Here is the News, 66. 17. See the reference to his talk ‘To a Highbrow’ mentioned in Chapter 1. 18. Quoted in Baxendale, J. (2007) Priestley’s England: J. B. Priestley and English Culture, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 21. 19. Ibid., 25. 20. Carey, J. (1992/2002) The Intellectuals and the Masses: Pride and Prejudice among the Literary Intelligentsia, 1880–1939, Chicago: Academy Chicago. 21. Sevareid, E. (ed.) (1967) All England Listened: The Wartime Broadcasts of J. B. Priestley, New York: Chilmark Press, xvii. 22. Baxendale, Priestley’s England. 23. Ibid., 44. 24. Nicholas, The Echo of War. 25. Baxendale, Priestley’s England,1. 26. The Listener, 31 August 1939. 27. The Head of Anti-Aircraft Command quoted in Briggs, Volume 3, 144. 28. Briggs, Volume 3, 155. 29. Access to these broadcasts was made using the British Library’s listening service. 30. Or so he claimed in the preface to Sevareid, All England Listened, xxi. A review of the files in the BBC Written Archives Centre suggests something closer to weekly broadcasts. 31. Baxendale, Priestley’s England, 146. 32. Nicholas, The Echo of War, 59. 33. Priestley, J. B., Postscript to the News, 5 June 1939. All of the quotations from Priestley’s Postscripts are taken from Sevareid, All England Listened,which contains the full transcripts of the 20 1940 Postscripts. 34. Briggs, Volume 3, facing page 31. 35. Nicholas, The Echo of War, 59. 36. Priestley quoted in Baxendale, Priestley’s England, 97. 37. Briggs, Volume 3, 172. 38. Postscript, 22 September 1940. 39. Maconachie to C. (P), 6 September 1940. BBC, WAC, Priestley Talks Policy, File 1. 40. Tallents memorandum, 21 December 1940. BBC, WAC, Priestley Talks Policy, File 1A. 5 41. ‘Hints for Broadcast Speakers’, undated, BBC, WAC Priestley Talks Policy 1940, File 1A. 42. Hawkins quoted in Hickman, What Did You Do?, 33. 43. Priestley, J. B., Journey into Daylight, 11 May 1945. 44. Nicholas, The Echo of War, 219. 45. Briggs, Volume 3, 664. 46. Nicholas, The Echo of War, 22. 47. Ibid., 43. 48. Briggs, Volume 3, appendix A. 49. Hickman, What Did You Do?, 202. 50. Quoted in Havers, Here is the News, 89. 51. Quoted in Dimbleby, J. (1975) Richard Dimbleby: A Biography, London: Hodder and Stoughton, 119. Notes 219

52. Nicholas, Echo of War, 203. 53. Nicolson, Diaries, 268. 54. Quoted in Dimbleby, Richard Dimbleby, 170. 55. Ibid., 176. 56. Nicholas, Echo of War, 204. 57. Nicolson, Diaries, 295. 58. Dimbleby, Richard Dimbleby, 179. 59. Nicolson, Diaries, 296. 60. Crook, T. (1998) International Radio Journalism: History, Theory and Practice, London: Routledge. 61. Ibid., 199. 62. Ed Murrow quoted in Crook, International Radio Journalism, 199. 63. Nicholas, The Echo of War, 159. 64. Mann to the Board of Governors, March 1943, quoted in Briggs, Volume 3, 612. 65. Briggs, Volume 3, 701. 66. Nicholas, The Echo of War, 259. 67. Havers, Here is the News, 94. 68. Ibid., 168. 69. Dimbleby, Richard Dimbleby, 181. 70. Ibid., 198. 71. Hilmes, M. (1997) Radio Voices: American Broadcasting, 1922–1952, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 97–130. 72. Ibid., 278. 73. The discussion of wartime radio magazines that follows is heavily reliant on Nicholas, The Echo of War, 71–123. 74. Ibid., 73. 75. Ibid., 76. 76. Briggs, Volume 3, 318. 77. Ibid., 51. 78. Seaton in Curran and Seaton, 138.

3 Radio in Decline – 1945–1960

1. Kynaston, D. (2007) Austerity Britain, 1945–51, London: Bloomsbury; Sandbrook, D. (2005) Never Had It So Good: A History of Britain from Suez to the Beatles, London: Abacus. 2. Briggs, A. (1965) The History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom, Volume 2, The Golden Age of Wireless, London: Oxford University Press, having those words as the title. 3. Crisell, A. (2002) An Introductory History of British Broadcasting, 2nd edn, London: Routledge, 74. 4. Ibid., 81. 5. Briggs, A. (1979) The History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom, Volume 4, Sound and Vision, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 63 (Minutes of the BBC Governors, February 1944). 6. Ibid., 77. 7. Marr, A. (2008) A History of Modern Britain, London: Pan Books, 10. 220 Notes

8. Foreign Secretary, Ernest Bevin, quoted in Marr, A History of Modern Britain, 31. The ‘union jack’ is now known as the ‘union flag’. 9. Sandbrook, D. (2005) Never Had It So Good: A History of Britain from Suez to the Beatles, London: Abacus, 29. 10. Burns, T. (1977), The BBC: Public Institution and Private World, London: Macmillan, 46–7. 11. Marr, A History of Modern Britain, 228. 12. Paulu, B. (1956) British Broadcasting: Radio and Television in the United Kingdom, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 157. 13. Ibid., 158. 14. BBC Yearbook 1952, 131. 15. Crisell, An Introductory History, 81. 16. Paulu, British Broadcasting, 155; Dimbleby, J. (1975) Richard Dimbleby: A Biog- raphy, London: Hodder and Stoughton, 270; Briggs, Volume 4, 570. 17. Dimbleby, Richard Dimbleby, 270. 18. Miall, L. (1994) Inside the BBC: British Broadcasting Characters, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 123. 19. Ibid., 129. 20. Quoted in Skoog, K. (2010) ‘The “Responsible” woman: the BBC and women’s radio 1945–1955’, unpublished PhD thesis (University of Westminster), 130. 21. Donovan, P. (1991) The Radio Companion, London: Harper Collins, 289. 22. Skoog, ‘The Responsible Woman’, 136–7. 23. Ibid., 156. Emphasis in original. 24. Ibid., 181. Emphasis in original. 25. Ibid., 181. 26. At Home and Abroad led directly to the Today programme and shared the current affairs magazine format. They were both edited by Stephen Bonarjee. 27. Briggs, Volume 4, 580. 28. Lindsay Wellington, Controller Home Service, 6 April 1950 quoted in Briggs, Volume 4, 580. 29. Paper entitled ‘Current Affairs’, 5 March 1953, BBC, WAC, R13/408/7. May have been written by Donald Stephenson. 30. Green to Controller Talks, 29 May 1953, BBC, WAC, R13/408/7. 31. Paper entitled ‘Current Affairs’, 5 March 1953, BBC, WAC, R13/408/7. May have been written by Donald Stephenson. 32. Balchin, Nigel, ‘The Unscripted Discussion’, BBC Quarterly, Volume 6, April 1953–January 1954. 33. Briggs, Volume 4, 583. 34. Green quoted in Briggs, Volume 4, 583. 35. Green to Somerville, 19 June 1953, BBC, WAC, R13/408/7. 36. Ibid. 37. Paulu, British Broadcasting, 121. 38. Ibid., 157. 39. Trethowan, I. (1984) Split Screen, London: Hamish Hamilton, 80. 40. Bonarjee to A. H. Wigan (Head of Foreign News) 29 December 1953, WAC, R51/107. 41. Ibid. 42. Radio Times, 8 January 1954. Notes 221

