DOCSLIB.ORG

THE STATE of the EUROPEAN UNION 15March07"

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
THE STATE of the EUROPEAN UNION 15March07 The State of the European Union Constitution – Identity, Democracy, Transparency, Decisiveness and Prospects of Foreign and Security Policy in post Afghanistan and Iraq Wars Era by Michael W. PLETSCH 2 Table of Contents 2 Preface: The study´s objective and method 18 Chapter I 20 A. Introduction 20 B. Twenty theses: the state of the European Union 24 Chapter II 38 The European Union under construction A. Introduction: 38 The Nature of the EU – a “ sui generis actor” according to the Founding Treaty on EU and to its dynamic development B. The European Union´s dynamic development 39 creating a unique entity “sui generis I. The European Union´s basic motive to perform the dynamics of stages 39 in a process of creating an ever closer Union II . Milestones of a stepwise dynamic development of the EC integration, 40 History and Institutions 1. Introduction: The dynamic, evolutive character of the European 40 Union as developed in the history of the European Union, creating a unique entity “sui generis” 2. History of the European Union: from the Monnet-method to the 42 European Union 3. Survey on the milestones in the history of the European Union 47 III. The Treaties shaping the European Union 63 . 1. Treaty establishing the European Economic Community, the 63 Treaty of Rome 2. Single European Act (SEA) 64 3. Treaty on European Union (TEU) 64 3 IV . Identity shaping essentials of the European Union, the structure of the 66 European Union 1. Identity shaping essentials 66 2. the organization , created by the member States, 66 the “finalite´” of the EU is kept open, Article 1 Treaty on EU 3. the Treaty´s objectives and major successes 67 3.1 general on the European Union and European Community´s 67 Treaty objectives 3.2 integration and cooperation : two different models to implement 70 the Union´s objectives 4. EU Treaty architecture of the three pillars 73 5. Major successes of European integration method 75 a) completing the internal market 76 b) the EU budget´s identity shaping role, assisting regional infrastructure programs, stabilising cohesion within the EU c) creating the third level within the European Union: 77 Europe of the Regions, the “Committee of the Regions” d) achieving the single currency “Euro ” e) enlarging the EU to the “Europe of the Twentyseven” 78 f) consensus on imperatives of making decision-making more effective g) promoting democracy throughout Europe,but diluting forces 79 of extreme nationalism at stake 6. EU institutions under the Maastricht Treaty on EU- TEU- 80 and under the TEU consolidated version(2002)- structure and power of the institutions 6.1 The Commission 83 6.2 The Council 88 6.3 The European Parliament (EP) 95 . 6.4 . The European Council 99 6.5 The Court of Justice 100 V. Deficiencies : the situation after the signing of the Nice Treaty 102 1. Introduction: The enlargement issue and the European Union´s 102 deficiencies in democracy, transparency and decisiveness in the Union´s political and institutional structure 2. the issue of enlargement 106 3. the issue of reforms: the EU attempting to improve identity and decisiveness 106 3.1 amendment procedures laid down in the Treaties 106 3.2 the question of extensive reform of the Treaties 107 3.3 Until the 1980s little use of the provisions for reforming the Treaties 107 4 3.4 European Parliament´s approval of the “Draft Treaty on European Union”, 108 February 14, 1984 3.5 the Single European Act ,1986 108 3.6 the second phase of the reform process , the Treaty of Maastricht ,1992 109 3.7 the Intergovernmental Conference 1996/97 to prepare the basics 109 for the Treaty of Amsterdam, 1997 . 3.8 The Amsterdam and Nice Treaty unsatisfactory on the institutional front 110 4. Conclusion 111 VI. Activities to establish a Constitution for Europe to overcome the Union´s mess of 111 tensions between deepening and enlarging the Union 1. The Laeken Declaration 111 2. The drawing up of a draft Treaty establishing a Constitution 113 for Europe by the Convention for the future of Europe 2.1 Introduction 113 2.2 The draft Constitution 113 2.2 1 Definition and objectives of the Union, membership 114 2.2 2 A single legal personality and the conduct of a Common Foreign and 115 Security Policy including a Common Security and Defence Poliy 2.2 3 Distributing exlusive and shared competences between the European 117 Union and the Member States 2.2 4 Creating one institutional framework for the Union´s institutions 118 2.2 5 Principle