Multicultural Heritage Heritage
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MULTICULTURAL MULTICULTURAL HERITAGE HERITAGE www.montenegro.travel www.montenegro.travel become one of the most interesting places in the Balkans. Despite its small territory, which may be Montenegro crossed in a two day walk, it contains many examples of the heritage of the Eastern and the Western Being positioned between the East and the West, Montenegro has inherited pagan, Illyrian, Hellen- Christian civilizations and the Islamic world. All these different worlds have managed to find harmony istic, Roman, Catholic, Eastern Orthodox and Islamic influences. Its territory has been inhabited for in Montenegro, and have not changed to this day. Even during the great battles in the Balkans in the more than 180,000 years. Its historical remains date back to the archaeological findings in the Crvena 20th century, this Montenegrin harmony of different worlds was not disturbed. Stijena cave, which was the first discovered habitat of prehistoric man on the territory of Montenegro. The influences and remains continue through the rich cultural heritage of the countries and the people Montenegro is not only unusual for its civilization; it is also unusual as a political phenomenon in mod- who lived and created their lives here. ern European history. Although it is the smallest Balkan country, it was the first one to gain independ- ence from the Ottoman Empire and the first one to found its independent state. This liberation happened Towards the end of the 2nd century BC, Montenegro became part of the Roman Empire, and after at the beginning of the 18th century. One of its most important families became its dynasty at that time. its division into Eastern and the Western Empires, it became part of the Eastern Roman Empire, later It was the Petrović Njegoš family, which ruled over Montenegro for more than two centuries. No other named Byzantium. Towards the end of the 6th and the beginning of the 7th centuries, Slavic tribes dynasty in the Balkans lasted this long. The rulers from the Petrović Njegoš family established political started to inhabit the territory of Montenegro. They were the ancestors of the people living in Mon- relations with all the great World Powers – first with Russia (1711), then with Austria (1715) and with tenegro today. In the 9th century the Slavic tribes founded their own state, independent from Byzan- France towards the end of the 18th century. tium. Independent Montenegro became a principality in the middle of the 19th century. The Principality of During the Middle Ages, not only was the independent state founded, but also a varied and significant Montenegro was recognized by all world powers at the time – Russia, Austria and France, and the Prince cultural heritage: architectural monuments belonging to the great stylistic epochs (Pre-Romanesque, of Montenegro was received with the highest of honours by the Russian Tsar Nicholas I, the Austrian Romanesque, Gothic, Renaissance…), and literary-historical and religious works which followed Emperor Franz Joseph and the French Emperor Napoleon III. The Principality of Montenegro was of- the modern spirit of the times, and also a way of urban life corresponding to the European tradition. ficially recognized by all great world powers at the Congress of Berlin in 1878. After becoming recog- Towards the end of the 15th century, a printing house was started, the first among the South-Slavic nized worldwide, it established official diplomatic relations with many European countries and the USA. countries. During the middle Ages, religious institutions of both the main Christian Churches were Its leader at the time was Prince Nikola Petrović Njegoš, who was the ruler of Montenegro from 1860 to founded on the territory of Montenegro- the Catholic and the Eastern Orthodox, and both are active 1910. He took the title of king in 1910 and Montenegro became a kingdom. King Nikola was a European today. The best proof of the harmony of differences that has existed for centuries in Montenegro is in his ideas: he attended primary school in Trieste, and then he studied at Louis the Great Lyceum in the phenomenon of churches with two altars – one for the Orthodox Christians and the other for the Paris. He was called “the European father-in-law” because he was connected to the Savoy, the Romanov Catholics. Such churches exist in many places where members of the different Christian faiths live. and the Battenberg dynasties through his daughters’ marriages. The Kingdom of Montenegro took part in the First World War on the side of Triple Entente, and the Like the majority of the Balkan states, Montenegro was also in a tragic position – it lost its inde- war took a great toll in human life and the country was largely devastated. After the First World War, pendence and it was conquered by the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire, which lasted for a Montenegro was no longer an independent country because it became part of the Kingdom of Serbs, long time, left Montenegro with another tradition – Islam, so there are many monuments of Islamic Croats and Slovenes (Yugoslavia) which was founded in1918. Its independence was re-established in architecture and traces of diversified cultural creativity. Since the Ottoman period, Montenegro has 2006, when the majority of its citizens voted for independence in a referendum. HISTORY LINE The oldest 990. 