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House Danielle In Search of Presence: Disappearance and Memory in Mexico Danielle House 26 March 2019 Thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements of the Ph.D. Department of International Politics, Aberystwyth University. Mandatory Layout of Declaration/Statements Word Count of 97,948 thesis: DECLARATION This work has not previously been accepted in substance for any degree and is not being concurrently submitted in candidature for any degree. Candidate name Danielle House Signature: Date 26 March 2019 STATEMENT 1 This thesis is the result of my own investigations, except where otherwise stated. Where *correction services have been used, the extent and nature of the correction is clearly marked in a footnote(s). Other sources are acknowledged by footnotes giving explicit references. A bibliography is appended. Signature: Date 26 March 2019 [*this refers to the extent to which the text has been corrected by others] STATEMENT 2 I hereby give consent for my thesis, if accepted, to be available for photocopying and for inter-library loan, and for the title and summary to be made available to outside organisations. Signature: Date 26 March 2019 2 To Ana and Sam. And to all of the disappeared. Nos faltan a todxs. 3 Acknowledgements The months I spent in Mexico doing research for this thesis were, and will always be, some of the richest of my life. It was a time of numerous immensely strong connections with other people, and this thesis is a product of the collaborative ideas and work created with all of them. For that I have to thank Cordelia Rizzo, Rosa Borrás, Tania Andrade, Elia Andrade, and Regina Méndez, Alfredo López, Letty Hidalgo, and other members of Fuentes Rojas, Colectivo Huellas de la Memoria, and FUNDENL. Many others made Mexico City a home I dearly miss: Ana Zavala, Chloe Roddick, Philippa Williams, Norma Torres, Moises Velasco, Natasha Uren, and Gosia Polanska. Gracias. I want to thank the community of the Department of International Politics in Aberystwyth. Particularly, my supervisors Jenny Edkins and Lucy Taylor have been the best team I could have hoped for in this journey. They have constantly provided support in whatever form was necessary at that moment; contact that went above and beyond that expected in these relationships or leaving me with space to work, specific advice on particular problems or guidance with broader thinking, understanding with issues in my life to do with the thesis and many that were not. The PhD process has been a pleasure, and I owe much of that to them. I have been lucky enough to receive academic support for this project from other people over these years. From the moment I began the PhD, Alexandra Délano made herself available from across the Atlantic as someone I could go to for advice and to share ideas. Berit Bliesemann de Guevara has been a source of constant support and a wonderful colleague to work with on projects beyond this project. In Mexico City I need to thank the Centro de Investigaciónes y Estudios Superiores en Anthroplogía Social (CIESAS), specifically Carolina Robledo Silvestre, for providing me with institutional support as an affiliated researcher, but also invaluable generosity through sharing her world with me. Finally, I want to thank the Economic and Social Research Council (ESRC) for funding this project, the support of the staff at the Wales Doctoral Training Centre, and the International Commission on Missing Persons for their collaboration. 4 These few years spent in mid-Wales were made by the people I shared it with. First and foremost, my merched. I cannot thank you enough for always being there. Katarina Kušić, Christine Ändra, and Mary Keogh, we did this together every step of the way. Prithvi Hirani, Justa Mayra, Paul Blamire, Olga Garcia, and so many others in the PhD community and beyond made Aberystwyth a place of fun and friendship. And my community in Machynlleth – the swim club, running club, Kathryne, Claire, Dora, Irene – diolch yn fawr for being a place I could escape to, for the walks and meals and ridiculous nights in this little mid-Wales town where I will always feel at home. Lastly, to my family, which has expanded in these years. I began the PhD becoming aunt to the strongest and bravest person I know, and ended the PhD with my own little girl, who is growing into herself every day. To Sam, whose support and belief has been unwavering, I truly cannot thank you enough. And to my mum, dad, sister, and extended Lewis clan, there for me unconditionally. 5 Thesis Summary This thesis explores memory and memorialisation in response to contemporary disappearances in Mexico. Unlike previous cases of enforced disappearance under military dictatorship, in Mexico disappearance is taking place in an electoral democracy under, but not explained by, the context of the war on drugs. Using ethnographic, participatory, and collaborative methods, I explore memorials and sites of memory, arts-based projects responding to disappearance, and the actions of relatives searching for the disappeared and pursuing justice, to discuss what is revealed in the wake of disappearance. Rather than a focus on typical sites that narrate memory, I prioritise lived experiences of memory in the everyday lives of people who are living with the presence of absence. This thesis argues that how people respond to and construct life around disappearance reveals the precarity of liberal modernity, the politics of time and space, and relationality between people and with their environments. The people in this thesis are engaging in a politics of memory, resisting narratives that enact a politics of time to place unresolved injustices in the past, and using their own conceptualisations of memory to build community. Furthermore, I demonstrate how the process of making is a meaningful site of memory and its construction. In the processes of memorialising, making, searching, connecting, and rebuilding that we see throughout the thesis, transformations take place. These are transformations of people, places, objects, communities and more, which are overlooked locations of memory and politics. In these ways this thesis disrupts dominant conceptualisations of memory and disappearance and argues for a broadening of the ways we think and do memory. Note on translation: all translations from Spanish to English are the author's. 6 Table of Contents Mandatory Layout of Declaration/Statements...............................................................2 Acknowledgements........................................................................................................4 Thesis Summary.............................................................................................................6 Table of Contents...........................................................................................................7 List of Illustrations.........................................................................................................9 Chapter 1: Introduction................................................................................................11 Memory and Disappearance.................................................................................................16 Disappearance in Mexico.....................................................................................................27 Conclusions..........................................................................................................................35 Chapter 2: The traces of presence: methodology.........................................................38 Memory sites and memorials ...............................................................................................44 Participating in arts projects.................................................................................................49 Relatives of the disappeared.................................................................................................54 (In)security ...........................................................................................................................57 Conclusions..........................................................................................................................61 Chapter 3: Memorials to the Disappeared ...................................................................63 Naming the un-named: the Memorial a las Víctimas de la Violencia en México ...............66 Knowing people: the Museo Casa de la Memoria Indómita................................................79 Defying impunity: the +43 Antimonumento........................................................................86 A space for life and grief: the Plaza de los Desaparecidos ..................................................91 Conclusions..........................................................................................................................98 Chapter 4: Memoryscapes..........................................................................................101 Mexico City: Mapping the memoryscape..........................................................................106 Cuernavaca, Morelos..........................................................................................................112 Monterrey, Nuevo León.....................................................................................................121 Conclusions........................................................................................................................131 Chapter 5: Bordando por la
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