of attributed, limited powers; transparency of decision-making119 2.2 6 The European Parliament 119 2.2 7 The Council of Ministers 120 2.2 8 The Commission 120 2.2 9 Conclusion 121 3. The Intergovernmental Conference debating the draft Treaty establishing a 122 Constitution for Europe 4. The Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe 122 4.1 the Constitution and simplification of the European construction: 123 one single institutional framework 4.2 Commission ,recognition of its different missions 124 4.3 Institutional framework: Parliament and Council 4.4 Main institutional innovations within the Council 4.5 The European Council 4.6 Composition of the institutions 4.7 Qualified majority for decision-making in the Council: Strengthening the Union´s decisiveness by striking the balance between sovereign equality of each Member State and the democratic legitimacy by proportionate weigthing the votes : 4.8 The Union’s newly acquired single legal personality 125 4.9 Achievements in the area of freedom, security and justice, and in the field of common foreign and security policy 5 4.10 Economic, taxation, social policies 126 4.11 Increased democracy and transparency ? . 126 5. Conclusion: 126 5.1 The situation after the failing French and Dutch votes on ratification 5.2 leaving the impasse through focussing on identity shaping essentials 128 ` transparency, democracy, decisiveness ` not necessarily presented in a Treaty labelled “ Constitution “ Chapter III 129 The identity issue and the formal text called “Constitution” A. Introduction 129 B. Basics of nation states Constitutions and mutual interdependencies between 131 the national constitutional systems of the EU Member States and the existing political and legal order of the EU I. The comparative approach to the basics of national constitutional laws .: 131 the functional role of nation states´ constitutions and the functional role of the EU´s legal and political order II. Notion of nation state constitution and the functional role of main national 132 constitutional systems of the EU Member States 1. Germany 132 2. Great Britain 133 3.Spain 133 4.Sweden: 134 5.Conclusion on the functional role of main national constitutional systems 135 of the EU Member States C. The constitutional quality of the political and legal system of the European 135 Union on the basis of the Founding Treaties on EU/EC. The EU´s constitutional essentials, not depending on a formal text called “Constitution” . I. Introduction: The nature and development of European Union law: 135 The nature of the secondary law of the EU as developed under the TEU`s 1 st pillar, the Treaty establishing the European Community-TEC- provisions II. General characteristics of the European Community´s primary and 135 Secondary law III. European Community law special characteristics, its main features as 136 constitutional principles in EC law : 1. Constitutional transfer of power from the Member States to the Community 136 6 1.1 Introduction 136 1.2 National Constitutions contain “ gateway “ clauses to open the 137 national law to the European Union law 1.2.1. France 137 1.2.2 Germany 138 1.2.3 Italy 139 1.2.4 The United Kingdom 140 1.2.5 Conclusion 141 2. Basic provisions of the Treaty establishing the European Community: 141 constitutional principles and their functional role in EC primary law and as case law crafted by the Court of Justice 2.1 Constitutional principles of attributed, limited powers, subsidiarity 141 and effectiveness of Community law in the EC Treaty: they manifest the “sui generis “ nature of the EC 2.2 Functional role of the Community´s law according to the caselaw 142 of the Court of Justice 3. Conclusion: pleading for the integrative approach using 145 constitutional essentials to be incorporated in a new Treaty : 3.1 national constitutions` clauses transferring parts of national 145 sovereignty to a common “pooling “ 3.2 Establishing a formal text called “constitution” and risking the sustainable 146 constitutional development of the existing integrated duality of EU-level and nation state level as basic elements of one emerging European constitutional order 3.3 The identity issue: maintaining and improving the legitimacy acquis of the 149 current Treaty on EU by integrative approach. Constitutional essentials count more than the formal aspect Chapter IV 151 The identity issue: legitimacy compliance needed for any text to avoid gradual disintegration of the Union A. Identity shaping essentials of the European Union ? Factors 151 contributing to the permanent process of European identity building. – form, levels