Miologia Comparada Dos Arcos Maxilar E Hioide Em Chondrichthyes E Sua Relevância Nas Hipóteses

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Miologia Comparada Dos Arcos Maxilar E Hioide Em Chondrichthyes E Sua Relevância Nas Hipóteses Mateus Costa Soares Miologia comparada dos arcos maxilar e hioide em Chondrichthyes e sua relevância nas hipóteses filogenéticas das espécies viventes Comparative myology of the mandibular and hyoid arches in Chondrichthyes and its relevance for phylogenetic hypotheses of living species São Paulo 2011 Mateus Costa Soares Miologia comparada dos arcos maxilar e hioide em Chondrichthyes e sua relevância nas hipóteses filogenéticas das espécies viventes Comparative myology of the mandibular and hyoid arches in Chondrichthyes and its relevance for phylogenetic hypotheses of living species. Tese apresentada ao Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo, para a obtenção de Título de Doutor em Ciências Biológicas, na Área de Zoologia. Orientador: Marcelo Rodrigues de Carvalho São Paulo 2011 Soares, Mateus Costa Miologia comparada dos arcos maxilar e hioide em Chondrichthyes e sua relevância nas hipóteses filogenéticas das espécies viventes 286 páginas Tese (Doutorado) - Instituto de Biociências da Universidade de São Paulo. Departamento de Zoologia. 1.Chondrichthyes 2. Miologia comparada 3. Evolução Universidade de São Paulo. Instituto de Biociências. Departamento de Zoologia. Comissão Julgadora: ________________________ _____ _______________________ Profa. Dra. Monica de Toledo Piza Ragazzo Prof. Dr. Ulisses Leite Gomes _________________________ ____________________________ Prof(a). Dr(a). Prof(a). Dr(a). Prof. Dr. Marcelo Rodrigues de Carvalho Orientador À minha família. Agradecimentos Sem a presença e apoio dos meus pais, aos quais também dedico este trabalho, esta tese não teria o mesmo resultado. Agradeço por estarem ao meu lado em todos os momentos e por não pouparem esforços para me ajudar em meus objetivos. Meus irmãos também sempre deram muita força e sei que sempre pude contar com eles. Meu avô, Antônio Faria, e minha avó, Lúcia, nunca deixaram de apoiar e ajudar. Aos dois, meu muito obrigado. Sou muito grato ao Prof. Dr. Marcelo Rodrigues de Carvalho que confiou em meu trabalho e aceitou ser meu orientador nesta pesquisa. Aprendi muito com seu vasto conhecimento e grande experiência em Zoologia. Todas nossas conversas, formais ou informais, foram úteis para meu crescimento acadêmico. Seus conselhos sobre boa bibliografia também foram bem aproveitados. Os amigos que fiz no laboratório ao longo destes quatro anos e quatro meses devem ser lembrados. Inicialmente, agradeço o João Paulo Capretz e o Thiago Loboda por me receberem muito bem no laboratório, pela companhia em coletas, disciplinas, congressos, visitas ao Museu de Zoologia e discussões sobre trabalhos. Agradeço também aos alunos que entraram depois no laboratório, trouxeram novas ideias às conversas e participaram de alguma forma no trabalho: Paula Lemos, Fernanda Porto, João Pedro Fontenelle, Diego Vaz, Maíra Ragno, Sarah Viana e Carolina Laurini. Wilson Soares teve grande participação no trabalho ao fazer todas as ilustrações e, algumas vezes, suas dúvidas provocaram revisões e novas interpretações nas descrições. Agradeço a Profa. Dra. Mônica Toledo-Pizza pelas conversas que tivemos ao longo do trabalho, principalmente nas duas semanas da disciplina de Anatomia de Peixes em São Sebastião e durante minha qualificação. Também sou grato pela oportunidade que tive de trabalhar em seu laboratório com seus alunos. Portanto, agradeço ao George Mattox, a Andréa Paixão, ao André Casas, ao Rodrigo Nakagawa, ao Vítor Giovannetti e ao Kléber Mathubara que me aceitaram como “intruso” no laboratório e colaboraram com opiniões e sugestões ao trabalho e à apresentação. O Dr. Ralf Britz que, juntamente com a Profa. Dra. Mônica, ministrou uma disciplina voltada à anatomia e colaborou imensamente com seu conhecimento no assunto. Os professores Dr. Luís Fábio e Dr. José Lima Figueiredo contribuíram com sugestões durante a qualificação. Ainda sou grato ao professor José Lima pela paciência durante minhas visitas ao Museu de Zoologia e pelo empréstimo de material para dissecção. O Prof. Dr. Ulisses Leite Gomes, que foi da minha banca de mestrado, também deve ser lembrado. Agradeço-o por me apresentar ao Professor Marcelo de Carvalho e me receber em visita ao seu laboratório na Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. O material que analisei e nossas discussões sobre anatomia foram muito importantes. Muito do material coletado foi proveniente de coletas organizadas pelo Prof. Dr. Fernando Marques. Agradeço muito a ele e seus alunos (Mauro Cardoso Jr., Verônica Mantovani Bueno e Natália Luchetti) pela ajuda e interesse em Chondrichthyes durante esses anos. Também agradeço seu ex-aluno, e hoje professor na UFPA, Dr. Marcus Domingues pelas conversas que tivemos e por