43. Bonarjee, ‘Report on “At Home and Abroad” ’(12 January–31 March) 1954, 12 April 1954, BBC, WAC, R51/106/2. 44. Stephen Bonarjee (1955) ‘At Home and Abroad celebrates its first birthday’, Radio Times, 7 January 1955. 45. John Green to Director of the Spoken Word, ‘At Home and Abroad – 15.3.55’, BBC, WAC, R44/22. 46. B. C. Horton to Controller Talks, 13 August 1954, BBC, WAC, R51/106/3. 47. Ibid. 48. Churchill to Cadogan (chairman of the Board of Governors), 22 October 1955, BBC, WAC, R51/107. 49. Cadogan to Churchill, 26 October 1954, BBC, WAC, R51/107. 50. Bonarjee, ‘At Home and Abroad celebrates its first birthday’. 51. All quotations from Bonarjee, ‘At Home and Abroad celebrates’. 52. Sir William Hayley, quoted in BBC Handbook 1957, London: BBC, 63. 53. This chapter relies on the accounts of Suez in Marr, A History of Modern Britain, and Sandbrook, Never Had It So Good. 54. Sandbrook, Never Had It So Good,4. 55. Briggs, Volume 4, 81. 56. Marr, A History of Modern Britain, 155. 57. Sandbrook, Never Had It So Good, 18. 58. Marr, A History of Modern Britain, 155. 59. Quoted in Briggs, (1995) The History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom, Volume 5, Sound and Vision, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 76. 60. Quoted in Marr, A History of Modern Britain, 154. 61. Briggs, Volume 5, 85. 62. Ibid., 87. 63. Quoted in Briggs, Volume 5, 90. 64. At Home and Abroad programme transcript, 9 October 1956, BBC, WAC. Where no file number is given for BBC, WAC documents, this indicates that the material was read on microfilm. 65. At Home and Abroad programme transcript, 12 October 1956, BBC, WAC. 66. At Home and Abroad programme transcript, 16 October 1956, BBC, WAC. 67. Ibid. 68. Richard Goold-Adams, At Home and Abroad programme transcript, 16 Octo- ber 1956, BBC, WAC. 69. At Home and Abroad programme transcript, 23 October 1956, BBC, WAC. 70. Sandbrook, Never Had It So Good, 15. 71. At Home and Abroad programme transcript, 26 October 1956, BBC, WAC. 72. At Home and Abroad programme transcript, 30 October 1956, BBC, WAC. 73. Ibid. 74. Geoffrey Goodwin, At Home and Abroad programme transcript, 2 November 1956, BBC, WAC; original emphasis. 75. Nicholas Carroll, At Home and Abroad programme transcript, 6 November 1956, BBC, WAC. 76. Ibid. The blockships were ships weighed down with concrete and used by the Egyptians to block the canal. 77. Sandbrook, Never Had It So Good, 23. 78. Carroll, At Home and Abroad programme transcript, 6 November 1956, BBC, WAC. 222 Notes

79. BBC Handbook 1959, London: BBC, 78. 80. Briggs, Volume 5, 33. 81. Ibid., 33. 82. Quoted in Briggs, Volume 5, 35. 83. Report of the Marriott Committee in Briggs, Volume 5, 40. 84. This refers to the provision of specific programming for a radio audience by a radio station or network. 85. Briggs, Volume 5, 115. In answer to the innocuous question ‘how would you dispel a vile temper’ came the answer ‘unite against the fourteen day rule’. 86. Discussed in detail in the next chapter. 87. Thumin, J. (2004) Inventing Television Culture: Men, Women and the Box, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 45. 88. Goldie, G. W. (1977) Facing the Nation: Television and Politics 1937–1976, London: Bodley Head. 89. Curtis, M. (1954) ‘The BBC’s treatment of foreign affairs’, BBC Quarterly, Volume 9, No. 3.

4 The Reinvention of Radio – The 1960s

1. Marwick, A. (1998) The Sixties: Cultural Revolution in Britain, France, Italy, and the , c. 1958–c. 1974, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 3. 2. Ibid., 3. 3. Ibid., 13. Emphasis in original. 4. Ibid., 143. 5. Marr, A. (2008) A History of Modern Britain, London: Pan Books, 252. 6. Marwick, The Sixties, 144. 7. Greene, H. (1969) The Third Floor Front: A View of Broadcasting in the Sixties, London: Bodley Head, 132. 8. Briggs, A. (1995) The History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom, Volume 5, Sound and Vision, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 318. The comparison is with the first Director-General, John Reith. 9. Ibid., 327. 10. The Listener, 19 May 1960. 11. Greene, H. (1969) The Third Floor Front: A View of Broadcasting in the Sixties, London: Bodley Head, 127. 12. Ibid., 126. 13. Quoted in Hendy (2007) Life on Air: A History of Radio Four, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 19. 14. Ibid., 38. 15. Ibid., 42. 16. Gillard quoted in Hendy, Life on Air, 38. 17. Mansell quoted in Hendy, Life on Air, 44. 18. Ibid., 44. 19. Talks Today file, BBC, WAC, R51/1297/2. 20. Hendy, Life on Air, 48. 21. William Hardcastle in The Listener, 2 October 1975. 22. Hendy, Life on Air, 49. Notes 223

23. MacGregor, S. (2002) Woman of Today: An Autobiography, London: Head- line, 124. 24. Ibid., 122. 25. Ibid., 137. 26. Ibid., 141. 27. Paulu, B. (1956) British Broadcasting: Radio and Television in the United Kingdom, Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 174. 28. William Hardcastle, The Listener, 2 October 1975. 29. Andrew Boyle, The Listener, 20 November 1975. 30. This refers to a technique in which a presenter interviews a staff reporter. 31. Day, R. (1989) Grand Inquisitor, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 65. 32. Ibid., 65. 33. Hendy, Life on Air, 29. 34. Day, Grand Inquisitor, 68, emphasis as in the original. 35. Today Minutes, 26 March 1962, BBC, WAC, R 51/1001. 36. Ibid. 37. Notes on Extended ‘Today’ Stephen Bonarjee, 2 September 1963, BBC, WAC, R51/1000/11. 38. C. F. O. Clarke, ‘ “Today” on Mondays’, 24 May 1962, BBC, WAC, R51/1000/11. 39. V. D. Gordon, 5 February 1963, BBC, WAC, R51/1000/11. 40. Wilfred De’ath, ‘Presentation of “Today” ’, 1 March 1963, BBC, WAC, R51/1000/11, emphasis as in the original. 41. O. J. Whitley to J. A. Camacho, 15 December 1966, BBC, WAC, R51/1297/2. 42. Today, 8 May 1967. 43. Both complaints cited in J. A. Camacho ‘ “Today” – Monday, May 8th’, 10 May 1967, BBC, WAC, R51/1297/2. 44. Today, 23 April 1968. 45. Cited in Brian Skinner memorandum, ‘National “Today” programme’, 22 July 1968, BBC, WAC, R51/1297. 46. MacGregor, Woman of Today, 114. 47. Ibid., 115. 48. For a fuller discussion of Today’s resistance to change see Hendy, Life on Air, 50. 49. Ibid., 50. 50. Stephen Bonarjee memorandum, BBC, WAC, R51/1297/2. 51. The long-serving Today presenter, John Timpson, quoted in Hendy, Life on Air, 50. 52. Briggs, Volume 5, 721. 53. Gerard Mansell, interview with David Hendy, June 2001. References to this interview appear in Hendy, Life on Air. 54. Ibid. 55. Hendy, Life on Air, 52. 56. Mansell, interview with David Hendy, June 2001. 57. Broadcasting in the Seventies (1969), London: BBC. 58. Briggs, Volume 5, 758. 59. Broadcasting in the Seventies,2. 60. Ibid., 1. 61. , 24 September 1969. Letters to the editor. 224 Notes

62. The Times, 27 September, 1969. Letters to the editor. 63. The Times, 17 February 1970. 64. Kumar, K. (1977) ‘Holding the middle ground: the BBC, the public and the professional broadcaster’, in James Curran et al. (eds), Mass Communication and Society, London: Edward Arnold. Kumar makes the point that in the early BBC political analysis and discussion were given a low priority and that Reith interpreted the famous ‘inform, educate and entertain’ contained in the BBC charter in the spirit of Matthew Arnold, in other words through music, poetry and improving talks. 65. Minutes of Woman’s Hour Meeting, 9 November 1961, BBC, WAC, R51/1025/2. 66. Ibid., 151. 67. Lee, M. (ed.) (1969) Woman’s Hour: A Second Selection, London: BBC, 9. 68. Ibid., 9. 69. Burns, T. (1977) The BBC: Public Institution and Private World, London: Macmillan, 126. 70. Ibid., 124. 71. Kumar, ‘Holding the middle ground’, 242. 72. Previously known as the Sound Broadcasting Planning Committee, BBC, WAC. 73. Radio Planning Committee, 31 January 1968, BBC, WAC. 74. Ibid. 75. Kumar, ‘Holding the middle ground’, 247.