and substance 1. Definition of the European Union´s identity shaping essentials 151 7 2.Factors contributing to identity shaping essentials 151 3. Identity and legitimacy compliance needed for any text to avoid gradual 155 disintegration of the Union : B. The identity issue of the European Union, „ constitution“ 158 and the idea of Europe I. Introduction : the identity issue, legal and living constitution, “sui generis” nature of the EU/EC and the secondary law, principle of attributed powers 1. The identity issue , the EU as a “sui generis “ collectivity, the European Union´s final design, its “finalité “ kept open in a dynamic process of creating an “ever closing Union among the peoples of Europe “ 2.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • The European Social Dialogue the History of a Social Innovation (1985-2003) — Jean Lapeyre Foreword by Jacques Delors Afterword by Luca Visentini
    European Trade Union Institute Bd du Roi Albert II, 5 1210 Brussels Belgium +32 (0)2 224 04 70 [email protected] www.etui.org “Compared to other works on the European Social Dialogue, this book stands out because it is an insider’s story, told by someone who was for many years the linchpin, on the trade unions’ side, of this major accomplishment of social Europe.” The European social dialogue — Emilio Gabaglio, ETUC General Secretary (1991-2003) “The author, an ardent supporter of the European Social Dialogue, has put his heart and soul into this The history of a social meticulous work, which is enriched by his commitment as a trade unionist, his capacity for indignation, and his very French spirit. His book will become an essential reference work.” — Wilfried Beirnaert, innovation (1985-2003) Managing Director and Director General at the Federation of Belgian Enterprises (FEB) (1981-1998) — “This exhaustive appraisal, written by a central actor in the process, reminds us that constructing social Europe means constructing Europe itself and aiming for the creation of a European society; Jean Lapeyre something to reflect upon today in the face of extreme tendencies which are threatening the edifice.” — Claude Didry, Sociologist and Director of Research at the National Centre of Scientific Research (CNRS) Foreword by Jacques Delors (Maurice Halbwachs Centre, École Normale Supérieure) Afterword by Luca Visentini This book provides a history of the construction of the European Social Dialogue between 1985 and 2003, based on documents and interviews with trade union figures, employers and dialogue social European The The history of a social innovation (1985-2003) Jean Lapeyre European officials, as well as on the author’s own personal account as a central actor in this story.
    [Show full text]
  • I. Sytnik EUROPEAN REGIONAL INTEGRATION: THE
    I. Sytnik EUROPEAN REGIONAL INTEGRATION: THE PRECONDITIONS AND AIMS OF FOUNDATION Introduction investigating the problems of war and peace in On the nowadays stage of international Europe, he proposed to establish the All- relationship, the national economies, European parliament (European Dyet, irrespective of their quantity and quality Parliament or Estates) [1]. In 1728 the French characteristics, are functioning in terms of writer and politician Charles de Saint-Pierre developing globalization processes. Moreover, it proposed to create the European League should be taken into account that economic containing 18 independent countries [2]. development is multidimensional and multi- However, at that period «…the states could not factor process, which often includes instability refuse their old ambitions that is why there were and periodic crisis phenomenon. The special practically no trends towards the union of way of protection of national economies from different countries.»[3] global instability is formation of regional Only after the World War I, that lead to integration unions that make preconditions for ruining of European economic and political the role of states on the world political and systems, the idea of arranging united European economic arena. area again appeared in the works of outstanding 1. The preconditions of EU foundation scientists and politicians. The foundation of the European Union is In 1923 the Austrian politician count doubtlessly one of the most important Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi published a geopolitical events of the second part of 20th declaration named “Paneuropa” where he century. It has not only served as a fundament introduced the plan of founding a confederation for political, economic and social changes in uniting all European countries.
