DOCSLIB.ORG

A Proactive Study on Stress Ribbon and Cable Supported Pedestrian Bridges

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
A Proactive Study on Stress Ribbon and Cable Supported Pedestrian Bridges International Journal of Scientific Research and Review ISSN NO: 2279-543X A PROACTIVE STUDY ON STRESS RIBBON AND CABLE SUPPORTED PEDESTRIAN BRIDGES J. NAVYA1, K. SOWJANYA2 1PG Student, Dept. of Civil (structural engineering and Construction Management), Golden Valley Integrated Campus, Madanapalli, Chittoor, Andhra Pradesh, India. 2Assistant professor, Dept. of civil engineering, Golden Valley Integrated Campus, Madanapalli, Chittoor, Andhra Pradesh, India ABSTRACT: Stress-ribbon and Cable supported Bridge allow the grade to be changed between spans is the term describes the structures formed by (where multiple spans are used). Such bridges are directly walked prestressed concrete deck with the typically made from concrete reinforced by steel shape of a catenary . The bearing structure consists tensioning cables. Where such bridges carry of slightly sagging tensioned cables, bedded in a vehicle traffic a certain degree of stiffness is concrete slab that is very thin compared with the required to prevent span. A stressed ribbon bridge (also known as excessive flexure of the structure, obtained by stress-ribbon bridge or catenary bridge) is primarily stressing the concrete in compression. a structure under tension .A stress ribbon bridge is Stress Ribbon Bridges Philosophers, a tension structure, similar in many ways to a thinkers, intellectuals all appeal, please build simple suspension bridge. The stress ribbon design bridges and not walls between different is rare. Few people including bridge engineers are communities, nationalities, countries, languages familiar with this form and fewer than 50 have etc, to achieve universal brotherhood. This can be been built worldwide. The suspension cables are achieved by constructing stress ribbon bridges. embedded in the deck which follows a catenary arc Stress ribbon bridges are very economical, between supports. Unlike the simple span the aesthetic and almost maintenance free structure. ribbon is stressed in compression which adds to the They require minimal quantity of materials. They stiffness of the structure. Such bridges are typically are erected independently from the existing terrain made from concrete reinforced by steel tensioning and therefore they have minimum impact upon the cables. They are used mainly for pedestrian and environment during construction. cycling traffic. Stress ribbon bridges are very Stress ribbon bridge is the term used to economical, aesthetic and almost maintenance free describe structures formed by a very slender structure. They require minimal quantity of concrete deck in the shape of a catenary. They can materials. At present studies, on combining stress be designed with one or more spans and are ribbon bridges with cables or arches, to build most characterized by successive and complementary economical stress ribbon bridges. It makes the smooth curves. These curves blend in to natural study of features of these particular bridges as an environment and their forms, the most simple and important one. The tension cables form the part of basic of structural solutions. The stress ribbon the deck which follows an inverted catenary bridge can be erected without undue pressure on between supports. The ribbon is stressed such that the environment. it is in compression, thereby increasing the rigidity Stress ribbon bridges looks at how slender of the structure where as a suspension spans tend to concrete deck are used in the design of suspension sway and bounce. Such bridges are typically made and cable stayed structures. It looks at their RCC structures with tension cables to support characteristic feature; their rigidity, which is them. Such bridges are generally not designed for mainly given by the tension stiffness of prestressed vehicular traffic but where it is essential, additional concrete decking so much so that movement caused rigidity is essential to avoid the failure of the by pedestrians or wind does not register as structure in bending. discomfort by users. As opposed to suspension bridges, where the cables carry the load, in stress 1. INTRODUCTION ribbon, by tensioning the cables and the deck A stressed ribbon bridge (also stress- between the abutments, the deck shares the axial ribbon Bridge) is a tension structure (similar in tension forces. Anchorage forces are unusually many ways to a simple suspension bridge). The large since the structure is tightly tensioned. suspension cables are embedded in the deck which Pedestrian bridges (or footbridges as they are called follows a catenary