5 The Serious Decade – Radio in the 1970s

1. The Times, 14 February 1970. 2. Ibid. 3. Gillard in Hendy, D. (2007) Life on Air: A History of Radio Four, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 56. 4. Briggs, A. (1995) The History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom, Volume 5, Sound and Vision, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 800. 5. Ibid. 6. Marr, A. (2008) A History of Modern Britain, London: Pan Books; Childs, D. (2002) Britain Since 1939: Progress and Decline, 2nd edn, Basingstole: Palgrave. 7. Marr, A History of Modern Britain, 308. 8. Childs, Britain Since 1939, 178. 9. Young, H. (1989) One of Us: A Biography of Margaret Thatcher, London: Pan Books, 22. 10. Cockett, R. (1994) Thinking the Unthinkable: Thank-Tanks and the Economic Counter-Revolution 1931–1983, London: HarperCollins, 176. 11. Young, One of Us, 65. 12. Campbell, J. (2001) Margaret Thatcher – Volume One: The Grocer’s Daughter, London: Pimlico, 265. 13. Sir Keith Joseph in Ranelagh, J. (1991) Thatcher’s People: An Insider’s Account of the Politics, the Power and the Personalities, London: Fontana, 123. 14. Tony Benn, the left-wing Labour Secretary of State for Industry. Notes 225

15. Sir Keith Joseph in Campbell, Margaret Thatcher, 268. 16. Letwin, Shirley Robin (1992) An Anatomy of Thatcherism,London: Fontana, 31. 17. Ibid., 32–3. 18. Campbell, Margaret Thatcher,2. 19. Ranelagh, Thatcher’s People, 65. 20. Interview with Ian McIntyre, 26 February 1999. 21. There is a useful brief account of Ian McIntyre’s career and especially his time as Controller, Radio Three, in Carpenter, H. (1996) The Envy of the World: Fifty Years of the BBC Third Programme and Radio 3, London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 298–301. The fullest account of his career is in Hendy, Life on Air. 22. McIntyre interview. 23. McIntyre interview. 24. McIntyre interview. 25. Interview with Michael Green, 27 October 2000. 26. Interview with George Fischer, 22 September 2000. 27. Howard Newby quoted in Carpenter, The Envy of the World, 298. 28. BBC Handbook 1974, London: BBC. 29. Tony Whitby in the Radio Times, 12 March 1970. 30. Interview with Greville Havenhand, 30 October 1998. 31. Havenhand interview. 32. BBC Radio Four Analysis, 10 April 1970. 33. Radio Times, 2 April 1970. 34. Analysis, 10 April 1970; emphasis added. 35. Controller, Radio Four, Tony Whitby. 36. BBC, WAC, Radio Weekly Programme Review Board, 15 April 1970. 37. Analysis, 8 May 1970. 38. Lindley, R. (2002) Panorama: Fifty Years of Pride and Paranoia, London: Politico’s, 74. 39. BBC, WAC, Radio Weekly Programme Review Board, 13 May 1970. 40. Managing Director, Radio, Ian Trethowan. 41. Editor, Documentaries and Talks Radio, Lord Archie Gordon. 42. BBC, WAC, Radio Weekly Programme Review Board, 20 May 1970. 43. BBC, WAC, R51/1332/1, 20 July 1970. 44. Fischer interview. 45. Analysis, 1 May 1975. 46. Ibid. 47. My discussion of this programme draws on the unpublished review of it by Gareth Thomas, Bournemouth University. 48. Analysis, 1 May 1975. 49. Director of Programmes, Radio, D. T. Muggeridge. 50. Michael Green, the producer. 51. Controller, Radio Four, the newly appointed, Ian McIntyre. 52. Head of Talks and Documentaries Radio, George Fischer. 53. BBC, WAC, Radio Weekly Programme Review Board, 28 July 1976 taken from David Hendy’s research notes. His use of emphasis has been retained. 54. Priestland, G. (1986) , London: Andre Deutsch, 248. 226 Notes

55. Presumably a reference to Priestland’s time at Newsdesk of which he wrote, ‘Since I was the principal linkman and wrote all my own mate- rial, I found myself back in the business of near-editorialising: it was fun to see how close to the wind one could sail.’ (Priestland, Something Understood, 239). 56. BBC, WAC, Radio Weekly Programme Review Board, 2? October 1974 (date illegible). 57. Priestland, Something Understood, 249. 58. Head of Current Affairs Group Radio, M. W. Wallace. 59. Controller, Radio Four, the newly appointed Clare Lawson-Dick. Her pre- decessor, Tony Whitby, had resigned earlier in 1975 suffering from can- cer. He was central to the creation and early direction of Analysis and his early death was a great blow to all those involved, including his colleague and friend, Ian McIntyre. Around this time McIntyre took a break from the programme. Lawson-Dick was close to retirement and took over the controllership for a year prior to the appointment of McIntyre in1976. For a full discussion of Whitby’s career see Hendy, Life on Air. 60. BBC, WAC, Radio Weekly Programme Review Board, 23 July 1975. 61. Lindley, Panorama, 168. 62. Lindley cites Peter Black’s article in the Daily Mail, 4 May 1967, in which he criticises the ritualism of a recent Panorama interview with the Foreign Secretary, George Brown (Lindley, Panorama, 170). 63. Ibid., 171. 64. Analysis, 6 June 1974. 65. Gareth Thomas, unpublished review, Bournemouth University. 66. Director of Programmes, Radio, P. H. Newby. 67. BBC, WAC, Radio Weekly Programme Review Board, 12 June 1974. 68. Analysis, 17 January 1979. 69. Interview, Analysis producer, 30 October 1998. 70. Cockett, Thinking the Unthinkable, 183–7. 71. Ibid., 183. 72. Ibid., 184. 73. Ranelagh, Thatcher’s People, 192–3. 74. Cockett, Thinking the Unthinkable, 188. 75. Fischer interview. 76. Letwin, An Anatomy of Thatcherism, 26. 77. Riddell, P. (1983) The Thatcher Government, Oxford: Blackwell, 7. 78. Interview with Michael Green, 27 October 2000. 79. Green interview. 80. Campbell, Margaret Thatcher, Vol. 1, 338. 81. Analysis, 12 February 1976. 82. Analysis, 1 April 1976. 83. Analysis, 26 February 1976. Roy Mason was the Labour Secretary of State for Defence. 84. Ranelagh, Thatcher’s People,8. 85. Analysis, 15 May 1975. 86. Analysis, 25 October 1978. 87. Childs, Britain Since 1945, 193. Notes 227

88. Analysis, 20 January 1977. 89. Ibid. 90. Ibid. 91. Analysis, 10 December 1971. 92. BBC, WAC Radio Weekly Programme Review, 15 December 1971. 93. Ibid. 94. Ibid. 95. BBC, WAC, Radio Weekly Programme Review Board, 28 July 1976. 96. BBC, WAC Radio Weekly Programme Review Board, 15 December 1971. 97. Analysis, 30 November 1983. 98. Ibid. 99. Analysis, 2 February 1983. 100. Hendy, Life on Air, 126. 101. Donovan, P. (1997) All Our Todays: Forty Years of the Today Programme, London: Jonathan Cape, 63. 102. Hendy, Life on Air, 73. 103. Ibid., 92. 104. Ibid., 159. 105. Donovan, All Our Todays, 49. 106. in Donovan, All Our Todays, 59. 107. Ibid., 58. 108. Hendy, Life on Air, 153–83. 109. Ibid., 156. 110. Ibid., 157. 111. Libby Purves and Mike Chaney in Hendy, Life on Air, 168. 112. The Times, 31 October 1975. 113. Cmnd 6753, Report of the Committee on the Future of Broadcasting, Chairman Lord Annan, London: HMSO, 285. 114. WAC Radio Weekly Programme Review Board, 18 February 1976. 115. Martin Wallace in Hendy, Life on Air, 163. 116. Michael Green, interview 29 July 2008.

