AR 2017.1 Ljubljana

tri prOstOrnA AkcentA u pOdGOrici three ArchitecturAl lAndMArks OF

Ključne reči Key words Podgorica, prostorni akcenti, Sahat kula, Podgorica, landmarks, Clock Tower, spomenik vojvodi Mirku Petroviću, Duke Mirko Petrovic Memorial, most Milenijum. Millennium Bridge.

Sažetak Abstract Rad se bavi analizom tri, karakteristična, This work deals with three distinctive prostorna akcenta u urbanom tkivu landmarks in urban core of Podgorica. Podgorice. Radi se o Sahat kuli (1667) They are: Clock Tower (Sahat Kula, koja se nalazi u dijelu grada poznatom 1667), situated in old town of Podgorica kao Stara varoš, spomen obelježju (1886), (Stara Varoš); Memorial (1886) dedicated posvećenom vojvodi Mirku Petroviću u to Duke Mirko Petrović in new part of novom dijelu Podgorice, poznatom kao Podgorica, also known as Mirko's town; and Mirkova varoš i mostu Milenijum (2005) Millennium Bridge (2005) on Moraca. The na rijeci Morači. Razlog percipiranja ove reason for perceiving this issue is the fact problematike jeste činjenica da Podgorica, that Podgorica, in its urban development, u svom urbanom razvoju, nije imala veći didn't have many facilities representing broj građenih, prostornih akcenata koji bi landmarks, which could be significant parts činili značajne elemente urbane slike. Na of greater urban picture. Having in mind

UKD 711.16(497.16) osnovu godina njihove izgradnje , jasno je a period of construction of these sites, it COBISS 1.01 da se radi o značajnoj vremenskoj distanci is clear that a significant temporal distance Prejeto 27.3.2017 u nastajanju navedena tri objekta. Ova in building of these objects is to be dealt činjenica predstavlja dodatnu mogućnost with. This fact represents an additional sagledavanja urbanog razvoja Podgorice. possibility of reviewing Podgorica's urban Po svojoj tipologiji i namjeni Sahat kula i development. According to their typology spomenik vojvodi Mirku Petroviću građeni and purpose, both Clock Tower and su sa namjerom da postanu dominatni Memorial are built in order to be dominant prostorni i simbolički znaci. Most landmarks and symbolic signs. Millennium Milenijum, sobzirom na funkciju, takvu Bridge, considering its function, didn't poziciju nije nosio kao primarni cilj. Svojom have such purpose primarily. However, arhitekturom i dinamičkim osobinama, za it gained such reputation and position kratko vrijeme, on se izborio za poziciju with its architecture and dynamic dominantnog prostornog akcenta u features. Clock Tower, before Millennium Podgorici . Sahat kula je, do izgradnje mosta bridge has been built, represented main Milenijum, predstavljala glavni prostorni landmark of Podgorica. Duke Mirko akcent Podgorice. Spomenik vojvodi Petrovic ‘s Memorial couldn't have such Mirku Petroviću nije mogao ostvariti svoju function, in the first place, because of funkciju, prvenstveno, iz razloga njegovog its short existence (1886-1918). Also, its kratkog trajanja (1886-1918). Takođe objective of a landmark has never been dr. Rifat Alihodžić, vanredni profesor njegova pozicija prostornog akcenta nije accomplished partially because of citizens’ Univerzitet Crne Gore, Arhitektonski fakultet, Podgorica zaživjela i zbog različitog stava žitelja prema divided opinions about this memorial, for [email protected] ovom spomeniku, iz političkih razloga. political reasons. 46 Three architectural landmarks of Podgorica AR 2017.1

1. Značaj prostornih akcenata u je utvrđenje zidano materujalom sa 1. The importance of architectural urbanom kontekstu rimske Duklje () koja se nalazi landmarks in urban context uzvodno, na ušću Zete u Moraču, što Prostorni akcenti predstavljaju je dokazano analizom fragmenata u Architectural landmarks present karakteristična obelježja u prostoru. zidovima. Prema drugim podacima distinctive points in space. Facilities, Čine ih različiti objekti koji se, , godina 1474 se uzima za pad representing landmarks, can be uspješno, izdvajaju od mnoštva dotadašnjeg naselja i ona od created for various purposes, but they drugih u izgrađenoj cjelini. Mogu tada dobija naziv Podgorica [Brajović, are striking out of surrounding. They nastati ciljano kao što su muzej 2007]. Utvrđena varoš je imala can be created to reach that particular Guggenheim u Bilbau (F.Gehry) sve odlike orijentalnog, urbanog, objective, like Guggenheim museum ili opera u Sidneju (I.Udson) ili se karaktera . Na utvrđenimo zidovima in Bilbao (F. Gehry) or Sydney Opera spontano izboriti za takvu poziciju su se