arc between supports. Unlike the in many parts of the world) have been used by man simple span the ribbon is stressed in compression, since antiquity to cross rivers, deep gorges and which adds to the stiffness of the structure (simple narrow mountain passes. One commonly used suspension spans tend to sway and bounce). The method has been to suspend a walkway from a supports in turn support upward thrusting arcs that Volume 8, Issue 1, 2019 Page No: 1197 International Journal of Scientific Research and Review ISSN NO: 2279-543X fibre rope catenary span somewhat similar to a occur only at the mid-span section and only in the primitive suspension bridge. top and bottom fibers. The beam has a significant The stress ribbon concept borrows the amount of dead mass that does not contribute at all suspension bridge principle but develops it further to resisting the external loads. From the figure it is by using high strength materials and modern clear that if we want to reduce the weight of the engineering technology especially precasting and beam we have to eliminate as much dead mass as prestressing methods. possible and utilize the tension or compression Stress-ribbon is the term that has been capacities of the structural members. From the coined to describe structures formed by directly beam we can derive a suspension cable or an arch walked prestressed concrete deck with the shape of in which the horizontal force is resisted by an a catenary. The bearing structure consists of internal strut or tie – see Fig.2.1b; in the case slightly sagging tensioned cables, bedded in a where the foundations are capable of resisting concrete slab that is very thin compared with the horizontal forces, we can substitute the strut or the span. This slab serves as a deck, but apart from the tie by stiff footings – see Fig.2.1c. distributing the load locally and preserving the continuity, it has no other function. It is a kind of suspension structure where the cables are tensioned so tightly that the traffic can be placed directly on the concrete slab embedding the cables. Compared with other structural types the structure is extremely simple. On the other hand, the force in the cables is very large making the anchoring of the cable expensive is seen that stress ribbon b ridge is used in European countries for people to walk which reduces the traffic intensity on crowded roads. So in developing countries like India stress Fig.2.1 – Cable and arch structure ribbon bridge can be a solution to traffic reduction in crowded area like Mumbai, Delhi, Bangalore A uniformly loaded concrete arch can span several and many more. kilometers and a suspension cable can span even Stress-ribbon bridge is the term that has more. But their shape has to be funicular to the been coined to describe structures formed by given load and the structures need to have an directly walked prestressed concrete deck with the economic rise or sag. The layout of pedestrian shape of a catenary . The bearing structure bridges is influenced by two requirements. In cable consists of slightly sagging tensioned cables, supported structures, where the deck follows the bedded in a concrete slab that is very thin shape of the cables, only limited slope with compared with the span. This slab serves as a deck, corresponding sag can be accepted. Furthermore, but apart from the distributing the load locally and these bridges need to have sufficient stiffness that preserving the continuity, it has no other function. guarantees comfortable walking and the stability of It is a kind of suspension structure where the cables the shape. It is therefore necessary to stiffen them. are tensioned so tightly that the traffic can be placed directly on the concrete slab embedding the 3.CABLE ANALYSIS cables. Compared with other structural types the Analysis of the stress ribbon and cable structure is extremely simple. On the other hand, supported structures is based on an understanding the force in the cables is very large making the of the static and dynamic behaviour of a single anchoring of the cable expensive.In the case of cable. precast structures, the deck is assembled from precast segments that are suspended on bearing In analysis we suppose that a cable of cables and shifted along them to their final area A and modulus of elasticity E acts as a position. Prestressing is applied after casting the perfectly flexible member that is able to resist the joints between the segments to ensure sufficient normal force only. Under this assumption the rigidity of the structures.. cable curve will coincide with the funicular curve of the load applied to the cable and to the chosen 2. STRUCTURAL SYSTEMS value of the horizontal force H. The beauty of the suspension