6 The Sound of Breaking Glass – Commercial Radio

1. Born, G. (2004) Uncertain Vision: Birt, Dyke and the Reinvention of the BBC, London: Secker and Warburg, 5. 2. Street, S. (2006) Crossing the Ether: Public Service Radio and Commercial Com- petition 1922–1945, Eastleigh: John Libbey; Street, S. (2002) A Concise History of British Radio, 1922–2002, Tiverton: Kelly Publications. 3. Street, A Concise History, 41. 4. Ibid., 92. 5. Ibid., 108 6. T. Crook (1998) International Radio Journalism, London: Routledge, 262. 7. Conservative Party Manifesto 1970, London: Conservative Central Office. 8. Stoller, T. (2010) Sounds of Your Life: The History of Independent Radio in the UK, New Barnett: John Libbey, 32 9. Ibid., 40. 10. Ibid., 46. 228 Notes

11. Ibid., 48. 12. Stoller, Sounds of Your Life, 55. 13. Hendy, D. (2007) Life on Air: A History of Radio Four, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 139. 14. Managing Director of Radio, 1970–76, Director-General 1977–82. 15. Ibid., 139. 16. Donovan, P. (1997) All Our Todays: Forty Years of the Today Programme, London: Jonathan Cape, 54. 17. Ibid., 139. 18. Stoller, Sounds of Your Life, 55. 19. Ibid., 65. 20. Street, A Concise History, 111. 21. Stoller, Sounds of Your Life, 65. 22. IBA Annual Report and Accounts, 1974, London, 83. 23. Simpson White, A. (2008) ‘A critical analysis of the LBC/IRN archive, its value and influence within broadcasting history and its position as a canonical resource within the study of radio’, unpublished MA dissertation, Bournemouth University; Donovan, P. (1991) The Radio Companion, London: HarperCollins, 156. 24. Ultimately the BBC gave in to the demand for a 24-hour news service with the launch of BBC ‘Radio 5 Live’ in March 1994. 25. Hendy, Life on Air, 143. 26. Ian McIntyre criticising the broadcasting of parliament in Hendy, Life on Air, 179. 27. BBC Handbook 1974, London: BBC, 36. 28. Sound Broadcasting Act 1972. 29. Tony Stoller, Head of Radio Programming, IBA, to Ron Onions, Editorial Director, LBC/IRN, 8 December 1978, Archive, 5101/1. Stoller’s con- cern that a broadcaster was also writing for a newspaper, and therefore expressing views forbidden on air, was a complaint also levelled at Andrew Gilligan, Today’s defence correspondent, 25 years later. Gilligan was accused of making false claims against the Labour government prior to the Iraq War on the Today programme while he was also writing for the Mail on . 30. Donovan, All Our Todays, 55. 31. Stoller, Sounds of Your Life, 65. 32. Ibid., 66. 33. Ibid., 67 34. Ibid., 65 35. Hendy, Life on Air, 178. 36. Ibid., 179 37. Ibid., 179. 38. Chignell, H. (2009) Key Concepts in Radio Studies, London: Sage, 105. 39. Richard Rudin in Simpson White, ‘A critical analysis’, 9. 40. Crook, International Radio Journalism, 271. 41. Ibid., 279. In support of this claim Crook cites the recognition given to LBC/IRN reporters in the 1980s; they won Sony Reporter of the Year in 1985, 1988 and 1989. 42. Ibid., 276. Notes 229

43. reporting on LBC/IRN, 12 December 1975, in Crook, International Radio Journalism, 275; Simpson White, ‘A critical analysis’, 15–17. 44. Chignell, H. (2007) ‘The London Broadcasting Company (LBC) Indepen- dent Radio News (IRN) Archive’, Twentieth Century British History,18(4), 514–25. 45. Jon Snow from an interview with Alva Simpson White, quoted in Simpson White, ‘A critical analysis’. Unpublished. 46. Interview with Michael Green, 29 July 2008. 47. Ibid. 48. At least five children were sexually abused and murdered by Myra Hindley and Ian Brady in crimes that were the ‘most shocking and disturbing in Britain for decades’. Sandbrook, D. (2006) White Heat: A History of Britain in the Swinging Sixties, London: Abacus, 571. 49. Ten O’Clock, 27 April 1966. 50. The World at One, 16 May 1968. 51. Radio Newsreel, 24 June 1968. 52. BBC archive Infax catalogue, BBC Information and Archives. 53. Today, 25 November 1968. 54. The World at One, 16 March 1966. 55. Stoller, Sounds of Your Life, 46. 56. Ibid., 46. 57. Jon Snow from an interview with Alva Simpson White, quoted in Simpson White, ‘A critical analysis’. 58. Hendy, Life on Air, 403.

7 The Critical Decade – Radio in the 1980s

1. Marr, A. (2008) A History of Modern Britain, London: Pan Books, 411. 2. Vinen, R. (2009) Thatcher’s Britain: The Politics and Social Upheaval of the 1980s, London: Simon and Schuster, 158. 3. Marr, A History of Modern Britain, 430. 4. Ibid., 465. 5. O’Malley, T. (1994) Closedown? The BBC and Government Broadcasting Policy 1979–1992, London: Pluto Press, 31. 6. Ibid. 7. Milne, A. (1988) DG: The Memoirs of a British Broadcaster, London: Hodder and Stoughton (Coronet), 158. 8. O’Malley, Closedown, 55. 9. in O’Malley, Closedown, 55. 10. Ibid., 55. 11. Hendy, D. (2007) Life on Air: A History of Radio Four, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 245–77. 12. Ibid., 262. 13. Dick Francis in Hendy, Life on Air, 262. 14. Hendy, Life on Air, 270. 15. Ibid., 273. 16. Ibid., 271. 230 Notes

17. The account of the war provided here is based largely on Vinen, Thatcher’s Britain, 134–53. 18. Ibid., 137. 19. Ibid., 152. 20. Even coverage of the war in is rarely televised, the most vivid pictures being taken by soldiers using mobile phones. 21. Hendy, Life on Air, 262. 22. Ibid., 262. 23. All quotations from LBC/IRN coverage of the war are from the LBC/IRN archive at www.bufvc.ac.uk, accessed 30 June 2010. 24. Kim Sabido, 23 May 1982. 25. BBC War Report, London: Oxford University Press, 106. 26. Kim Sabido, IRN News, 30 May 1982. 27. Kim Sabido, IRN News, 23 June 1982. 28. Ministry of Defence. 29. Kim Sabido, IRN News, 23 June 1982. 30. Kim Sabido, IRN News, 23 June 1982. 31. Her no-nonsense briskness was not dissimilar to Mary Goldring’s own rather acerbic style. 32. Judith Dawson, Decision Makers, 8 April 1982. 33. Decision Makers, 28 May 1982. 34. ‘The London region’, 1 December 1983, LBC Programmes General, IBA Archive, IBA 0068, R5101. 35. Green, interview. 36. Green, interview. 37. Gerry Northam, interview, Manchester, 22 June 2010. 38. BBC WAC, Green to M.E.C.A.R., ‘File on Four’, 3 August 1978. 39. Ibid. 40. Gillian Reynolds, Daily Telegraph, 17 February 1990. 41. Ibid. 42. Helen Boaden, interviewed for celebrations to mark 25 years of File on Four, document held in the programme archive, Manchester. 43. Green, interview. 44. Northam, interview. 45. David Ross, interview, Manchester, 23 June 2010. 46. Northam, interview. 47. The number of editions of the programme in the 1980s was as follows: 1980 (29), 1981 (28), 1982 (48), 1983 (30), 1984 (35), 1985 (38), 1986 (37), 1987 (38), 1988 (34), 1989 (38). 48. Excluding Ireland. 49. Individual editions of File on Four did not, unlike Analysis,havetitles, they were simply given a date. The titles shown here were the working titles used in the list of all programmes held at the programme archive in Manchester. 50. Numbers in brackets show the number of programmes made on a subject in the 1980s. 51. The Listener, 2 December 1982. 52. Observer, 1 March 1981. Notes 231

53. Campbell, J. (2004) Margaret Thatcher, Volume Two: Iron Lady, London: Pimlico. 54. Ibid., 509. 55. Ibid. 56. Ibid., 550. 57. All of the statistics presented here exclude programmes made about AIDS. 58. Dates respectively: 5 June 1979, 9 April 1980, 7 May 1980, 17 September 1980, 6 July 1982 and 2 August 1983. 59. BBC Radio Four, File on Four, 5 June 1979. 60. Ibid. 61. File on Four, 9 April 1980. 62. File on Four, 17 September 1980. 63. Looking back on the programme this was something of a journalistic coup. Toxteth would be the site of serious rioting just a matter of months after the broadcast. 64. See, for example, Murray, C. (1990) The Emerging British Underclass, London: Institute of Economic Affairs. 65. File on Four, 2 August 1983. 66. Ibid. Remarks addressed to a consultant at Stoke Mandeville Hospital. 67. A doctor at ‘Prestwich Mental Hospital’. 68. File on Four, 2 August 1983. 69. File on Four, 7 April 1987. 70. File on Four, 1 March 1988. 71. File on Four, 8 March 1988. 72. File on Four, 28 March 1989. 73. File on Four, 13 June 1989. 74. File on Four, 14 November 1990. 75. Helen Boaden, File on Four, 14 November 1990. 76. Ibid. 77. File on Four, 14 April 1987. 78. As discussed at length in Hendy, Life on Air, 221–47. 79. Particularly striking in Helen Boaden’s critical look at the NHS in File on Four, 14 November 1990. 80. Luckhurst, T. (2001) This is Today: A Biography of the ‘Today’ Programme, London: Aurum Press, 30. 81. Frances Halewood quoted in Luckhurst, This is Today, 25. 82. MacGregor, S. (2002) Woman of Today: An Autobiography, London: Headline, 219. 83. Redhead was described in The Times as ‘one of the most compelling figures in post-war radio’ (MacGregor, Woman of Today, 228). 84. David Wade, radio critic of The Times quoted in Donovan, All Our Todays, 79. 85. Donovan, All Our Todays, 74. 86. Ibid., 74. 87. MacGregor, Woman of Today, 232. 88. Quoted in Donovan, All Our Todays, 102. 89. Hendy, Life on Air, 324. 90. MacGregor, Woman of Today, 257. 232 Notes