    [Show full text]
  • THE COURT of JUSTICE of the EUROPEAN Co
    Periodical 5/1986 THE COURT OF JUSTICE OF THE EUROPEAN co EUROPEAN DOCUMENTATION E This publication is also available in the following languages: ES ISBN 92-825-6600-5 El Tribunal de Justicia de Ia Comunidad Europea DA ISBN 92-825-6601-3 Det europa:iske Fa:llesskabs Domstol DE ISBN 92-825-6602-1 Der Gerichtshof der Europaischen Gemeinschaft GR ISBN 92-825-6603-X .6.\KaotJipiO trov Eupronai:Kci>v KowotJitrov FR ISBN 92-825-6605-6 LaCour de Justice de Ia Communaute europeenne IT ISBN 92-825-6606-4 La Corte di Giustizia della Comunit!t europea NL ISBN 92-825-6607-2 Het Hof van Justitie van de Europese Gemeenschap PT ISBN 92-825-6608-0 0 Tribunal de Justi~a da Comunidade Europeia Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1986 ISBN 92-825-6604-8 Catalogue number: CB-NC-86-005-EN-C Reproduction in whole or in part of the contents of this publication is free, provided the source is acknowledged Printed in the FR of Germany The Court of Justice of the European Community Fourth edition Manuscript completed in autumn 1986 Contents I - The Court in the Community institutional system .. .. .. .. .. ................... .. .. 5 II - Composition and organization of the Court . .. .. .• . •. .. 7 Thirteen judges and six advocates-general .. .. .. .. .. 7 Plenary sessions and Chambers ...................................................•.............................. 9 The Registry and administration ................................................................................ 10 A court of first instance ....................................•.•...............................•......, .............. 11 III - The Court's powers ...............................................•................................................ 13 The Court ensures the observance of Community law .....•................................................ 13 The supreme judicial authority ......................................•...................•••......•..........•..
    [Show full text]
  • The European Union and the United Kingdom's Withdrawal BREXIT
    PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF ALGERIA Ministry of Higher Education and Scientific Research University of Tlemcen Faculty of Letters and Languages Department of English Section of English The European Union and the United Kingdom’s Withdrawal BREXIT Dissertation submitted to the Department of English as a partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Master in Literature and Civilization Presented by Supervised by Mr. Abdallah NEGADI Dr. Daoudi FRID Mr. Mohammed Amine BELAID . Academic Year: 2016-2017 I Dedication I dedicate my work to my family members who encouraged me. A special feeling of gratitude to my loving parents whose words of encouragement and push for tenacity ring in my ears To all my friends II Acknowledgement First and foremost, I would like to thank my supervisor Dr FRID Daoudi for his guidance and valuable comments. This thesis would have never been accomplished without his considerable help, advice and guidance. For that, I owe my gratitude to him for his efforts. I extend my gratitude to the teachers who helped me in this study and the members of examiners for having accepted to read and examine my dissertation. Last but not least, great thanks go to all who helped me with encouragement and support which have never ceased all along the preparation of my work. III Abstract The aim of this study is to examine the British relations with the European Union during the last five decades, and to provide analysis of Britain's contemporary position towards the EU. The main question posed by this work concerns whether Britain is well out of the European Union club after the referendum held in June 2016.
    [Show full text]
  • Dissertation Docteur De L'université Du Luxembourg
    PhD-FLSHASE-2015-40 The Faculty of Language and Literature, Humanities, Arts and Education DISSERTATION Defense held on 18/12/2015 in Luxembourg to obtain the degree of DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DU LUXEMBOURG EN PSYCHOLOGIE by Zoé van Dyck Born on 21 February 1986 in Luxembourg (Luxembourg) THE ROLE OF EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL STIMULI IN THE REGULATION OF EATING BEHAVIOUR Dissertation defense committee Prof. Dr. Claus Vögele, dissertation supervisor Professor, University of Luxembourg Prof. Dr. Dieter Ferring, Chairman Professor, University of Luxembourg Dr. André Schulz, Vice Chairman University of Luxembourg Prof. Dr. Simone Munsch Professor, University of Fribourg Prof. Dr. Jens Blechert Professor, University of Salzburg Dissertation Defence Committee Prof. Dr. Claus Vögele, University of Luxembourg (Supervisor) Prof. Dr. Dieter Ferring, University of Luxembourg (Chair) Dr. André Schulz, University of Luxembourg Prof. Dr. Simone Munsch, University of Fribourg, Switzerland Prof. Dr. Jens Blechert, University of Salzburg, Austria 1 2 Curiosity is the key to problem solving. (Galileo Galilei, 1564-1642) 3 4 Acknowledgements I would like to thank and acknowledge everyone who helped and supported me and who contributed to my research. You all made my PhD years an exciting, valuable and great experience. First and foremost I would like to thank my supervisor, Claus Vögele, for all your support and for believing in my work as a researcher. Thank you for trusting in my autonomy, and at the same time always being there when I needed your help, advice, and opinion. I could not have imagined a better way of scientific guidance. I also highly appreciate the support and advice offered by Jens Blechert.