abrir portas na UNIFESP – Diadema para que eu pudesse mostrar um pouco do meu trabalho. Ao longo desses quatros anos, fiz grandes amigos no departamento. Agradeço ao Max Marrona pelas conversas sempre bem-humoradas sobre biologia, música e outros assuntos. Também agradeço a Talita Zuppo, uma grande amiga que me ajudou muito com traduções de textos e e-mails. Thiago Fernandes, Roberta Figueiredo, Jéssica Gillung, Júlia Beneti também são grandes que levarei daqui pra frente. Durante minha viagem para visitas de coleções no exterior fui recebido e auxiliado por muitos biólogos. Meus agradecimentos ao Dr. Dave Catania, Mysi Hoang (ambos da California Academy of Sciences, em San Francisco), Dra. Lynne Parenti, Dr. Jeff Willians, Jerry Finnan (os três do National Museum of Natural History em Washington, D.C.) Dr. Mark Sabaj-Pérez, Dr. John Lundberg (ambos da Academy of Natural Sciences of Philadelphia). Também agradeço o Dr. Robert Schelly por me receber em Nova Iorque e me apresentar a coleção ictiológica do American Museum of Natural History. Adela RoaVaron, Juan Daza, Alexandra Martínez e Daniel Lumbantobing tornaram minha vida em Washington mais fácil e divertida. O Museu Emilio Goeldi em Belém do Pará, através do Dr. Wolmar Wosiack, e a Universidade de Tokai no Japão, através do Dr. Sho Tanaka enviaram material. Muito obrigado. Índice 1. Introdução 1 1.1.Chondrichthyes: Abordagens filogenéticas 1 1.2.A miologia como ferramenta para interpretações filogenéticas 6 2. Objetivos 11 3. Metodologia 12 3.1.Análise anatômica 12 3.2.Aquisição de material 12 3.3.Lista de espécies analisadas 13 3.4.Abreviações anatômicas 23 4. Resultados 25 4.1.Hexanchiformes 25 4.1.1. Miologia descritiva de representante da família 25 Chlamydoselachidae 4.1.2. Miologia descritiva de representante da família Hexanchidae 26 4.2.Echinorhiniformes 27 4.2.1. Miologia descritiva de representante da família Echinorhinidae 27 4.3. Squaliformes 29 4.3.1. Miologia descritiva de representante da família Squalidae 29 4.3.2. Miologia descritiva de representante da família Centrophoridae 30 4.3.3. Miologia descritiva de representante da família Etmopteridae 31 4.3.4. Miologia descritiva de representante da família Somniosidae 32 4.3.5. Miologia descritiva de representante da família Oxynotidae 33 4.3.6. Miologia descritiva de representante da família Dalatiidae 34 4.4.Squatiniformes 36 4.4.1. Miologia descritiva de representante da família Squatinidae 36 4.5. Pristiophoriformes 38 4.5.1. Miologia descritiva de representante da família Pristiophoridae 38 4.6. Pristiformes 39 4.6.1. Miologia descritiva de representante da família Pristidae 39 4.7. Rhinobatiformes 40 4.7.1. Miologia descritiva de representante da família Rhinobatidae 40 4.8. Rajiformes 42 4.8.1. Miologia descritiva de representante da família Arynchobatidae 42 4.8.2. Miologia descritiva de representante da família Rajidae 44 4.8.3. Miologia descritiva de representante da família 46 Anacanthobatidae 4.9. Torpediniformes 48 4.9.1. Miologia descritiva de representante da família Narcinidae 48 4.9.2. Miologia descritiva de representante da família Torpedinidae 49 4.10. Myliobatiformes 51 4.10.1. Miologia descritiva de representante da família Urotrygonidae 51 4.10.2. Miologia descritiva de representante da família Urolophidae 52 4.10.3. Miologia descritiva de representante da família 54 Potamotrygonidae 4.10.4. Miologia descritiva de representantes dos gêneros Dasyatis , 57 Himantura e Pteroplatytrygon . 4.10.5. Miologia descritiva de representante do gênero Himantura 58 “ocidental”. 4.10.6. Miologia descritiva de representante do gênero Taeniura 59 4.10.7. Miologia descritiva de representante da família Myliobatidae 61 4.11. Heterodontiformes 62 4.11.1. Miologia descritiva de representante da família Heterodontidae 62 4.12. Orectolobiformes 63 4.12.1. Miologia descritiva de representante da família Hemyscylliidae 63 4.12.2. Miologia descritiva de representante da família 64 Ginglymostomatidae 4.12.3. Miologia descritiva de representante da família Stegostomatidae 66 4.13. Lamniformes 67 4.13.1. Miologia descritiva de representante da família 67 Pseudocarchariidae 4.13.2. Miologia descritiva de representante da família Alopiidae 68 4.13.3. Miologia descritiva de representante da família Lamnidae 70 4.14. Carcharhiniformes 71 4.14.1. Miologia descritiva de representante da família Scyliorhinidae 71 4.14.2. Miologia descritiva de representante da família Proscylliidae 73 4.14.3. Miologia descritiva de representante da família Triakidae 74 4.14.4. Miologia descritiva de representante da família Carcharhinidae 76 4.14.5. Miologia descritiva de representante da família Sphyrnidae 77 4.15. Chimaeriformes 79 4.15.1. Miologia descritiva de representante da família Callorhynchidae 79 4.15.2. Miologia descritiva de representante da família 80 Rhinochimaeridae 4.15.3. Miologia descritiva de representante
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