nalazila četiri ulaza: Zetski, House (I. Udson), or they can establish kao što je slučaj sa krivim tornjem u Kučki, Malisorski i Osmanagića kroz such reputation spontaneously, like Pzi ili Ajfelovomm kulom u Parizu koju su vodili glavni putevi u grad. Leaning Tower in Pisa, or Eiffel (Gustave Eiffel). Njihovo izdvajanje Ispred ulaza Zetskog puta u utvrđeni Tower in Paris (Gustave Eiffel). Their može biti proizvedeno nizom grad sazidana je Sahat kula oko koje impressiveness can be achieved by a različitih faktora. Vizuelno izdvojeni, se nalazila tržnica koja je, samim tim, sequence of various factors. Visually nameću se posmatraču i zbog poprimila i ulogu mjesta susreta. eye-catching, imposing to a beholder, svojih karakteristika lako se pamte, they are easily recognized and postajući ishodišne tačke i orijentiri. 2.2. Drugi period urbanog razvoja remembered because of their features, Sa tako obezbijeđenom pozicijom, Podgorice počinje nakon nekoliko so they also have a purpose of starting postaju bitni elementi prostornog godina pošto je, 1879 godine, points and markers. Having such identiteta i urbane strukture na koje crnogorska vojska ušla u tadašnju position, they become important parts se ljudi oslanjaju u shvatanju suštine Podgoricu [Ivanović, 1974]. Po of spatial identity and urban structure urbanog prostora [Lynch, 1972]. naređenju Knjaza 1885 godine, na that people lean upon in order to Prostorni akcenti igraju ulogu nosioca desnoj strani rijeke Ribnice u polju comprehend the core of urban space informacije koja potvrđuje "pravo "Livade" sa Urbanističkog plana, na [Lynch, 1972]. Landmarks often mjesto" i cilj kojom se kristalizuje teren, preneseni su glavni elementi have a role of carrying information prostorna situacija [Cullen, 1971]. novog dijela grada nazvanog Mirkova to confirm "right place" and the Veoma često prostorni akcenti, pored Varoš. Centralni dio Mirkove varoši purpose of crystallizing spatial svoje pozicije i vizuelnih osobenosti bio je prostor današnjeg Trga situation [Cullen, 1971]. Very often, nose elemente vezane za istorijske republike. On je prema urbanističkom landmarks, beside their position and događaje. U tom slučaju takvi objekti planu projektovan kao trg koji je visual qualities, have some elements dobijaju i karakter javnog simbola, što ujedno korišten i kao pijaca jer su se of historical events incorporated. dopunjuje njihov značaj [Schulc, 1963]. nalazili "sa istočne strane betonski In that case, such objects are also Prenoseći određenu informaciju stolovi". U samom njegovom središtu characterized as public symbols, in posmatraču , kroz svoja simbolička i se nalazio spomenik vojvodi Mirku addition to their importance [Schulc, direktna značenja, prostorni akcenti Petroviću koji je izgrađen 1886 godine 1963]. Carrying certain information to profilišu arhitektur kao svojevrstan [Ivanović, 1974 ]. Urbanistički plan je the observer, through their symbolic jezik komunikacije [Joedicke, 2009] . izradio inženjer Vorman,na površini and direct meanings, landmarks 60 ha [Mijović, 1964]. Osnovnu profile architecture as a sort of 2. Kratki istorijat urbanog razvoja koncepciju Vormanovog plana communication system, such as Podgorice činio je središnji trg-pijaca površine language [Joedicke, 2009]. Sa aspekta shvatanja prostornog i 1ha, dok je ostali prostor uslovljen društvenog konteksta, koji su uticali unakrsnim rasporedom pet paralelnih 2. Short history of urban na izgradnju pomenuta tri prostorna ulica sjever-jug i sedam u pravcu istok- development of Podgorica akcenta, neophodno je dati uvid u zapad [Ivanović, 1974]. Vezu između From the point of view of spatial and kratki istorijat razvoja urbane matrice Stare i Nove varoši, preko Ribnice, social context, that affected building Podgorice. Ovim prikazom se pravi činila su dva mosta iz osmanskog of three aforementioned landmarks, jasniji uvid uzročno-posledičnih veza perioda (jedan na ušću Ribnice u it is necessary to give a short review koji su produkovali objekte, predmete Moraču i drugi Tabački). Za vrijeme of development of urban matrix ovog rada. Kneginje Milene podignut je novi of Podgorica. This overview helps 2.1. Prvi predstavlja period vladavine kameni most koji predstavljao glavnu in making a clearer insight of cause Otomanske imperije. Zauzimanje vezu između dvije varoši [Raičević, and effect relations, which produced Podgorice se desilo 1445 godine 1971]. facilities, main subjects of this work. i osnivanje naselja, na današnjem Do drugog