and arch The cable that for the load q(x) is structures comes from their economic structural 0 stressed by a horizontal force H is for the load shape. Their economy is evident from Fig.2.1a that 0 q(x) stressed by a horizontal force H . This force shows the trajectories of principal stresses in a i i can be easily determined by solving of a cubic uniformly loaded simply supported beam. From equitation: the figure it is evident that the maximum stresses Volume 8, Issue 1, 2019 Page No: 1198 International Journal of Scientific Research and Review ISSN NO: 2279-543X where Lni is a nontension length of the cable, k is an elastic deformation of the cable in anchor blocks and Fig.: Bending of the single cable In flexibly supported cables the members a, b, c, d depend on the span li and vertical difference hi which again depend on horizontal force Hi, it is not possible to determine the unknown Hi directly by solving of the equation.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • BRIDGES // Construction and Materials BRIDGES
    Spanning the gap between BRIDGES // construction and materials BRIDGES Spanning the gap between construction and materials This folder of information cards and posters forms the resource for schools joining or renewing their membership of the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining Schools Affiliate Scheme in the 2009- 2010 academic year. It has been designed as a reference guide for teachers to link in with the materials, minerals and mining topics in the secondary science and technology curricula, though some sections will also be very relevant to geology and geography. This resource has been written by Dr Diane Aston, Education Co-ordinator and Mr Toby White, Education Co-ordinator (Minerals and Mining) from the Institute of Materials, Minerals and Mining. 1 THE DESIGNS History of Bridges http://static.panoramio.com/photos/original/301678.jpg THE HISTORY OF BRIDGES Over the centuries bridges have played an enormous and valuable part in bringing communities together and allowing easier trade routes to develop. They are portrayed in books and films as romantic spots where couples meet, or the middle ground where the final stand-off takes place. Bridges have evolved from simple logs across streams to massive and complex engineering structures and every few years another bridge comes along to beat records and sparks our imaginations. The very first bridges were built by Mother Nature and were the result of falling trees spanning streams or canyons. Man used these accidental crossings to reach new areas for settlement and new sources of food. The first man-made bridges copied this and were made from logs and then later stones.
    [Show full text]
  • Simplified Method of Determination of Natural-Vibration Frequencies Of
    Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Procedia Engineering 57 ( 2013 ) 343 – 352 11th International Conference on Modern Building Materials, Structures and Techniques, MBMST 2013 Simplified Method of Determination of Natural-Vibration Frequencies of Prestressed Suspension Bridge Vadims Goremikinsa,*, Karlis Rocensb, Dmitrijs Serdjuksc, Janis Sliserisd a,b,c,dInstitute of Structural Engineering and Reconstruction, Riga Technical University, Azenes Str. 16, LV-1048, Riga, Latvia Abstract A suspension bridge is the most suitable type for a long-span bridge. Increased kinematic displacements are the major disadvantage of suspension bridges. This problem can be solved by application of prestressed cable truss. Dynamic approach is one of regulated bridge design parts. Simplified determination method of natural-vibration frequencies of prestressed suspension structure and its experimental validation is presented in this paper. Natural-vibration frequencies and mode shapes of the model depending on the prestressing level were determined. It was experimentally proved, that mode shape with one half-wave does not appear for the model. The difference between results, which were calculated by the developed simplified determination method of natural-vibration frequencies of prestressed suspension structure and experimentally achieved by the model testing, does not exceed 20%. Therefore the method is applicable for preliminary dynamic analyses of structures. © 20132013 The The Authors. Authors. Published Published by Elsevier by Elsevier Ltd. Ltd. Selection and and peer-review peer-review under under responsibility responsibility of the ofVilnius the Vilnius Gediminas Gediminas Technical Technical University University. Keywords: mode shapes; cable truss; prestressing; natural frequencies. 1. Introduction Suspension bridges are structures where the deck is continuously supported by the stretched catenary cable [1].