91. Ibid., 264. 92. Hendy, Life on Air, 324.

8 The Age of Uncertainty – Radio in the 1990s

1. Born, G. (2004) Uncertain Vision: Birt, Dyke and the Reinvention of the BBC, London: Secker and Warburg. 2. This sketch of the decade is largely based on Marr, A. (2008) A History of Modern Britain, London: Pan Books, 471–525. 3. The single currency for Europe launched on 1 January 1999. 4. Habermas, J. (1989) The Structural Transformation of the Public Sphere: An Inquiry into a Category of Bourgeois Society, Cambridge: Polity Press. 5. Turnock, R. (2008) Interpreting Diana: Television Audiences and the Death of a Princess, London: BFI. 6. Born, Uncertain Vision, 57. 7. The crisis is fully documented in his own account of events, Milne, A. (1988) DG: The Memoirs of a British Broadcaster, London: Hodder and Stoughton. The television programmes, ‘Maggie’s Militant Tendency’ (1984) and the 1985 Real Lives edition featuring a senior figure in the IRA both contributed to Milne’s fate as did the appointment of the Conservative chairman of the governors, Marmaduke Hussey. 8. Born, Uncertain Vision, 58. 9. Holland, P. (2006) The Angry Buzz: This Week and Current Affairs Television, London: I. B. Tauris; Goddard, P., Corner, J., and Richardson, K. (2007) Public Issue Television: , 1963–98, Manchester: Manchester University Press. 10. Born, Uncertain Vision, 397. 11. Ibid., 398. 12. Ibid., 400. 13. Ibid., 63. 14. Hendy, D. (2007) Life on Air: A History of Radio Four, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 341–59. 15. Abramsky, J., Sound Matters – Five Live – The War of Broadcasting House – A Morality Story, lecture, 31 January 2002, Exeter College, Oxford University 16. Ibid. 17. Ibid. 18. Hendy, Life on Air, 346. 19. Ibid., 348. 20. Ibid., 352. 21. Ibid., 359. 22. Starkey, G. (2004) ‘BBC Radio 5 Live: extending choice through “Radio Bloke”?’ in A. Crisell (ed.) More Than a Music Box: Radio Cultures and Communities in a Multi-Media World, New York: Berghahn Books, 28. 23. A particularly important example of this was Five Live’s coverage of the 2004 Asian tsunami, which made use of phone calls from people acting as citizen journalists. 24. Starkey, ‘BBC Radio Five Live’, 32. Notes 233

25. Abramsky, J. Sound Matters – Soundtrack for the UK, lecture, 30 January 2002, Green College, Oxford University. 26. John Birt quoted in Donovan, P. (1997) All Our Todays: Forty Years of the Today Programme, London: Jonathan Cape, 206. 27. Donovan, All Our Todays, 117. 28. BBC Radio Four Today, 3 March 1993. 29. Today, 2 March 1994. 30. Today, 1 March 1995. 31. Today, 1 March, 1995. 32. Luckhurst, T. (2001) This is Today: A Biography of the ‘Today’ Programme, London: Aurum Press, 38. 33. Ibid., 105–6. 34. Ibid., 135. 35. Campbell, A. and Stott, R. (eds) (2007) The Blair Years: Extracts from the Diaries, London: Arrow Books, 117. 36. Ibid., 149. 37. Quoted in Donovan, All Our Todays, 193. 38. Campbell and Stott, The Blair Years, 143. 39. Donovan, All Our Todays, 126. 40. Luckhurst, This is Today, 139. 41. Donovan, All Our Todays, 211. 42. Quoted in Donovan, All Our Todays, 210. 43. Hendy, Life on Air, 324. 44. Quoted in Donovan, All Our Todays, 133. 45. Hendy, Life on Air, 324. 46. There was no single moment when Analysis lost its international brief, but by the 1990s there were no more editions on individual foreign countries, and those that were broadly international concentrated on Europe, trade and the decline of communism. 47. It was cut to 30 minutes at the time of the changes to the schedule introduced by James Boyle as Controller of Radio Four in the spring of 1998. 48. Interview with Michael Blastland, 22 September 2010, London. 49. Ibid. 50. Ibid. 51. Private communication with David Hendy, former Analysis producer, 21 September 2010. All Souls is an elite college of Oxford University. 52. Ibid. 53. Giddens, A. (1994) Beyond Left and Right: The Future of Radical Politics, Cambridge: Polity Press. 54. Ibid., 18. 55. Ibid., 14. 56. Mulgan, G. (1994) Politics in an Antipolitical Age, Cambridge: Polity Press. 57. Ibid., 3. 58. Ibid., 4. 59. Ibid., 9. 60. Ibid., 57. 61. Giddens, A. (1998) The Third Way: The Renewal of Social Democracy, Cambridge: Polity Press. 234 Notes

62. Ibid., 27. 63. Blair, T. (1996) New Britain: My Vision of a New Country, London: . 64. Ibid., 131. 65. Ibid., 236. 66. Analysis, 26 January 1995. 67. Analysis, 16 March 1995. 68. Ibid. 69. Ibid. 70. Analysis, 23 March 1995. 71. Ibid. 72. Analysis, 25 May 1995. 73. Ibid. 74. Analysis, 12 October 1995. 75. Ibid. 76. Ibid. 77. Analysis, 26 October 1995. 78. Ibid. 79. Ibid. 80. In the 1990s there were 18 programmes made on education, 43 on health, 39 on law and order, and 48 on foreign affairs. These figures are based on the working titles of programmes used in the File on Four office. 81. This includes programmes made about AIDS of which there were four in the early 1990s, two in 1990, one in 1991 and one in 1992. 82. Observer, March 1993. The press reviews used here are all taken from the collection of press cuttings produced by File on Four to mark its 25th anniversary. 83. Daily Express, 8 December 1997. 84. Daily Telegraph, 2 February 1999. 85. The Times, 13 April 1999. 86. Daily Telegraph, 22 May 1999. 87. The Times, 22 May 1999. 88. Independent, 8 June 1999. 89. De Burgh, H. (2000) ‘Investigating Corporate Corruption: An example from BBC’s File on Four’, in H. De Burgh (ed.) : Context and Practice, London: Routledge. 90. Ibid., 201. 91. Interview with Michael Green, 29 July 2008, London. 92. Interview with David Ross, 23 June 2010, Manchester. 93. Ross, interview. 94. Ibid. 95. Ibid. 96. BBC Radio Four File on Four, 13 October 1992. 97. File on Four, 2 June 1992. 98. File on Four, 12 October, 1993. 99. File on Four, 21 June 1997. 100. Interview with Gerry Northam, 22 June 2010, Manchester. 101. Interview with Helen Boaden, undated, from the file relating to the 25th anniversary of File on Four, held at their offices in Manchester. 102. Interview with Jenny Cuffe, 13 November 2009, Winchester. Notes 235

Conclusion

1. Born, G. (2004) Uncertain Vision: Birt, Dyke and the Reinvention of the BBC, London: Secker and Warburg; Holland, P. (2006) The Angry Buzz: This Week and Current Affairs Television, London: I. B. Tauris; Goddard, P., Corner, J., and Richardson, K. (2007) Public Issue Television: World in Action, 1963–98, Manchester: Manchester University Press. 2. It is almost too speculative to wonder who might be the contemporary heirs to this legacy but in Helen Boaden’s demanding time as Editor of File on Four she seemed to display precisely those deeply held values that brook no com- promise and take the BBC and radio itself extremely seriously. Her rise to very near the top of the corporation is no surprise. 3. There is an interesting discussion of the difference between Radio One’s and The World at One and their differing styles and approaches in Crisell, A. (1994) Understanding Radio, 2nd edn., London: Routledge, 83–127. 4. Hendy, D. (2007) Life on Air: A History of Radio Four, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 404.