svjetskog rata Podgorica 2.1. The first one is a period of mjestu Stare varoši 1466 godine na se razvijala i živjela u logično sraslom Ottoman Empire reign. Podgorica temeljima predhodnih naseobina urbanom tkivu Stare i Mirkove occupation occurred in 1445 and Ribnice [Ivanović, 1974] . Tvrđava varoši gdje je stalno rasla ekonomsku establishing settlements occured in Podgorica (prema jednim podacima) premoć novog dijela grada. Podgorica 1466 in area currently known as Old formirana je 1466 pod nadzorom je teško stradala u drugom svjetskom Town, on the foundations of former Hasan-Paše [Jiriček, 1951]. Pomenuti ratu jer je bombardovana preko 70 settlements of Ribnica [Ivanović, autor je imao utemeljeno mišljenje da puta i potpuno je razorena. 1974]. 47 AR 2017.1 dr. Rifat Alihodžić

2.3. Treći period razvoja Podgorica doživljava nakon drugog svjetskog rata. Grad je nakon oslobođenja od okupatora, 1946 godine, dobio naziv Titograd. Novi urbani razvoj bazirao se na dva Generala plana. Jedan je otpočet sa radom 1950 godine . Njegovu koncepciju dao je arhitekta Ljuba Ilić sa saradnicima. Plan je bio baziran na kapacitet 60.000 stanovnika do 2000-te godine. Ovaj plan nije realizovan jer je bio neusklađen sa tadašnjim ekonomskim razvojem. Novi Generalni urbanistički plan je povjeren prof.arh. Milošu Somborskom čiji se koncept zasnivao na broju od 45.000 stanovnika do 1957 godine. Razvoj grada je podrazumijevao tri cjeline: Nova varoš (bivša Mirkova), Star varoš i novi dio grada na desnoj obali morače. Svakom od ovih djelova opredijeljen je razvoj oko sopstvenog jezgra–centra a sva tri bi bila međusobno povezana [Ivanović, 1974]. Sve intenzivnije širenje Podgorice na desnoj strani rijeke Morače značilo je potrebu za izgradnjom mostova u svrhu povezivanja svih segmenata grada. Pored predhodno izgrađenih mostova, most Milenijum predstavlja Slika 1: Pozicije: Sahat kule (1), Spoemnik Vojvode posledicu potreba za što boljim Mirka (2), most Milenijum (3). međusobnim vezama grada sa obje Figure 1: Locations in the City: Sahat Tower (1), strane Morače. Memorial of Duke Mirko (2), Millenium Bridge (3). Širenje grada , sljedećim urbanističkim planovima, intenzivirao je širenje grada na zapad, prema rijeci Marezi i na istok prema rijeci Cijevni, preko željezničke pruge, koja je predhodno predstavljala krajnju granicu urbanog razvoja

3. Tri prostorna akcenta u Podgorici 3.1. Sahat kula u Staroj varoši Sahat kula (1667) predstavlja prostorni akcenat koji je, ne samo u kolektivnoj memoriji, kod stanovnika Podgorice ostavio snažan pečat. O tome svjedoče mnogobrojne pjesme, priče i muzičke numere poznate u Crnoj Gori , tako da je ovaj objekat impregniran u mnogobrojne segmente lokalne kulture. Sahat kula Predstavlja najupečatljiviji prostorni akcenat Stare varoši. Sagradio ga je , kao poklon svom gradu, Hadži-paša Osmanagić [Zlatičanin, 1933]. Slobodnostojeći je objekat, kvadratnog oblika, izrađena od pritesanog kamena i tesanog na ćoškovima. Kubična forma kule završava se četvorovodnim krovom iz koga se diže osmougaona kamena forma koju prati istougaoni krov. 48 Three architectural landmarks of Podgorica AR 2017.1

Fortification Podgorica (according two towns [Raicevic, 1971]. Until to some data) was founded in 1466 WWII, Podgorica was developing under the surveillance of Hasan- and flourished in logically connected pasha [Jiricek, 1951]. This author urban core of Old and Mirko’s had his own reasons to believe that Towns, where economical superiority fortification was built using materials of new part of town constantly grew. from Roman Doclea, situated Podgorica was heavily damaged in upstream, on the confluence of WWII, because it was bombed over into Moraca, proved by fragment 70 times and the city was completely analysis in walls. According to some demolished. other information source, 1474 was taken as a year of falling of former 2.3. Third period of development of settlement Ribnica and then this Podgorica was after WWII. After its settlement got name Podgorica liberation from occupiers in 1946, it [Brajovic, 2007]. This established changed name into Titograd. New settlement had all features of oriental urban core had a base on two General Urban Designs. One of them started Slika 2: Sahat kula. Početak XX vijeka. urban core. There were four entrances th on fortification’s walls: Zeta’s, Kuci’s, in 1950. Its concept was given by Figure 2: Sahat Tower, Early 20 century. Malisori’s, and Osmanagic’s, through architect Ljuba Ilic with his