    [Show full text]
  • Environmental Effects on a Suspension Bridge's Performance
    ENVIRONMENTAL EFFECTS ON A SUSPENSION BRIDGE’S PERFORMANCE Robert James Westgate July 2012 Department of Civil and Structural Engineering The University of Sheffield A thesis submitted for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Engineering Environmental Effects on a Suspension Bridge’s Performance DECLARATION This thesis is submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Department of Civil and Structural Engineering at the University of Sheffield. The thesis is based on independent work performed by the Author between October 2008 and July 2012 under the supervision of Professor James M. W. Brownjohn. All the ideas and work are original except where referenced in the text and detailed in the “Division of work” sections of several chapters. The work contained in the thesis has not previously been submitted for any other qualification. Robert James Westgate July 2012 2 Environmental Effects on a Suspension Bridge’s Performance ABSTRACT Current Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) research uses changes in a bridge’s behaviour to locate and quantify the damage in a structure. However the structural responses are also linked to environmental effects, such as its temperature and the traffic load. In order to understand a typical suspension bridge’s behaviour to environmental conditions, studies on the Tamar Suspension Bridge’s response to temperature and traffic are contained in this thesis. This was achieved by observing data collected from long-term monitoring systems installed on the structure, and simulated responses derived from a three-dimensional finite element model of the bridge. The data of the bridge have shown that the profile of the suspension bridge reconfigures when the temperature of its structure increases, causing the deck to sag and expand.
    [Show full text]
  • Design of a Prestressed Concrete Stress Ribbon Bridge
    International Journal of Scientific & Engineering Research, Volume 6, Issue 12, December-2015 ISSN 2229-5518 307 Design of a Prestressed Concrete Stress Ribbon Bridge Aditya V. Jog1, D. M. Joshi2 1P.G. Student, Saraswati College of Engineering, Kharghar, Maharashtra, India. [email protected] 2Assistant Professor, Saraswati College of Engineering, Kharghar, Maharashtra, India. [email protected] have been constructed across the world. Few of the Abstract: A Stress Ribbon Bridge is a tension structure, which outstanding examples include bridges in Republic of has similar geometry to that of a simple suspension bridge. This type Czechoeslovaquia [1], Sacramento River, United States [2], of bridge is mainly used for pedestrian or cycling traffic. It is a Vltava River [3]. Though the existing literature on this slender structure, in which the suspended cables are embedded in subject is not very extensive, the most important the slab deck, following a catenary arc between the supports. The system is then prestressed using another set of tensioning cables to contributions concerning the analysis and design are those of provide flexural rigidity to the structure. This paper deals with the Prof. Jiri Strasky [4]. static behavior of stress ribbon bridges. The structural governing This paper deals with the statical behavior of the stress equations are studied and presented. The equations are then ribbon bridges. The structural governing equations are integrated for a particular case of a single span bridge, accounting studied and presented first. The equations are then integrated for various loading conditions and prestressing forces. An example for a particular case of single span bridge accounting for of the application is shown based on the presented formulation.
    [Show full text]
  • Water, Networks and Crossings Contents Contents
    WATER , NETWORKS AND CROSSINGS CONTENTS 3 Water, networks and crossings Contents Contents .............................................................................................................................................. 164 3.1 WATER BALANCE ............................................................................................................................ 166 3.1.1 Earth ....................................................................................................................................... 166 3.1.2 Evaporation and precipitation ................................................................................................. 167 3.1.3 Runoff ..................................................................................................................................... 169 3.1.4 Static balance ......................................................................................................................... 174 3.1.5 Movement ignoring resistance................................................................................................ 175 3.1.6 Resistance .............................................................................................................................. 178 3.1.7 Erosion and sedimentation ..................................................................................................... 184 3.1.8 Hydraulic geometry of stream channels ................................................................................. 186 3.1.9 River morphology...................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Cable Bridge Conveyor, Llc