Glossary of Names

∗I acknowledge that this is a highly idiosyncratic list. Many important indi- viduals who worked in talks, news and current affairs are missing but here are the ones that I found most interesting and whom I have mentioned in this book. 1. There are references to Abramsky in Hendy, D. (2007) Life on Air: AHis- tory of Radio Four, Oxford: Oxford University Press; Luckhurst, T. (2001) This is Today: A Biography of the ‘Today’ Programme, London: Aurum Press; and Donovan, P. (1997) All Our Todays: Forty Years of the Today Programme, London: Jonathan Cape. See also her lectures delivered in Oxford, Sound Matters, 2002 (unpublished). 2. Briggs, A. (1970) The History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom, Volume 3, The War of Words, London: Oxford University Press. 3. Donovan, All Our Todays,8. 4. Briggs, A. (1965) The History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom, Volume 2, The Golden Age of Wireless, London: Oxford University Press, 147. 5. See also Coatman, J. (1951) ‘The BBC, government and politics’, Public Opinion Quarterly,15(2). 6. Donovan, All Our Todays, 24–45. 7. MacGregor, S. (2002) Woman of Today: An Autobiography, London: Headline, 114, 115. 8. Although hardly neutral, the biography by his son is an essential read: Dimbleby, J. (1975) Richard Dimbleby: A Biography, London: Hodder and Stoughton. 9. Others were Martin Esslin and Stephen Hearst, see Hendy, Life on Air, 142–4. 10. Street, S. (2006) Historical Dictionary of British Radio, Lanham, Maryland: Scarecrow Press, 123. 11. Hendy, Life on Air, 38–42. 12. Briggs, A. (1979) The History of Broadcasting in the United Kingdom, Volume 4, Sound and Vision, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 583. 236 Notes

13. Greene’s own writing is revealing; Greene, H. (1969) The Third Floor Front: A View of Broadcasting in the Sixties, London: Bodley Head. 14. Hendy, Life on Air, 48–51; MacGregor, Woman of Today. 15. Luckhurst, This is Today, 32. 16. There are references to Harding in MacGregor, Woman of Today and Hendy, Life on Air. 17. There are detailed accounts of Humphrys and his Today career in the main sources on that programme: Donovan, All Our Todays; Luckhurst, This is Today; and MacGregor, Woman of Today. See also Humphrys’ own writing, for example, Devil’s Advocate, London: Hutchinson (1999). 18. Discussed in Hendy, Life on Air, 179–82. 19. See also McIntyre, I. (1994) The Expense of Glory: A Life of John Reith, London: HarperCollins, his respected biography of Reith. 20. MacGregor, Woman of Today. 21. Ibid., 307. 22. Briggs, Volume 2, 148–9. 23. Lambert, R. S. (1940) Ariel and All His Quality, London: Victor Gollancz. 24. Scannell, P., and Cardiff, D. (1991) A Social History of British Broadcasting: Volume 1, 1922–1939, Oxford: Basil Blackwell. 25. Ibid., 59–62. 26. Hendy, Life on Air, 42–5. 27. For example, Carney, M. (1999) Stoker: The Life of Hilda Matheson OBE, 1888–1940, published by the author, Llangynog: Michael Carney; Avery, T. (2006) Radio Modernism: Literature, Ethics, and the BBC, 1922–1938, Aldershot: Ashgate; Avery ‘The trumpets of autocracies and the still, small voices of civilisation: Hilda Matheson and the intimate mode of address’ (unpublished). See also Matheson, H. (1933) Broadcasting, London: Thornton Butterworth. 28. Luckhurst, This is Today, 32. 29. A particularly good analysis of this broadcast is to be found in Nicholas, S. (1996) The Echo of War: Home Front Propaganda and the Wartime BBC, 1939–45, Manchester: Manchester University Press, 57–62. 30. There is a growing literature on Priestley partly due to the increased availabil- ity of his broadcasts. See in particular, Baxendale, J. (2007) Priestley’s England: J. B. Priestley and English Culture, Manchester: Manchester University Press. 31. Skoog, K. (2010) ‘The “Responsible” woman: the BBC and women’s radio 1945–1955’, unpublished PhD thesis (University of Westminster). 32. Her wartime career is discussed in Nicholas, The Echo of War. 33. Briggs, Volume 4, 543. 34. There are useful references to Brian Redhead in Hendy, Life on Air; MacGregor, Woman of Today; Donovan, All Our Todays and Purves, L. (2002) Radio: A True Love Story, London: Hodder and Stoughton. 35. Scannell and Cardiff, A Social History, 156. 36. See also Siepmann, C. (1946) Radio’s Second Chance, Boston: Little, Brown; Siepmann, C. (1950) Radio, Television and Society, London: Oxford University Press. 37. Hendy, Life on Air. 38. In 1924. Notes 237

39. Briggs, A. (1961) The History of British Broadcasting in the United Kingdom, Volume 1, The Birth of Broadcasting, London: Oxford University Press, 253. 40. Briggs, Volume 3, 706. 41. Lambert, Ariel, 49. 42. Donovan, All Our Todays. 43. See the chapter on Timpson in Donovan, All Our Todays, 46–57. He wrote three memoirs of which the best known is Today and Yesterday, London: George Allen and Unwin, 1976. 44. Trethowan, I. (1984) Split Screen, London: Hamish Hamilton. 45. Briggs, Volume 5;Hendy,Life on Air; Trethowan, Split Screen. Bibliography

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Abramsky, Jenny, 5, 170, 171, 177, 1960s, 82–3, 97; see also 179, 199, 204 Broadcasting in the Seventies; academics, used in programmes, 21, Greene, Hugh Carleton 110, 116, 187 1970s response to commercial radio, actuality, 1, 26, 85, 87, 109, 143–6, 136–7, 138, 148 147, 155, 184, 191, 192 1980s, attacks on, 151–2 Adams, Colin, 159 1990s, 173, 175–6, 193; see also Birt, AIDS, 5, 161, 174 John Analysis Belsen (concentration camp), see File on Four, in relation to, 132, 133, Holocaust 152, 158–9 Benzie, Isa, 63, 78, 88, 196, 199 first edition, 111–13 Bestic, Richard, 157 origins, 107–9 Beveridge, William/Beveridge Report, presenters, 110–11, 113–14, 116, 21, 53, 59 118, 120, 124–5, 127–8 Beyond the Fringe,81 producers, 107, 108, 110, 117 Birt, John, 132, 173, 175, 177, 179, reputation, 133 182, 183, 204 and Thatcherism, 121–9 Birt-Jay thesis, 132 announcer, news, 16, 23, 39, 41, 44, Black Report, 164 50, 53, 85, 99 Blair, Tony, 174, 175, 181, 182, 183, Any Questions, 56, 58, 78, 99 185–6 archives, 3–4, 5, 36 Blakeway, Denys, 187 Arnold, Matthew, 9, 101, 209 Blastland, Michael, 184, 186, 187, 188 At Home and Abroad Bloomsbury Group, 28, 32, 35, 42, 206 controversy, 70–2 Boaden, Helen, 92, 160, 161, 167–9, end of, 78–9, 83 171, 189, 191, 192, 195, 199–200 origins, 5, 64–5, 68–9 Bonarjee, Stephen, 5, 200 and Suez, 72–7 and At Home and Abroad, 64, 68–72 Attlee, Clement, 57, 59 and Today, 78, 89, 91 Avery, Todd, 13, 28, 31, 35 Born, Georgina, 173, 176 Brain’s Trust, 55–6 Bartlett, Vernon, 20, 24 breakfast television, 170 BBC Bridson, D.G., 14, 15 origins, 7–11; see also Reith, John Briggs, Asa, 4, 40, 65, 66, 77, 78, 92, pre-war, criticisms of, 15, 17, 19, 23, 101, 203, 205, 208, 210 24, 25, 27, 31, 35, 36, 37; see Broadcasting in the Seventies, 77, 92–8 also controversy Brown, F.J., 8 Second World War, 40, 43, 50, Burns, Tom, 98 52, 56 post-war, 59–60, 70, 71, 73–4, 77; Cadogan, Alexander, 70–1, 74 see also Cadogan, Alexander; calibre (of broadcasters), 16, 100, 111, Paulu, Burton 118, 128, 196