coworkers. which lead main roads into the town. The plan was based on assumption In front of Zeta’s entrance into of 60 000 inhabitants until 2000. This fortification town, Clock Tower was plan was not realized because it wasn’t built, having a market in its vicinity, in concordance with economical which, thus, became a meeting point. growth at that particular moment. New General Urban Design was 2.2. The second period of urban entrusted to architecture professor development of Podgorica starts Milan Somborski, whose concept in 19th century. More precisely, it was based on 45 000 inhabitants until occurred a few years after 1879, 1957. Town development considered when Montenegrin military entered three units: New Town (former former Podgorica [Ivanovic, 1974]. Mirko’s Town), Old Town and new Following Prince’s orders from 1885, part of town on right bank of Moraca. It was decided for each of these units Slika 3: Sahat kula. Fragment gornjeg dijela. on the right bank of river Ribnica, Figure 3: Sahat Tower, upper part. on a terrain of field called "Livade" to develop around their inner core – in urban plan, there were carried center, and all three of them would over main elements of new part be mutually connected [Ivanovic, of the town called Mirko’s Town. 1974]. As time went by, Podgorica Central part of Mirko’s Town is the grew on the right bank of Moraca area of current Republic Square. It more and more intense, so it required was designed as a square but also building bridges for the purpose of used as a market because there were connecting all parts of the city. Beside "concrete tables on the east side" previously built bridges, Millennium according to urban design. In its Bridge represents a consequence of central part, there was a memorial requiring connections from both sides to Duke Mirko Petrovic [Ivanovic, of Moraca as good as possible. 1974]. Urban design was work by City growth, according to next urban engineer Vorman, on area of 60ha designs, intensified spreading the city [Mijovic, 1964]. The basic concept of towards west, to river , and Vorman design was middle square- towards east, to river Cijevna, over the market, occupying area of 1ha, while railway, which previously presented the remaining area was characterized final boundary of urban development. Slika 4: Sahat kula. Pogled prema zapadu. as crossed layout of five parallel Figure 4: Sahat Tower, Eastern view. north-south streets and seven 3. Three landmarks of Podgorica east-west streets [Ivanovic, 1974]. Connection between Old and New 3.1. Clock Tower in Old Town Town, over river Ribnica, consisted Clock Tower (1667) represents a of two bridges from the Ottoman landmark which, not only in collective period (one at the confluence of memory of Podgorica’s citizens, left Ribnica into Moraca and the other the strong impression. Numerous one was Tabacki). During the time poems, stories and songs widely of Princess Milena, there was a new known in prove that, so stone bridge built which represented this facility is being impregnated into a main connection structure between numerous parts of local culture. 49 AR 2017.1 dr. Rifat Alihodžić

Na samom vrhu zida sa sve četiri Ovakav prostorni tretman potvrđuje, strane nalaze se otvori sa punim istorijski utemeljeno, postojanje lukom. Ispod njih se nalaze manji značajnog broja političkih protivnika otvori koji su imali višestruku ulogu što se dokazalo rušenjem spomenika (osvjetljenja, vizure ili su služili (1918 ), odmah nakon Podgoričke kao puškarnice). Unutrašnjost kule skupštine. Podgorička skupština 1918 je sadržala drveno stepenište sa - čiji je zvanični naziv: Velika narodna četiri podesta. U okruženju Sahat skupština - ustanovljena suprotno kule nalazila se pijaca i prostor za tada važećem Ustavu države Crne okuplanja pa je bio formiran i trg. Gore i njenom pravnom poretku Ono što predstavlja raritet u islamskoj - dana 26. novembra 1918. godine arhitekturi jeste da je visočija od (13. novembra po starom kalendaru) minareta obje džamije u Staroj varoši donijela je Odluku kojom je: ukinuta (Osmanagića i Starodoganjske ). Sahat država Crna Gora, njena teritorija kula je visoka oko 16m i kao takva unitaristički sjedinjena (pripojena) bila je najvisočiji objekat u Podgorici i teritoriji države Srbije i njen narod na kraju XX vijeka. inkorporiran u srpski [Šuković, 2005]. Sa takvom visinom, s obzirom na Ne ulazeći u estetske kavlitete manje vertikalne gabarite u okruženju, spomenika vojvodi Mirku Petroviću pored stečene