    [Show full text]
  • Wolfgang-Peter Zingel India and Germany on the Way to Regional
    Wolfgang-Peter Zingel Associate Member, South Asia Institute of Heidelberg University e-mail: [email protected] India and Germany on the way to regional integration? First Dr Dagmar Graefin Bernstorff Commemoration Lecture Organized by the Federation of Indo-German Societies in India and the Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Freedom, delivered at the Indian International Centre (IIC) in New Delhi on 29 April 2019 (revised, 23 October 2019) Your Excellencies, Ladies and Gentlemen, Friends, I feel honoured and privileged to have been invited by the Federation of Indo-German Societies in India and the Friedrich Naumann Foundation for Freedom to deliver the First Dr Dagmar Graefin Bernstorff Lecture at the Indian International Centre, where I once was introduced by Ajneya (Vatsayan), the great poet, to a person no less than Khushwant Singh. It was here, where I often met Dr Dagmar Graefin Bernstorff, a dear colleague and friend, who passed away last year at the blessed age of 89. I am grateful to the organizers to have been asked to commemorate her and talk about her home countries, India and Germany,1 and a favourite topic of hers, i.e. regional integration.2 She described herself as follows: ‘I taught political science with reference to South Asia at the Universities of Freiburg i.B, [sic] Munich, Heidelberg in Germany. My publications relate to Indian Foreign Policy, Political Sociology, Elections in South Asia, Elite Formation etc. I also work on Tibetans in Exile worldwide.’3 There she also listed her major publications4 and translations.5 I met her first after joining the South Asia Institute of Heidelberg in 1971.
    [Show full text]
  • A Review of Regionalism with the Emphasis on the European Project
    UDK: 341.17(091) 341.171(4-672ЕУ) DOI: 10.20544/IYFS.38.2.18.13 Professional Paper A REVIEW OF REGIONALISM WITH THE EMPHASIS ON THE EUROPEAN PROJECT Katerina Klimoska PhD student in International Relations and Conflict Management [email protected] Abstract: Economic, political, social and cultural integration is taking place in many different historical contexts. The world has experienced the effects of imperial regionalism, aggressive nationalism, and today's new regionalism. That is why regionalism must be considered from a wider historical perspective, through its various stages. This paper presents an overview of regionalism with an emphasis on Europe. The paper follows the most significant moments in the regionalization process. Key words: regionalism, new regionalism, Europe, European Union 1. INTRODUCTION, Regionalism Regionalism, in a number of scientific papers, can mostly be encountered as a phenomenon that arises after the World War II. Accordingly, regionalism emerged in Western Europe in the late 1940s and then expanded into other less developed countries. However, it is important to note that there are also scientific papers that also indicate the time of the empires. It is important to study the time of the empires because, in spite of the differences, in some peculiarities they resemble the modern regions, for example: the empire is multicultural, there are no fixed borders, and it alone represents a multilateral system, and so on. In the middle of the 17th century, the Westphalian Peace was a key turning point in the struggle for national sovereignty, as opposed to the imperial one. This struggle begins in the 15th century through the Jeanne d' Arc and the establishment of the first nation state, at a time when Louis XI1 was in power in France.