243 244 Index

Campaign for Better Broadcasting, 95, Daily Telegraph, 83, 90, 120–1, 138, 106 159, 189 Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament Dawson, Judith, 156, 157 (CND), 60, 79, 103, 124 Day, Robin, 88, 89, 118–19 Campbell, Alastair, 181, 182 Deacon, David, 25, 26 Campbell, John, 104, 162 de Burgh, Hugo, 190 Cardiff, David, see Scannell, Paddy Decision Makers, 156–7 Carey, John, 33, 35, 42 de Manio, Jack, 89–92, 99, 100, 130, Carroll, Nicholas, 76, 77 146, 200 Carver, Tom, 181 Diana, Princess, 174–5, 193 , 38, 40, 82 Dimbleby, Jonathan, 17, 18, 26, 54, 62 Centre for Policy Studies (CPS), 104 Dimbleby, Richard, 17–18, 26, 41, 50, Chamberlain, Neville, 27, 39, 41 51–2, 53–4, 78, 79, 157, 197, 201 Chaney, Mike, 131 direct speech, 31, 45 Chataway, Christopher, 135 Donovan, Paul, 141 Checkland, Michael, 177, 178 Dunkirk (evacuation of), 44–6 Churchill, Winston, 11 war time, 41–2, 44, 45, 47, 48 Eden, Anthony, 25, 73–4, 76, 79 post-war, 57, 59, 70, 71 Editors, 180, 189, 192 Clark, J.B., 73 Eisenhower, President, 73, 74, 76 Clark, Kenneth, 163, 180, 182 elite, the cultural Clark, R.T., 18 and Analysis, 110, 115 Coatman, John, 17–18, 27, 200 and the Bloomsbury Group, 16, 28, Cockett, Richard, 103, 120–1 32–4, 42 Cold War, 60, 103, 123–4 and Broadcasting in the Seventies,95 Conservative Party, 47, 57, 59, 102, Englishness, 42, 45 103–5, 107, 121–2, 135, 150, 152, 170, 174, 180, 181, 182 see also Joseph, Keith; Thatcher, Falklands War, 149, 150, 151–2, 153, Margaret 154–7, 172 controversy, 9, 10, 11, 12, 17, 19, 23, Feltham (institution), 191 37, 71, 74 , 12, 36, 171 Cook, Robin, 182 see also Woman’s Hour Cooke, Michael, 164–5 Fessenden, R.A., 7 Cooper, Duff, 47, 53 File on Four, 1–2, 130, 133, 171–2, 175 coronation (Elizabeth II), 58, 62 characteristics, 161–2 correspondents, 16, 18, 49, 62, 66, 68, an ‘Editor’s programme’, 180 137 and health, 162–9 Crook, Tim, 52, 135, 143, 144, 147 in the 1990s, 188–93 Crossman, Richard, 75 origins, 158–60 Cuffe, Jenny, 1, 172, 192, 195, 196, Fischer, George, 106–7, 108–9, 111, 200 113, 114, 119, 120, 121, 123, 127, current affairs, 1–2, 4–5, 9 128, 196, 201–2, 204–5 current affairs broadcaster, 5, 107, Ford, Anna, 170, 182 111, 128, 137, 171 Forgan, Liz, 176, 178 origins, 56, 57, 63, 64–5, 66, 68 format radio, 77, 92–3, 94, 98, 101, see also Analysis; At Home and 106, 131 Abroad; File on Four Forster, E.M., 13, 31, 32, 33, 34, 36 Cyprus, 70 Fourteen Day Rule, 60, 65, 77–8 Index 245

Gale, George, 141 Humphrys, John, 88, 170, 172, 179, Galtieri, General, 149 180–3, 204 General Strike, 10–11 Hungarian uprising (1956), 75, 76 generic radio, see format radio Hussey, Marmaduke, 152 Germany (in the 1930s), 23–4, 26–7 Giddens, Anthony, 184–5, 186, 188 Independent Broadcasting Authority Gillard, Frank, 50, 56, 84, 96, 138, 202 (IBA), 135, 136, 139, 140, 142, 157 Goldie, Grace Wyndham, 41, 78, 211 Independent Local Radio (ILR), 136–8, Goldring, Mary, 111, 114–6, 118, 142, 147 119–20, 125–6, 128–9, 171, 196, see also Independent Radio News 201, 202 (IRN); London Broadcasting Goold-Adams, Richard, 74–5 Company (LBC) Gordon, ‘Archie’, 90, 106, 127 Independent Radio News (IRN), Green, John, 65, 66, 68, 69, 88, 106–7, 136–9, 141–4, 147, 154–7 202–3 see also Falklands War; London Green, Michael, 203 Broadcasting Company (LBC) and Analysis, 108, 116, 122–3 Institute of Economic Affairs (IEA), 60, commercial radio ,views of, 145 103, 151, 120–21 and File on Four, 132–3, 158–60, internal market, 151, 162–3, 167–9 190, 196 interviews and Radio Five Live, 177 and Analysis, 108, 109, 110, 115, Greene, Hugh Carleton, 60, 63, 78, 81, 118–20 82–4 confrontational, 119, 182–3; see also Guardian, 49, 75, 131, 159 Humphrys, John and ILR, 143, 155, 156, 160 , 177, 179 origins, 19–20 and Today, 169, 170, 172, 183 Halliley, Mark, 191 intimacy, 14, 46, 53, 110 Hardcastle, William, 85–7, 99, 127, In Town Tonight,54 137, 196, 203–4 IRA, see Ireland Harding, Archie, 15 Ireland, 102, 103, 113, 114, 123, 143, Harding, Philip, 179, 204 144, 161, 162, 173, 174, 189 Havenhand, Greville, 110, 117 ‘Haw-Haw, Lord’ (William Joyce), 43 Jacobs, David, 99 Hayes, Brian, 140–1 Jacobs, Ian, 60, 63, 74 Hayley, William, 49, 58, 59, 60, 72, 77 Joseph, Keith, 103, 104 Heath, Edward, 102, 103–4, 135, 137 journalists (journalism), 16–17, 20, 49, Hendy, David, ix, 4, 84, 130, 139, 143, 107, 108, 115, 136, 137, 138, 141, 148, 152, 170, 177, 178, 198 146, 153, 196, 197 Hill, Charles (Lord), 55, 94 see also news Hilmes, Michele, 8 Hilton, John, 24 Keynes, John Maynard, 21, 32, 59 Hole, Tahu, 62, 72, 78, 83 Kitchen Front, 54–5, 63, 66 Holland, Julian, 169, 170 Holocaust, 51–2 Lambert, R.S., 9, 12, 15, 205 Home Service, 6, 40, 41, 44, 53, 54, language, use of, 48, 116, 144, 146 54, 58, 61, 64, 65, 68, 77, 79, 85, law and order, 161, 172, 188, 191, 192 86, 106, 153 Lawson, Nigel, 128, 170 Howard, Anthony, 146 LeMahieu, D.L., 32, 36 246 Index

Let the People Sing,43 Meyrick, Nicola, viii, 92, 172 Letwin, Shirley Robin, 104, 122 Milne, Alasdair, 151, 152, 163, 175 Levy, David, 183, 184 miners’ strike, 150 Lewis, C.A., 8 Ministry of Information, 39 Light Programme, 58, 61, 63, 64, 85, modernism, 33–4, 35 92, 93, 134 Montgomery, Field Marshall, 50 Lindley, Richard, 118 Mosey, Roger, 179–80, 207 Listener, 9, 13, 14, 18, 24, 25, 37, 43, Mulgan, Geoff, 184, 185, 186, 187, 83, 162 188 local radio (BBC), 84, 93, 95, 98, 136, Munich (crisis), 27 138 Murdoch, Rupert, 151 London Broadcasting Company (LBC), Murphy, Nigel, 145 136–48, 153, 154, 156–7, 179 Murray, Jenni, 154, 171 see also Falklands War; Independent Murrow, Ed, 52, 67, 87 Radio News (IRN) Long March of Everyman, 109 Nasser, President, 72, 73 Luckhurst, Tim, 182 National Health Service (NHS), 59, 150, 151, 161, 162–9 MacCarthy, Desmond, 32, 34, 35, 36 NATO, 124, 174 MacGregor, Sue, 91, 97, 169, 170, 171, Naughtie, James, 179, 180, 181, 182, 172, 179, 205 196, 207 Maconachie, Richard, 19, 23, 24, 47, neo-liberalism, 60, 102–3, 105, 116, 52, 205 121, 122, 125, 149 Mais, S.P.B., 21–2, 55, 205–6 see also Institute of Economic Affairs Makarios, Archbishop, 70 (IEA); Thatcherism Manchester, and the BBC news,2,4–5,6,36 1930s, 14–15 origins, 10, 11, 23 1970s, 129–30, 133, 158–9 Second World War, 39, 40–1, 43, 44, Manchester Guardian,seeGuardian 48–52, 53, 56 Mansell, Gerard, 84–5, 91, 93, 94, 99, 1950s, 58, 60, 61–3, 65, 67, 78–9 101, 108, 127–8, 206 1960s, 83–5, 96; see also World Marconi Company, 7, 8 at One Marconi, Guglielmo, 7 1970s, 130, 132 Marr, Andrew, 59, 61, 73, 175 ILR, 136, 137, 138, 139–41, 143–7 Marriott, Richard, 77, 78, 94 Falklands War, 154–7 Martin, Laurence, 123, 124 twenty-four hour (‘rolling’) news, Matheson, Hilda, 11–16, 18, 18, 24, 11, 138, 139, 140, 143, 147, 29, 30, 34, 37, 45, 206 153, 154, 157, 175, 176, 177–8, McIntyre, Ian, 201, 202, 203, 204–5 181 early career, 106 News and Current Affairs opinions on radio, 107–8, 139, (department), 78, 83, 84, 89, 90, 142–3 96 and Analysis, 106, 109, 110–14, 117, News (department), 6, 20, 24, 25–6, 119–21, 123, 126–8 27, 64, 65 as Controller, Radio Four, 131 newspaper industry, 8 legacy, 131–3, 158, 196 News/Talks split, 5, 16–20, 36, 67 McKinsey and Company, 94 Nicholas, Sian, 40, 41, 43, 52, 54 Meir, Golda, 113–14 Nicolson, Harold, 16, 34, 39, 41, Menzies, Robert, 74 50, 51 Index 247