simboličke uloge, već cijeneći vizuelne efekte na predsatvljala je orijentir u prostoru. osnovu raspoloživog foto materijala Realna je predpostavka da su nevelike , jasno je da se radi o prostornom visine Sahat kule i minareta pored akcentu koji je svojom pozicijom i džamija posledica svijesti graditelja dimenzijama opravdao očekivanja. o seizmičkom hazardu. Ulogu Formiranje jedinstvene kolektivne dominantnog gabarita nije izgubila memorije i zajedničkog stava o prema Staroj varoši dok je taj efekat, njegovim simboličkim porukama bilo nesmotrenom planskom gradnjom, je nemoguće s obzirom na podjele uništen tako da se prostorni akcent, u tadašnjem crnogorskom društvu iz nekih vizura, sve više svodi na i različitom viđenju istorijske uloge simboločko značenje i elemenat vojvode Mirka Petrovića. kolektivne memorije. 3.3. Most Milenijum na rijeci Morači 3.2. Spomenik vojvodi Mirku Petroviću Posmatrajući kontinuitet građenja Slika 5: Sahat kula. Pogled prema sjeveru. Podgorice poslije drugog svjetskog Figure 5: Sahat Tower, Southern view. Nakon oslobađanja Podgorice od rata, ne samo kroz personalnu turske okupacije (1879) otpočelo percepciju već i kroz sve segmente se sa izgradnjom Mirkove varoši kolektivne memorije , može se zaključiti (1885) godine. U centralnom dijelu da nije bilo pokušaja niti spontanog nove urbane cjeline izgrađeno je formiranja značajnog objekta, koji dominantno spomen obelježje bi naslijedio prostorne i simboličke vojvodi Mirku Petroviću. Radi atribute Sahat kule. Nesporna je se o dominantnom obelisku na činjenica da su arhitektonski objekti trostepenom, kaskadnom postamentu hotel "Podgorica" djelo Svetlane- nepoznatih dimenzija. U blizini Kane Radević, katolička crkva djelo spomenika bila su napravljena dva Zvonimira Vrkljana, zgrada "Stare bunara zvana "tulumbe" [Ivanović, vlade" djelo Radosava Zekovića, 1974]. Logičnom se čini potreba vojni soliteri djelo Stanka Fabrisa, da se u jednom sasvim novom, stambene zgrade "pet udovica" djelo horizontalno naglašenom, urbanom Miška Dmitrovića, blok V djelo Slika 6: Spomenik vojvodi Mirku Petroviću. tkivu postavi adekvatan prostorni Milete Bojovića, svojom arhitekturom Figure 6: Memorial of Duke Mirko Petrović. akcenat koji bi markirao fizičko i kvalitetno markirali urbanu matricu psihološko središete novog dijela Podgorice. Protokom vremna ipak grada. Iz rijetkih fotografija se može nijesu izdejstvovali poziciju prostornih zaključiti da je spomenik dominirao akcenata koje bi konkurisale za pozicju prostorom. "identifikacionog faktora" grada. Napravljen je kao prostorni akcenat Takvu je za sebe, bez sumnje, već memorijalnog karaktera. Iz preostale obezbijedio most Milenijum autorsko fotodokumentacije se vidi da je spomen djelo prof.dr Mladena Ulićevića. obelježje bilo ograđeno metalnom (Građevinski fakultet univerziteta u ogradom, što je bilo neuobičajeno za Podgorici). objekat postavljen na javnom mjestu. 50 Three architectural landmarks of Podgorica AR 2017.1

Clock Tower is the most significant obviously indicate that memorial was landmark of Old Town. It was built by surrounded by metal fence, which is Hadzi-pasha Osmanagic, as a present unusual for a monument on public to his town [Zlaticanin, 1933]. It’s a place. This kind of spatial treatment freestanding facility, square-shaped, confirms, historically established, made of rough-cut stone, brute on its existence of significant number of corners. Cubic form of a tower ends political opponents, which proved in in hipped, from which there is raising destruction of this memorial (1918), octagonal stone formation, followed by right after Podgorica Assembly. This octagonal roof. event from 1918 – having full name The Great National Assembly of the Serb There are openings with full arch on People in Podgorica – established in the top of the wall from all four parts. spite of valid Montenegrin Constitution Beneath them, there are smaller multi- of that time and its legal order – on function openings (illumination, view, 26 of November (13th of November or loophole). Inside the tower there according to old calendar) declared was a wooden staircase with four abolition of Montenegro as a state, its podia. In Clock Tower vicinity, there territory unitarily united with territory were a market and a gathering place, of Serbia and its people incorporated so they formed a square. What is rarely with Serbian people [Sukovic, 2005]. seen in Islamic architecture, is that this tower is higher than minarets of both Having in mind