1166. 1252. 1494. trace of art – Lipci Prince Vladimir as the The Romanesque art The Monastery of Our The Renaissance heritage Baroque architecture and sovereign of Duklja St Tryphon Cathedral Lady’s Assumption in The first printed book appeared painting – Perast, Moraæa (Moraæa Monastery) named “Oktoih, the first voice” Our Lady of the Rocks 1183 - 1186. the district The contemporary of prefect of Raçka Stefan Christianity the Old 1484. Nemanja conquered town of Bar – an olive The Monastery The Oriental heritage Duklja tree over 2000 years old of Cetinje was built The Husein pasha mosque 8th century BC 6th century BC Year zero 1st century 10th century 11th century 12th century 13th century 14th century 15th century 16th century 17th century The remains of the 1089. The capital from the 1493. St Basil of Ostrog cult Roman culture- Duklja The pope Clement III issued a middle Ages, the town The printing Ostrog monastery bull which raised the bishopric of Ulcinj house of of Duklja (Bar) to the rank of the Crnojeviœ family archbishopric started working Sacral Christian tradition – Piva Monastery From the ancient times until Herceg Novi today - The town of Budva The Byzantine cultural 1482. The intersection of influence – a St Elias fresco Cetinje became the civilizations from Moraæa Monastery capital of Montenegro An exhibit from a prehistoric site THE BIRTH OF A NATION /Gruda Boljevića, Tološi (Podgorica Museum) The art from the period of the Naron Conven- tribes, and the powerful state of the Queen tus, Prevalis and the first centuries of Duklja Teuta. Contemporary coins with the names of left trace at the following localities: Crvena the client kings Apollonius, Dirahij and Bala- Stijena near Petrović, Odmut in Komarnica jos are strong testimonials to her power. Her Canyon, Špilja above Perast, Beran Krš power was crushed by the Romans when they near Berane, the rocks of Bioča in Morača established Illyricum, which was later divided Canyon, Mališina Cave and Medena Rock in into two provinces: Pannonia and Dalmatia. Ćehotina Canyon. The drawings on the rock at Lipci The written history of Montenegro began The best place to view the great number of near Risan show deer and dogs, and also hunters. Judging by the style through contact with the Illyrians, who ruled exhibits found on prehistoric sites and the and the geometrical decorations, we over the beauty of the Adriatic coast from the Hellenic habitats is by visiting the museum can conclude that they originate from Silver jewellery from the site of Gostilj, 5th century B. C, and the Greeks. Through collections in all of the coastal towns in the 8th century B. C. It is assumed from the 3rd and the 4th century B. C. (Podgorica Museum) Hecataeus of Miletus (around the year 500 B. Montenegro, but they can also be found in that the rock was a popular place – a C. ) and also through Pseudo-Scylax a little Cetinje, Podgorica, Berane, Pljevlja, and sanctuary under the open sky. later, we have information about the Illyrian others. Tumul in Vukovići Place, Zeta, Podgorica Golden jewellery – earrings and rings with gems made of glass paste. The jewellery was probably made in Tarantine workshops, from the Hellenistic period, from the 1st to the 2nd century B.C. (Budva Museum) 1697. 1845. 1878. In 2006. Metropolitan Danilo, The Mausoleum on Montenegro was recognized internationally 1910. www.montenegro.travel On 21st May Montenegro reestablished the founder of Lovœen was built in The Congress of Berlin Montenegro was independence by referendum, and its Petroviœ dynasty Zetski dom, the principal proclaimed kingdom international legal subjectivity was and royal theatre was built confirmed by joining the United Nations 1784. 1834. 1918. Metropolitan The first primary Montenegro joined Petar Petroviœ school and the first the Kingdom of Njegoç came printing house were 1851. 1914. Serbs, Croats to power founded in Cetinje Petar II Petroviœ Njegoç died Montenegro entered the and Slovenes Prince Danilo came to power First World War (Yugoslavia) 17th century 18th century 19th century 20th century 21st century 1711. 1847. 1852. 1886. 1905. The Blue Chapel - the last The establishing of ’’The Mountain Wreath’’, Montenegro Montenegro The first earthly dwelling of the Lady political relations between written by Petar Petroviœ was signed the Montenegrin of Philerme Montenegro and Russia Njegoç was printed in Vienna proclaimed Concordat constitution was principality with the enacted Vatican 1860. Prince Nikola 1867. 1910. came to power King Nikola’s Palace was The House of the Government built, which is a museum was built – an art and history 1838.