Actinomycetologica (2008) 22:30–33 Copyright Ó 2008 The Society for Actinomycetes Japan VOL. 22, NO. 1 Award Lecture Development of a simple-identification method for actinomycetes based on partial 16S rDNA sequences as exemplified by a comparative study of Malaysian and Japanese actinomycetes
Hideyuki Muramatsu Fermentation Research Labs., Astellas Pharma Inc., 5-2-3, Tokodai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-2698, Japan (Received May 14, 2008 / Accepted May 14, 2008 / Published Jun. 25, 2008)
Introduction reasons for this is the nature of the bacterial identification method described above. The use of molecular phyloge- Traditionally, identification of bacteria, including actino- netic data is the most promising solution to this problem mycetes, has been very time consuming and laborious, and, in particular the simplification and cost-minimisation except for some pathogenic species for which simple of procedures are aimed for. identification methods have been established. With most animals and plants, real-time identification of many Development of a simple-identification method for individuals is possible with the naked eye or optical- actinomycetes based on partial 16S rDNA sequences microscopic observation. For bacterial identification, in- cubation prior to morphological observation and various We developed a simple-identification method for actino- tests for phenotypic characteristics are needed. These mycetes based on direct polymerase chain reaction (PCR) difficulties have affected both basic and applied research amplification, direct sequencing, and BLAST homology on bacteria. Bacteria have few morphological character- search (Muramatsu et al., 2003; DNA Data Bank of Japan; istics that can be used to estimate phylogenetic relation- Altschul et al., 1997). It may be said that this method is ships. Molecular phylogenetic methods were applied to in concept similar to DNA barcoding. In previous reports bacterial taxonomy earlier than for other organisms (Olsen of direct PCR amplification of Streptomyces DNA, intact et al., 1994; Larsen et al., 1993). Nucleotide sequences for mycelia grown on the agar media were used as the DNA the 16S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) gene have been published template source (Ishikawa et al., 2000; Tsuchizaki et al., for almost all actinomycete species, and reference to these 2001). We employed liquid cultures in 96-well format sequences allows for easy identification of a wild strain. plates as templates. This enabled the use of multi-pipettes, However, DNA sequencing and analysis involves many which permitted simultaneous treatment of many strains. steps, requires expensive equipment and chemical reagents, The success of the method mainly depended on the success and is particularly difficult when many strains are to of PCR amplification, which in turn was indicated to be analyzed. Fortunately, advances in DNA sequencing depend strongly on the template broth conditions. The technology and high-through-put analytic methods are identification success rate (number of strains identified/ achieved every year. Furthermore, the potential for ‘DNA total number of strains analyzed) among Malaysian and barcoding’ of animals and plants has gained in popularity Japanese isolates were 70.0% and 87.0%, respectively, in recent years (Ratnasingham & Hebert, 2007). Thus, when the ISP-1 based glycine-added medium was used. It methods based on DNA sequencing have the potential to be was observed that Malaysian isolates tended to produce the most generally applicable for identification of not only pigments in the culture broth that may inhibit the bacteria but also plants, animals, and other taxa in the near PCR. Among Vietnamese actinomycete strains, the iden- future. tification rate was 84% (421/500) with the same medium. In natural product-based drug discovery programs, the The rate rose to 96% (480/500) with concentrated nutrient chemical diversity and novelty of the screening sources are broth in phosphate buffer (unpublished data). Nested PCR important. Expanding the taxonomic diversity of isolates contributed to improvement of both the sensitivity and might lead to expansion of the chemical diversity. The specificity. The lower concentration of the primers in the utility of tropical actinomycetes is expected, but presently second PCR mixture enabled performance of the sequenc- there are too few data (Wang et al., 1999). With regard to ing reaction without any purification of the PCR products. basic research on actinomycetes, few distributional studies, About 600 bases of 16S rRNA gene sequence were which should form the foundation of ecological investiga- determined (nucleotide positions 48–653 based on the tions, have been undertaken. One of the most important sequence for Streptomyces ambofaciens, Pernodet et al.,