visual effects based on mosques in Old Town (Osmanagic and available photo material of Duke Mirko Staroganjska). Clock Tower’s height is Petrovic Memorial and not considering 16m, and as such, it was the highest its aesthetic qualities, it is clear that this facility in Podgorica even at the end of Memorial represents landmark which 20th century. fulfilled expectations in terms of its position and dimensions. Forming With such height, considering smaller of unique collective memory and vertical dimensions in vicinity, besides community attitude about its symbolic Slika 7: Spomenik vojvodi Mirku Petroviću u being a symbol, it is also a landmark. messages were impossible considering There is a real assumption that relatively širem kontekstu. divisions in former Montenegrin Figure 7: Wide view of the ambient of memorial small dimensions of Clock Tower and society and different vision of Duke of Duke Mirko Petrović. minarets next to the mosques express Mirko Petrovic’s historical role. creator’s conscience of seismic hazards. Role of domineering titan wasn’t 3.3. Millennium Bridge on Moraca lost when compared to Old Town, while that effect was destroyed by Observing continuous building of reckless urban planning and building. Podgorica after WWII, not only Landmark function, from some points through professional perspective, but also through every segment of collective of view, comes to symbolic meaning Slika 8: Most Milenijum u širem kontekstu. and element of collective memory. memory, there imposes a conclusion that there was neither an attempt nor Figure 8: Aerial view of Millenium Bridge. 3.2. Duke Mirko Petrovic Memorial spontaneous forming of a significant facility, inheriting landmark attributes After Podgorica’s liberation from of Clock Tower. Indisputable is the fact Turkish occupiers (1879), building that some architectural works, such as of Mirko’s Town started (1885). In hotel "Podgorica"(work of Svetlana- central part of the new urban unit, Kana Radevic), catholic church outstanding memorial to Duke Mirko (Zvonimir Vrkljan), Government Petrovic was built. It is a dominant Building and Office (Radosav Zekovic), obelisk on three-stage cascade plinth of military tower blocks (Stanko Fabris), unknown dimensions. Near Memorial, residential buildings "5 udovica" there were two wells, called "tulumbe" (Misko Dmitrovic), Blok V (Mileta [Ivanovic, 1974]. It seems logical to Slika 9: Most Milenijum u kontekstu dinamičke Bojovic), are facilities of a significant ravnože sa Hotelom Podgorica. require appropriate landmark to point high-degree quality on urban core of to physical and psychological center Figure 9: Hotel Podgorica with a dominant pilon Podgorica. As time passed by, they of Millenium Bridge. of new part of the city in a completely didn’t obtain a landmark position to new, horizontally emphasized urban apply for "identifying characteristics" core. Rare photographs confirm that of city. That position is, without any monument was dominant part of that doubts, granted for Millennium Bridge particular space. in Podgorica, a work by Prof. Mladen It was made as a landmark of memorial Ulicevic, Ph.D (Faculty of Civil purpose. Remaining photo documents Engineering, Podgorica). 51 AR 2017.1 Ljubljana

Za vrlo kratko vrijeme ovaj most Drugi period predstavlja vrijeme od je postao objekat koji je najviše 1879 do 1914 god. (do početka prvog fotografisan, kako sam tako i u svetskog rata). Tada crnogorska vlast panorami grada. Činjenica, da ga urbanizuje Podgoricu širenjem na je nekoliko privatnih i državnih desnu stranu rijeke Ribnice, formirajući preduzeća inkorporiralo u svoj Mirkovu varoš po nacrtu inženjera zaštitni znak takođe govori o ovom Vormana. Do kraja drugog svjetskog mostu kao identifikacionom faktoru rata Podgorica se razvijala u aktivnoj sa Podgoricom. simbiozi dva predhodno formirana urbana segmenta. Treći period koji Razlozi pozicije koju je ovaj most definiše razvoj današnje, savremene, izborio u urbanoj slici Podgorice su Podgorice počinje nakon drugog višestruki i utemeljeni. Savremenim svjetskog rata i karakteriše ga širenje, oblikovnim izrazom on pokazuje da prema zapadu, na desnu stranu rijeke nosi duh vremena što je jedan od Morače kao i prema istoku , preko obaveznih atributa arhitektonskog željezničke pruge. Analiza pojavnosti djela [Kadijević, 2010]. Njegov i karakteristika posmatranih urbanih odnos prema zatečenom prostoru je akcenata pokazala je izuzetnu snagu nesumnjivo kontekstualan i predstavlja