    [Show full text]
  • Think Literacy: Cross-Curricular Approaches
    THINK LITERACY: CROSS-CURRICULAR APPROACHES LITERACY LESSONS 1 This project has been funded with support from the European Commission. This publication reflects the views only of the author and the Commission cannot be held responsible for any use which may be made of the information contained therein. 2 ERASMUS+ STRATEGIC PARTNERSHIP “SKILLS FOR LIFE: LITERACY” ORGANIZER OF THE PROJECT: . High School ―Stefan Procopiu‖ (Romania, Vaslui) e-mail: [email protected] Website: www.lspvs.ro START OF THE PROJECT: 01.09.2014 PARTNERS . Foreign Language Secondary School (Bulgaria, Pleven) – partner Email: [email protected] Website: http://www.gpche-pl.com . 5th General Senior High School of Aigaleo (Greece, Aigaleo) – partner Website: 5lyk-aigal.att.sch.gr . Yildirim Beyazit Anadolu Lisesi (Bursa, Turkey) – partner . Website: [email protected] . ISISS Cicognini Rodari (Prato, Italy) – partner Website: www.cicogninirodari.prato.it 3 KA2 - Cooperation for Innovation and Exchange of Good Practices Strategic Partnerships for school education Target Groups The target groups for the implementation of project activities are the teachers and students aged 14 to 19. Project Motivation According to the EU high level group of experts on literacy, today, the European Union is in a literacy crisis. Poor reading and writing skills can have a detrimental impact with 75% of school dropouts reporting reading problems and 50% of adults with criminal records identified as having reading difficulties. Employees in the 21st century need to have greater literacy skills than in other time periods. Many students from Europe have a hard time at reading, writing, oral communication. The fact that one in five students of 15 years do not have enough reading skills is highlighted by the results from PISA.
    [Show full text]
  • Thirty-Fourth Review of the Council's Work : 1 January — 31 December
    General Secretariat of the Council of the European Communities THIRTY-FOURTH REVIEW OF THE COUNCIL'S WORK 1 JANUARY — 31 DECEMBER 1986 [/UH« 1 1.1« General Secretariat of the Council of the European Communities THIRTY-FOURTH REVIEW OF THE COUNCIL'S WORK 1 JANUARY — 31 DECEMBER 1986 This publication is also available in: ES ISBN 92­824­0430­7 DA ISBN 92­824­0431­5 DE ISBN 92­824­0432­3 GR ISBN 92­824­0433­1 FR ISBN 92­824­0435­8 IT ISBN 92­824­0436­6 NL ISBN 92­824­0437­4 PT ISBN 92­824­0438­2 Cataloguing data can be found at the end of this publication Office for Official Publications of the European Communities, 1988 ISBN 92­824­0434­X Catalogue number: BX­48­87­961­EN­C © ECSC­EEC­EAEC, Brussels ■ Luxembourg, 1987 Printed in the FR of Germany Contents Introduction 7 Chapter I — Work of the institutions 13 A — Council 13 Β — Institutional affairs 15 C — Parliamentary affairs 16 D — Court of Justice 28 E — Economic and Social Committee 29 F — Conventions 29 G — Information policy 30 Chapter II — Freedom of movement and common rules 31 A — Free movement of goods — Customs union — Rules of com­ petition — Industrial policy and approximation of legislation — Iron and steel industry 31 Β —Right of establishment and freedom to provide services .... 41 C — Intellectual property 45 Chapter III — Economic and social policy 47 A — Economic, financial and fiscal questions and export credits . 47 Β — Social policy 53 C — Regional policy 58 D — Development of a Community energy policy 60 E — Transport 69 F — Research 76 G — Environment 79 H — Other
    [Show full text]
  • Single European Act (Luxembourg, 17 February 1986, and the Hague, 28 February 1986)
    Single European Act (Luxembourg, 17 February 1986, and The Hague, 28 February 1986) Caption: On 17 and 28 February 1986, in Luxembourg and then in The Hague, the Foreign Ministers of the Twelve sign the Single European Act (SEA) which comprises provisions relating to the reform of the Community institutions, the broadening of areas of Community competence and cooperation between the Twelve in the sphere of foreign policy. Source: Official Journal of the European Communities (OJEC). 29.06.1987, n° L 169. [s.l.]. "Single European Act", p. 1. Copyright: All rights of reproduction, public communication, adaptation, distribution or dissemination via Internet, internal network or any other means are strictly reserved in all countries. The documents available on this Web site are the exclusive property of their authors or right holders. Requests for authorisation are to be addressed to the authors or right holders concerned. Further information may be obtained by referring to the legal notice and the terms and conditions of use regarding this site. URL: http://www.cvce.eu/obj/single_european_act_luxembourg_17_february_1986_and_t he_hague_28_february_1986-en-972ccc77-f4b8-4b24-85b8-e43ce3e754bf.html Last updated: 09/11/2015 1/32 Single European Act Title ICOMMON PROVISIONS ................................................... ................................................... ... Title IIPROVISIONS AMENDING THE TREATIES ESTABLISHING THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITIES ................................................... ..................................................