Nine O’Clock News, 43, 44, 46, 49, 50, Radio Four News FM, 177 83–4 Radio Luxembourg, 134, 135 Northam, Gerry, 158, 160, 161, 189, Radio Newsreel, 58, 61, 85, 93, 146 191, 192, 195, 196, 207 Radio One, 84, 92–3, 98, 146 Northern Ireland, see Ireland Radio Weekly Programme Review Northumberland and Ashington Board, 4, 99, 113, 116, 117, 119, Hospital, 164 125, 127–8, 139, 143 Ranelagh, John, 105, 124 O’Donovan, Patrick, 146 Redhead, Brian, 92, 130–1, 133, 170, O’Malley, Tom, 151 172, 180, 208 Oppenheimer, Peter, 113, 124–5, 159, recording, 15, 41, 49, 66, 69 163–4 Reith, John, 8–11, 12, 14, 15, 17, 18, Owt Abaht Owt,54 23, 24, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31, 36, 37, 134, 196, 209 Panorama, 78, 79, 118, 132, 151, 152, Reithian (Reithianism), 9, 18, 28, 58, 174, 176 77, 87, 93, 94, 98, 110, 131, 139, parliament, broadcasting from, 139, 140, 145, 153, 179, 193, 199, 201, 140, 141–3, 153 204 Paulu, Burton, 61–2, 67, 69, 87 see also Fischer, George; Green, performance (of presenters), 48, 110, John; McIntyre, Ian 117, 130, 172 reportage, 86, 139, 143–8, 155, 170, Pickles, Wilfred, 53 177, 191 Pilkington Report, 82 Review Board, see Radio Weekly Policy Study Group, 94–5 Programme Review Board populism, 77, 98, 128, 139 rolling news, see news see also Mansell, Gerard; World Roosevelt, Franklin D., 14, 29 at One Ross, David, 1, 160, 189, 190–1, 209 Postscript to the News, 43–8, 52 Rowley, Elisabeth, 88, 196 Powell, Enoch, 60, 102 Royal Liverpool Hospital, 163–5 Priestland, Gerald, 117–18, 128 Rugman, Jonathan, 192 Priestley, J.B., 207–8 Ryan, A.P., 49, 50 pre-war, 20, 31, 42–3 Postscripts, 2, 43–8, 52, 53, 54 Sabido, Kim, 155–57, 172 post-war, 60, 79, 96 Sackville-West, Vita, 12, 15, 34, prisons, see law and order 36, 39 ‘producer choice’, 176 Sandbrook, Dominic, 60, 75 see also internal market Scannell, Paddy, 4, 11, 15, 21, 37 professionalism, 99–100, 121 schools, coverage of, 189 see also calibre (of broadcasters) ‘Scud FM’, see Radio Four Prysor-Jones, Hugh, 166 News FM Second World War, 39–56 Quigley, Janet, 5, 54, 55, 63, 88, 196, D-Day, 49, 50–1 208 ‘Phoney war’, 39–42 war reporting, 48–54 Radio Five Live, 148, 175, 177–9 war-time magazines, 54–6 Radio Four, 2, 4, 5, 6, 84–5, 92–3, 94, see also Dimbleby, Richard; Priestley, 95, 101–2 J.B.; War Report see also Analysis; File on Four;Sims, Shapley, O., 15, 63, 159 Monica; Today Shaw, George Bernard, 28, 30–1 248 Index

Siepmann, Charles, 17, 19, 22, 209 Timpson, John, 130, 131, 170, 208, Sims, Monica, 63, 152–3, 171, 172, 210–11 210 Today Skoog, Kristin, 63–4 1950s, 78, 79 Snow, Jon, 144, 145, 147 1960s, 85, 88–92, 93, 99, 100 social sciences (social scientists), 185, 1970s, 130–3, 138, 146, 147 186, 187 1980s, 153, 169–71, 172 Somerville, Mary, 4, 63, 64, 1990s, 177, 179–83, 193, 196, 210 194, 196 S.O.S., 21–2, 206 producers and presenters, 199–201, , 74, 82, 86, 122, 204–5, 207–8, 210–11 123–4 Toxteth, 144, 165 Spanish Civil War, 24–6, 37 trade unions, 102, 104, 112, 122, 123, Starkey, Guy, 179 124–5, 129, 163 Stewart, Andrew, 77, 88, 89 Trethowan, Ian, 67, 95, 96, 101, Stewart, Marshall, 138, 141 107, 117, 127–8, 138, 142, Stobart, J.C., 10, 12, 13, 210 143, 211 Stoller, Tony, 136, 137, 138, 141, 142, Twenty-four hour news, see news 147 Suez, 57, 60, 72–6, 77 Ullswater Committee, 17, 19 talks, 2, 4, 6, 9, 10, 14, 15, 19, UnderYourTinHat,55 28–31, 32, 36, 37, 40, 41, unions, see trade unions 64, 67 Universities (including Cambridge, educational, 13, 19, 34, 35, 37 Oxford and London), see topical, 17, 21, 22–5, 37, 52–3, 55 academics Talks (department), 6, 12, 15–17, 18–19, 20, 24, 25, 40, 49, 64, 65, 66, 67, 89 Vaizey, John, 117, 186 talks magazine, 64–5, 66, 68 vox pops, 86, 115, 131, 139–40, 142, see also At Home and Abroad 145, 146, 147, 155 ‘talks man’, 5 Tallents, Stephen, 47 Wade, Richard, 132, 152, 153, 172 Ten O’Clock News, 26, 83 War Report, 48, 51, 53, 61, 155 Thatcher, Margaret, 102–5, 117, 119, Wellington, Lindsay, 77 124, 149, 150, 151, 152, 154, 156, Wells, H.G., 13, 28–31 157, 162, 163, 173 Westminster School, the, 4 Thatcherism, 104–5, 116, 120, Whitby, T., 101, 106, 107, 109–10, 121–2, 123, 124, 125, 128, 129, 113, 138, 139, 211 172, 186 see also Institute of Economic Affairs White, Alva Simpson, 139 (IEA); Keith Joseph; Whitehead, Kate, 34, 35 neo-liberalism Wilson, Harold, 82, 102, 119 That Was the Week That Was, Woman’s hour,2–3 78, 81 1940s and 50s, 55, 58, 63–4 Third Programme, 58, 61, 64, 95, 96, 1960s, 96–7 107, 109 1970s, 130 ‘Third Way’, 183–8 1980s, 154, 171, 172 Time to Spare, 22–3 1990s, 195, 196–7 Index 249 women (in broadcasting), 16, 41, 54, Woolf, Leonard, 28, 32, 34, 37 78, 88, 129, 171–2, 195 Woolf, Virginia, 32, 33, 34, 42 see also Abramsky, Jenny; Benzie, World at One, 80, 85–7, 91, 99, 127, Isa; Boaden, Helen; Cuffe, 146, 153, 169, 196 Jenny; Goldring, Mary; see also Goldie, Grace Wyndham; MacGregor, Sue; Matheson, Hardcastle, William; Mansell, Hilda; Murray, Jenni; Quigley, Gerard Janet Woodruff, William, 20 Yom Kippur War, 137, 143