    YIJUN ZHANG, Ph.D, PE CABLE BRIDGE CONVEYOR, LLC. CONVEYOR DYNAMICS, INC. 1 CABLE BRIDGE CONVEYOR What Is It . Conventional trough or pipe conveyor supported by suspension bridge. The suspension bridge uses steel cables as main tension members to support loads. Span of 200m~600m between supports are typical; longer span is also possible depending on wind conditions. Suitable for crossing valleys, rivers, forests, structures and other difficult terrains, with minimal footprint and environmental impact. 2 CABLE BRIDGE CONVEYOR 3 CABLE BRIDGE CONVEYOR Conveyor on Suspension Bridge . Suspension bridges were built to support conveyors crossing Columbia river during hydropower dam construction in 1930s. 4 CABLE BRIDGE CONVEYOR Conveyor on Suspension Bridge . Similkameen ore conveyor bridge in BC, Canada, built in 1980. 404m span, 174m high truss tower; 1600 tph copper ore. 5 CABLE BRIDGE CONVEYOR RopeCon by DoppelMayr . Ropecon by DoppelMayr, a conveyor with a special flex wall belt. Instead of using idlers, Ropecon belt has fixed axles in belt with wheels moving on steel cables, 6 CABLE BRIDGE CONVEYOR Tacoma Narrow s Bridge . Old Tacoma Narrows Bridge is 850m long, 12m wide, steel girder construction, commissioned in 1940. 2nd order twisting motion at 0.2 Hz modal frequency, from wind vortex shedding. 7 CABLE BRIDGE CONVEYOR Limitation of Current Long Span Conveyor Solutions . Conventional suspension bridge requires high truss towers. Conventional suspension bridge uses arrow bridge deck that is close to the conveyor belt width. Weak torsional stiffness from narrow deck, prone to wind- induced dynamic instability. Ropecon from Doppelmayr is single-source supply and requires special belt, which is not compatible with conventional conveyor.
    [Show full text]
  • INTRODUCTION of CABLE STRUCTURES and THEIR REAL-LIFE EXAMPLES with SKETCHES Syed Nasir Abbas*1, Zain Imran, M
    Sci.Int.(Lahore),33(3),223-229,2021 ISSN 1013-5316;CODEN: SINTE 8 223 INTRODUCTION OF CABLE STRUCTURES AND THEIR REAL-LIFE EXAMPLES WITH SKETCHES Syed Nasir Abbas*1, Zain Imran, M. Ahsan khizar, Khuwailid Muneeb, Hassan Raza 1Departmenof Engineering Technology, College of Engineering and Technology, University of Sargodha, Sargodha, Pakistan * Corresponding Author, E-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: Cable structures are often used as final or partial intermediate structures in the construction stages of bridges like arch bridges or cable-stayed ones. These bridges are built often by cantilevering, i.e.with subsequent cantilever partial structures, which are cable-stayed too; hence, every construction stage is a cable structure to be analyzed. The methodology of structural analysis of these construction stages as well as the modeling of the structure for the determination of initial cable force is fundamental steps for establishing the actual state of stress and deformation. In the paper, a general methodology of analysis for construction sequences of cable-stayed structures is presented, which can be used both for the design of cable-stayed bridges and arch bridges. The proposed methodology is based on the simple analysis of multiple partial elastic schemes, which follow the actual construction sequence. The aim is that of obtaining a convenient final geometry through the control of deformations from the first stage to the last one, coincident with the service life configuration. Geometry and internal forces are contemporarily checked, as well as cable forces are determined without the need for too many stressing adjustments. Results of analyses, performed for different case studies, are reported, summarized, and commented, in order to show the reliability and the wide range of applicability of the proposed methodology of analysis.
    [Show full text]
  • Structures Lesson 4: Building Bridges – Part 1
    Science Unit: Structures Lesson 4: Building Bridges – Part 1 School year: 2008/2009 Developed for: Britannia Elementary School, Vancouver School District Developed by: Dr. Beth Snow (scientist), Lynne Turnau and Mary Anne Parker (teachers) Grade level: Presented to grades 3 and 4; appropriate for grades 3 – 7 with age appropriate modifications. Duration of lesson: 1 hour and 15 minutes Objectives 1. To learn about beam, truss, simple suspension, suspension, cantilever and arch bridges. 2. To build bridges. Background Information This is the fourth in a six-part series of lessons on “Structures.” Vocabulary Word: Brief definition. bridge a structure that spans a distance (such as a river or a road) to allow people or vehicles to pass over that distance bridge deck the part of the bridge that beams the load (i.e., the part you walk or drive over) pier support structures of a bridge truss the part of a structure that is build of straight bars arranged as a triangle; used to add support to a structure (See also below for different bridge types) Materials • cardboard • tape • Popsicle sticks • string • plasticine • worksheet • white glue In the Classroom Introductory Discussion 1. Review what the class has covered over the past three weeks. • We've learned about structures and fasteners and we've built towers. 2. Short description of other items to discuss or review. Structures_Lesson 4 1 SRP0125 Different types of bridges : • A beam bridge is a bridge made of a horizontal beam supported at each end by piers. The further apart the piers are, the weaker the bridge will be, so beam bridges are usually not more than 250 ft (76 m) long.