    [Show full text]
  • International Investment Instruments: a Compendium
    UNCTAD/DTCI/30(Vol.III) UNITED NATIONS CONFERENCE ON TRADE AND DEVELOPMENT Geneva International Investment Instruments: A Compendium Volume III Regional Integration, Bilateral and Non-governmental Instruments UNITED NATIONS New York and Geneva, 1996 UNCTAD/DTCI/30(Vol.III) International Investment Instruments: A Compendium/Volume3/Regional instruments. TREATY ESTABLISHING THE EUROPEAN COMMUNITY*1 [excerpts] The Treaty Establishing the European Community (Treaty of Rome) was adopted on 25 March 1957 and entered into force on 1 January 1958. It was subsequently amended by the Single European Act and by the Treaty on European Union (Treaty of Maastricht). The Single European Act was signed on 17 and 28 February 1986 (in Luxembourg and The Hague, respectively) and entered into force on 1 July 1987. The Treaty on European Union was adopted in Maastricht on 7 February 1992 and entered into force on 1 November 1993. The member States of the European Community as of January 1995 were Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden and the United Kingdom. The text reproduced in this volume is the latest version of the Treaty Establishing the European Community, after the Treaty on European Union. Contents I -- Text of the Treaty Preamble Part One -- Principles Part Two -- Citizenship of the Union Part Three -- Community policies Title I -- Free movement of goods Chapter I -- The Customs Union Section 1 -- Elimination of customs duties between Member States Section 2 -- Setting-up of the Common Customs Tariff * Source: European Commission (1993). "Treaty Establishing the European Community", European Union: Selected Instruments Taken from the Treaties, Book 1, Volume 1 (Luxembourg: Office for Official Publications of the European Communities).
    [Show full text]
  • The Single European Act
    The Single European Act Source: CVCE. European NAvigator. Fabio Pappalardo. Copyright: (c) CVCE.EU by UNI.LU All rights of reproduction, of public communication, of adaptation, of distribution or of dissemination via Internet, internal network or any other means are strictly reserved in all countries. Consult the legal notice and the terms and conditions of use regarding this site. URL: http://www.cvce.eu/obj/the_single_european_act-en-abd540f4-e8e6-4d11- 8b67-f551892e2f1b.html Last updated: 08/07/2016 1/3 The Single European Act It was felt that Europe should be more than the predominantly economic dimension of the Communities, and calls to relaunch the European integration process began to be heard in several quarters. From the 1970s onwards, various plans were produced with that aim, notably Belgian Prime Minister Leo Tindemans’ Report on European Union in 1975, the Report on the European Institutions by the Committee of Three Wise Men in 1978 and the Draft European Act, presented in 1981 by the German and Italian Foreign Ministers, Hans Dietrich Genscher and Emilio Colombo. It was not until 1984, however, after the European Parliament had adopted the treaty drawn up by its Committee on Institutional Affairs under Altiero Spinelli, that substantive discussion of a new treaty got under way. In June 1984, the Fontainebleau European Council established an ad hoc committee comprising personal representatives of the Heads of State or Government, chaired by James Dooge, and instructed it to bring forward suggestions for improving the functioning of both the Community system and political cooperation. Following submission of an interim report to the Dublin European Council of December 1984, the Milan Council of June 1985 convened an Intergovernmental Conference (IGC) with a remit to redefine the powers of the institutions, chart the European Economic Community’s extension into new areas of activity and establish the single market.
    [Show full text]