trajanja Sahat kule u vremenu, klasičan primjer kvalifikativa "Genius prostoru i kolektivnoj meoriji građana loci" [Shulz, 1980]. Ističe se u prostoru Podgorice, koj je dosegla ulogu svojom veličinom i dominira na simbola, što je jedan od najbitnijih umjeren i optimalan način [Keler, elemenata vrednovanja ovih 1988]. prostornih akcenata. Suštinsku odliku njegove Spomenik vojvodi Mirku, rađen sa arhitektonske kompozicije čini ambicijom, ne samo da postane kosi pilon sa zategama, koji svoim prostorni reper već i da se apsorbuje učinkom obezbjeđuje brz perceptivni cijeli komleks značenja kao što proces i pamtljivost. Dinamika kosine su borba za državnost, viteštvo i je jedan od najefikasnijih elemenata rodoljublje. Rušenje ovog spomenika u opažajnim procesima forme pokazuje da je za takvu poziciju [Arnhajm, 1977] . Bijela boja pilona potreban adekvatan društveni i kablova su lako primjetljivi kao kontekst koji će obezbijediti konsezus dominantna slika na plavoj podlozi u shvatanju siboličkih značenja i neba, rijeke, zelenilu okolnih parkova njihovih vrednovanja. Komparacije i raznobojnih zgrada. Ovaj momenat radi, Sahat kula je preživjela predstavlja klasičan primjer relacije odlazak osmanske imperije i ako je "figure i podloge" u procesu dobrog predstavljala jedan od atributa njene opažanja [Arnhajm, 1987]. Kada je kulture i moći jer se, vremenom, most Milenijum u pitanju, može se reći uselila u kolektivnu memoriju svih da njegove predhodne karakteristike stanovnika. Postavljanje krsta, nakon predstavljaju atribute koji će pokazati oslobođenja Podgorice, na njenom otpornost na vrijeme (Timeless) vrhu ne poništava kontinuitet njenog [Paszkowski, 2011]. trajanja sa najboljim kvalitetima 4. Zaključak prostornog repera. Veća šteta nanijeta Ovo istraživanje posmatra fenomen je, ovom objektu, izgradnjom velikih nastanka i kvaliteta tri vizuelna gabarita loše arhitekture. akcenta u cjelokupnom urbanom Most Milenijum predstavlja fenomen tkivu Podgorice. Ukazano je na značaj spontano nastalog repera koji je prostornih akcenata, kao bitnog nadmašio očekivanja da je, ne elementa, svake urbane aglomeracije. isključujući mogućnost, projektovan i Ciljana analiza je napravljena kroz sa takvim ciljem. Za vrlo kratko vrijeme osvrt na tri bitna perioda koji su ostavili (2005-2016) postao je, nezvanični, traga na urbani razvoj i arhitekturu zaštitni znak savremene Podgorice Podgorice. U cilju razumijevanja što je u elaboraciji pokazano. Ovakva društvenog konteksta, percipirano njegova pozicija će, s obzirom na je vrijeme vladavine otomanske uočene atribute, biti sve čvršća sa imperije (1445-1879). Tada se formira protokom vremena. Razlozi koji dio grada poznat pod imenom Stara su doprinijeli takvoj poziciji mosta varoš. Realizovana je po orijentalnoj Milenijum, razmatrani su analitički i matrici i predstavlja embrion razvoja argumentovano utemeljeni sa aspekta današnje Podgorice. arhitektonske teorije. 52 Three architectural landmarks of Podgorica AR 2017.1

For a surprisingly short period of is 1879-1914 (until Great War started). Bibliography time, this bridge has become the most That was the time when Montenegrin photographed object, as a single unit authorities made Podgorica an urban as well as a part of city panorama. city by spreading it to the right bank The fact that a few companies (both of Ribnica, making Mirko’s Town 1. Arnhajm, R. ( 1977) : The Dynamics public and proprietary) incorporated it according to sketches of engineer of Architectural Form. University of into their trademarks, speaks volumes Vorman. Until the end of WWII, California Press. Berkeley, Los Angeles, about this bridge as Podgorica’s Podgorica was developing thanking London. landmark. Reasons for landmark to active symbioses of two previously position held by this bridge in urban formed urban parts. The third period, 2. Arnhajm, R (1987) : Umetnost i vizuelno picture of Podgorica are multiple and which also defines contemporary zapažanje. Psihologija stvaralačkog gledanja. Univerzitet umetnosi. well-established. Having contemporary Podgorica, has started after WWII, Beograd. shaped expression, it appears to have a and its main characteristic features are: temporal spirit of period of building, western spreading towards right part 3. Brajović, M. ( 2007) : Stara Podgorica II which is one of the mandatory attributes of Moraca, and eastern spreading over . Grafo Crna Gora. Podgorica of architectural work [Kadijevic, 2010]. railways. Analyses of incidence and Its