    [Show full text]
  • Design and Analysis of Stress Ribbon Bridges
    IJRET: International Journal of Research in Engineering and Technology eISSN: 2319-1163 | pISSN: 2321-7308 DESIGN AND ANALYSIS OF STRESS RIBBON BRIDGES Siddhartha Ray1, D. M. Joshi2, Rahul Chandrashekar3 1M. E. student, Department of Civil Engineering, S. C. O.E., Kharghar, Maharashtra, India 2Assistant Professor., Department of Civil Engineering, S. C. O.E., Kharghar, Maharashtra, India 3Design Engineering, Precast, L & T Construction, Maharashtra, India Abstract A stressed ribbon bridge (also known as stress-ribbon bridge or catenary bridge) is primarily a structure under tension. The tension cables form the part of the deck which follows an inverted catenary between supports. The ribbon is stressed such that it is in compression, thereby increasing the rigidity of the structure where as a suspension spans tend to sway and bounce. Such bridges are typically made RCC structures with tension cables to support them. Such bridges are generally not designed for vehicular traffic but where it is essential, additional rigidity is essential to avoid the failure of the structure in bending. A stress ribbon bridge of 45 meter span is modelled and analyzed using ANSYS version 12. For simplicity in importing civil materials and civil cross sections, CivilFEM version 12 add-on of ANSYS was used. A 3D model of the whole structure was developed and analyzed and according to the analysis results, the design was performed manually. Keywords: Stress Ribbon, Precast Segments, Prestressing, Dynamic Analysis, Pedestrian Excitation. --------------------------------------------------------------------***---------------------------------------------------------------------- 1. INTRODUCTION Stress-ribbon bridge is the term that has been created to describe on which pedestrians can directly walk and is in the shape of an inverted arch.
    [Show full text]
  • Een Gids Door Het 'Authentieke'
    EEN GIDS DOOR HET ‘AUTHENTIEKE’ NEDERLAND HET GEBRUIK VAN HET BEGRIP ‘AUTHENTICITEIT’ IN NEDERLANDS- EN ENGELSTALIGE REISGIDSEN Anouk Pouwels S4484800 Masterscriptie ‘Tourism and Culture’ Radboud Universiteit Begeleider: Dr. Floris Meens 15 juni 2018 1 SAMENVATTING De authenticiteitsindustrie draait overuren, omdat in deze technologisch gemedieerde en gecommercialiseerde wereld steeds meer toeristen verlangen naar ‘authentieke’ en ‘echte’ ervaringen. Reisgidsen spelen een actieve rol in het sturen van toeristen bij het bevredigen van dit verlangen. Zo is het taalgebruik van de auteurs bepalend voor de manier waarop toeristen de desbetreffende locaties ervaren. Dit talige aspect van het begrip ‘authenticiteit’ blijkt echter onderbelicht te zijn de wetenschappelijke discussies. Dit onderzoek is dan ook uitgevoerd met het doel om meer kennis te verwerven wat betreft de manier waarop toeristen worden gestuurd door het taalgebruik in reisgidsen bij het bevredigen van hun verlangen naar ‘authenticiteit’. Hiervoor is de volgende onderzoeksvraag opgesteld: Hoe worden ‘authenticiteit’ en aanverwante begrippen gebruikt om locaties, objecten, producten, gedragingen, ondervindingen en individuen in Nederland te beschrijven in Nederlands- en Engelstalige reisgidsen gepubliceerd tussen het jaar 2002 en 2018? Om een antwoord te kunnen geven op deze onderzoeksvraag is een kwantitatieve en kwalitatieve discourseanalyse uitgevoerd. Hoewel ‘authenticiteit’ een belangrijk fenomeen is in de toeristenbranche en als zodanig wordt omschreven in de historiografie, blijkt uit het onderzoek dat de auteurs het begrip erg spaarzaam aangewend hebben, omdat het beschouwd wordt als een besmette term. Gezien het feit de aanverwante begrippen, daarentegen, met regelmaat worden toegepast, kan worden gesteld dat dit beladen begrip door de auteurs wordt omzeild door middel van het gebruik van verwante adjectieven.