relationship with the existing space features of reviewed urban landmarks 4. Cullen, G. (1971) : The Concise is, without any doubt, contextual showed an extraordinary strength of Townscape. Butterworth & Co and it represents a classic example Clock Tower duration over the time, (Publicher) Ltd,1971. of determiner "Genius loci" [Shulz, space and collective memories of 1980]. It emerges in area because Podgorica’s citizens. It has reached 5. Ivanović, Z. (1974) : Urbano-geografske its size and dominates in moderate status of a symbol, which is one promjene u razvitku Tiitograda. and optimal way [Keller, 1988]. The of the most important elements Skupština opštine Titograda. essential feature of its architectural o f e v a l u a t i n g t h e s e l a n d m a r k s . Odjeljenje za komunalne poslove i composition consists of slope pylon Duke Mirko’s Memorial, made urbanizam. with backstays, which provides quick ambitiously, not only to represent perception and remembering it. Slope landmark, but also to be absorbent of 6. Jiriček, K. (1951) : Trgovački drumovi dynamics is one of the most efficient many complex meanings, like struggle i rudnici Srbije i Bosne u srednej m elements of perceptional forms for statehood, chivalry and patriotism. vijeku. Svjetlost, Sarajevo. [Arnheim, 1977]. White coloured Demolishing of this memorial has pylons and cables can easily be noticed showed that such position requires 7. Joedicke, J. (2009) : Oblik i prostor u as an outstanding picture on blue bases a proper social context to provide arhitekturi. Orion art, Beograd. of sky and river, green base of parks consensus in comprehension of 8. Kadijević, A.( 2010) : Arhitektura i duh in vicinity and colourful buildings. This symbolic meanings and its evaluation. vremena. Građevinska knjiga. Beograd image represents classical example For comparison purposes only, Clock of "figure and base"relationship in Tower survived departure of Ottoman 9. Keler, V. (1985) : Geštalt psihologija. process of good perception [Arnheim, Empire even though it represented Nolit, Beograd. 1987]. Considering Millennium one of the landmarks of their culture Bridge, all its aforementioned and power, since it became part of 10. Lynch, K. (1972) : The Image of the features represent timeless collective memory of citizens of City. The M:I:T Press. Massachusettc characteristics [Paszkowski, 2011]. Podgorica during the time. Placing Insdtitut of Technology, Cambridge, a symbol of cross on its peak, after Massachusettc. 4. Conclusion Podgorica was liberated, did not void This research observes phenomenon of either its continuous duration either 11. Mijović, P. (1964) : Istorijske creation and quality of three landmarks its best qualities. This facility suffered aglomeracije u urbanizmu Titograda- in whole urban core of Podgorica. more damage by building large Starine Crne Gore. Godišnjak Zavoda The significance of landmarks is dimensions of improper architecture. za zaštitu spomenika kulture SR Crne Gore, Cetinje. being pointed out, as important Bridge represents phenomenon of element of each urban agglomeration. accidentally created landmark which 12. Paszkowski, Z. (2011): Timeless Objective analysis was made through exceeded expectations, but without the review of three important periods values in architecture. Repozytorium excluding the possibility that it was Politechniki. Krakowskie Poland. of time, which left their mark on designed for that specific purpose. urban development and architecture For a brief period of time (2005- of Podgorica. For the purpose of 13. Raičević, M.A. (1971) : Lijeva obala. 2016), it became unofficial trademark "Slobodna riječ", br.35. Titograd. understanding historical context, the of contemporary Podgorica, as this first period of time perceived was elaboration showed. This landmark, 14. Šuković, M. (2005): Podgorička period of Ottoman Empire ruling considering its qualities, would be skupština , http://www.montenegrina. (1445-1879). During that time, there persistent in a higher degree as time net/pages/pages1/istorija/ cg_ was formed part of city, now known goes by. Reasons for Millennium Bridge izmedju_1_i_2_svj_rata podgoricka_ as Old Town. It was realized using being a landmark were examined on skupstina.htm oriental matrix and it represented arguments foundations and analytically, embryo of development of modern from the points of architectural theory. 15. Shulz, K.N. (1980).: Genius Loci. Podgorica. Second significant period Rizzoli.. New York. 53