    [Show full text]
  • FOOTBRIDGES a Manual for Construction at Community And
    FOOTBRIDGES A Manual for Construction at Community and District Level Prepared for the Department for International Development, UK. by I.T. Transport Ltd. Consultants in Transport for Development June 2004 CONTENTS PAGE Page No ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS (i) ABBREVIATIONS AND GLOSSARY OF TERMS (iii) 1. INTROUDCTION 1 2. FOOTBRIDGE SPECIFICATIONS 5 2.1 Planning 5 2.1.1 Location 5 2.1.2 Layout of the Footbridge 5 2.1.3 Height of Deck 6 2.2 Footbridge Users and Loading 8 2.2.1 Users 8 2.2.2 Design Loads 11 2.2.3 Design Criteria 13 3. SELECTING A FOOTBRIDGE DESIGN 15 3.1 Bamboo Bridges 16 3.1.1 Characteristics and Applications 16 3.1.2 Advantages and Disadvantages 16 3.1.3 Sources of Further Information 19 3.2 Timber Log Footbridges 20 3.2.1 Characteristics and Applications 20 3.2.2 Advantages and Disadvantages 20 3.2.3 Sources of Further Information 23 3.3 Sawn Timber Footbridges 24 3.3.1 Characteristics and Applications 24 3.3.2 Advantages and Disadvantages 25 3.3.3 Sources of Further Information 25 3.4 Steel Footbridges 30 3.4.1 Characteristics and Applications 30 3.4.2 Advantages and Disadvantages 31 3.4.3 Sources of Further Information 33 3.5 Reinforced Concrete (RCC) Bridges 34 3.5.1 Characteristics and Applications 34 3.5.2 Advantages and Disadvantages 34 3.5.3 Sources of Further Information 34 3.6 Suspension and Suspended Footbridges 36 3.6.1 Characteristics and Applications 36 3.6.2 Advantages and Disadvantages 36 3.6.3 Sources of Further Information 37 3.7 Selection of Type of Footbridge 41 3.7.1 Selection Criteria 41 3.7.2 Comparison of Footbridge Types Against Selection Criteria 43 3.7.3 Selection of Type of Footbridge 46 3.7.4 Recommended Selection Options 47 4.
    [Show full text]
  • Stress Ribbon Bridge
    www.studymafia.org A Seminar report On STRESS RIBBON BRIDGE Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree Of Civil SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY: www.studymafia.org www.studymafia.org www.studymafia.org Acknowledgement I would like to thank respected Mr…….. and Mr. ……..for giving me such a wonderful opportunity to expand my knowledge for my own branch and giving me guidelines to present a seminar report. It helped me a lot to realize of what we study for. Secondly, I would like to thank my parents who patiently helped me as i went through my work and helped to modify and eliminate some of the irrelevant or un-necessary stuffs. Thirdly, I would like to thank my friends who helped me to make my work more organized and well-stacked till the end. Next, I would thank Microsoft for developing such a wonderful tool like MS Word. It helped my work a lot to remain error-free. Last but clearly not the least, I would thank The Almighty for giving me strength to complete my report on time. www.studymafia.org Preface I have made this report file on the topic STRESS RIBBON BRIDGE; I have tried my best to elucidate all the relevant detail to the topic to be included in the report. While in the beginning I have tried to give a general view about this topic. My efforts and wholehearted co-corporation of each and everyone has ended on a successful note. I express my sincere gratitude to …………..who assisting me throughout the preparation of this topic.
    [Show full text]